Not All Tokens Are Created Equal: Query-Efficient Jailbreak Fuzzing for LLMs

Large Language ModelsLLMs are widely deployed, yet are vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that elicit policy-violating outputs. Although prior studies have uncovered these risks, they typically treat all tokens as equally important during prompt mutation, overlooking the varying contributions of...

AgentRFC: Security Design Principles and Conformance Testing for Agent Protocols

AI agent protocols -- including MCP, A2A, ANP, and ACP -- enable autonomous agents to discover capabilities, delegate tasks, and compose services across trust boundaries. Despite massive deployment MCP alone has 97M+ monthly SDK downloads, no systematic security framework for these protocols...

Agent Audit: A Security Analysis System for LLM Agent Applications

What should a developer inspect before deploying an LLM agent: the model, the tool code, the deployment configuration, or all three? In practice, many security failures in agent systems arise not from model weights alone, but from the surrounding software stack: tool functions that pass untrusted...

Targeted Adversarial Traffic Generation : Black-Box Approach to Evade Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Networks

The integration of machine learning ML algorithms into Internet of Things IoT applications has introduced significant advantages alongside vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks, especially within IoT-based intrusion detection systems IDS. While theoretical adversarial attacks have been extensive...

Security Barriers to Trustworthy AI-Driven Cyber Threat Intelligence in Finance: Evidence from Practitioners

Financial institutions face increasing cyber risk while operating under strict regulatory oversight. To manage this risk, they rely heavily on Cyber Threat Intelligence CTI to inform detection, response, and strategic security decisions. Artificial intelligence AI is widely suggested as a means t...

SoK: The Attack Surface of Agentic AI -- Tools, and Autonomy

Recent AI systems combine large language models with tools, external knowledge via retrieval-augmented generation RAG, and even autonomous multi-agent decision loops. This agentic AI paradigm greatly expands capabilities - but also vastly enlarges the attack surface. In this systematization, we m...

Model Context Protocol Threat Modeling and Analyzing Vulnerabilities to Prompt Injection with Tool Poisoning

The Model Context Protocol MCP has rapidly emerged as a universal standard for connecting AI assistants to external tools and data sources. While MCP simplifies integration between AI applications and various services, it introduces significant security vulnerabilities, particularly on the client...

Numerical Security Framework for Quantum Key Distribution with Bypass Channels

Satellite based quantum key distribution QKD aims to establish secure key exchange over long distances despite significant technological challenges. To alleviate some of these challenges, Ghalaii et al. PRX Quantum 4, 040320 2023 proposed that any airborne eavesdropper up to a certain size can be...

ProHunter APT Hunting Tool / Paper

Advanced Persistent Threats APTs remain difficult to detect due to their stealthy nature and long-term persistence. To tackle this challenge, provenance-based threat hunting has gained traction as a proactive defense mechanism. This technique models audit logs as a whole-system provenance graph a...

Cybersecurity Guidance for Smart Homes: A Cross-National Review of Government Sources

Smart homes are increasingly targeted by cyberattacks, yet residents often lack guidance when incidents occur. Since affected residents are likely to seek help from trustworthy sources, this paper asks: What actionable cybersecurity guidance do governments provide to smart home users whose system...

DNS Monitoring System with HTTP Dashboard

This Python script implements a small Security Operations Center Mini SOC that focuses on DNS traffic monitoring...

DSpace 9.2 REST API Automated Document Discovery and Download

This is a framework for collecting data from DSpace systems. Built using Selenium, it is designed to automatically discover and download documents from web repositories and public portals...

Framework for Risk-Based IoT Cybersecurity Audit Engagements

The use of Internet of Things IoT devices is growing at a rapid rate. While much of this growth is consumer devices, IoT devices are also commonly found in corporate and industrial environments, as well. These devices can be organization-owned and managed by an information technology unit, deploy...

A Survey of Web Application Security Tutorials

Developers rely on online tutorials to learn web application security, but tutorial quality varies. We reviewed 132 free security tutorials to examine topic coverage, authorship, and technical depth. Our analysis shows that most tutorials come from vendors and emphasize high-level explanations ov...

STRIATUM-CTF: A Protocol-Driven Agentic Framework for General-Purpose CTF Solving

Large Language Models LLMs have demonstrated potential in code generation, yet they struggle with the multi-step, stateful reasoning required for offensive cybersecurity operations. Existing research often relies on static benchmarks that fail to capture the dynamic nature of real-world...

TLS Certificate and Domain Feature Analysis of Phishing Domains in the Danish .Dk Namespace

Phishing attacks remain a persistent cybersecurity threat, and the widespread adoption of TLS certificates has unintentionally enabled malicious websites to appear trustworthy to users. This study examines whether certificate metadata and domain characteristics can help distinguish phishing domai...

OrgForge-IT: A Verifiable Synthetic Benchmark for LLM-Based Insider Threat Detection

Synthetic insider threat benchmarks face a consistency problem: corpora generated without an external factual constraint cannot rule out cross-artifact contradictions. The CERT dataset -- the field's canonical benchmark -- is also static, lacks cross-surface correlation scenarios, and predates th...

CTF As a Service: A Reproducible and Scalable Infrastructure for Cybersecurity Training

Capture The Flag CTF competitions have established themselves as a highly effective pedagogical tool in cybersecurity education, offering students hands-on experience in realistic attack and defense scenarios. However, organizing and hosting these events requires considerable infrastructure effor...

Towards Secure Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Review of Threats, Defenses and Benchmarks

Retrieval-Augmented Generation RAG significantly mitigates the hallucinations and domain knowledge deficiency in large language models by incorporating external knowledge bases. However, the multi-module architecture of RAG introduces complex system-level security vulnerabilities. Guided by the R...

AI in Cybersecurity Education -- Scalable Agentic CTF Design Principles and Educational Outcomes

Large language models are rapidly changing how learners acquire and demonstrate cybersecurity skills. However, when human--AI collaboration is allowed, educators still lack validated competition designs and evaluation practices that remain fair and evidence-based. This paper presents a...

Auditing MCP Servers for Over-Privileged Tool Capabilities

The Model Context Protocol MCP has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models LLMs to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and command execution that can be exploited if not properly...

DNS Rebinding Detection Sensor

This Python script implements a lightweight DNS Rebinding detection sensor designed to identify suspicious DNS resolution behavior in real time...

Hardening Confidential Federated Compute against Side-Channel Attacks

In this work, we identify a set of side-channels in our Confidential Federated Compute platform that a hypothetical insider could exploit to circumvent differential privacy DP guarantees. We show how DP can mitigate two of the side-channels, one of which has been implemented in our open-source...

Estimating the Social Cost of Corporate Data Breaches

While the size of a data breach is typically measured by the number of consumer, customer, or user records exposed or compromised, its economic impact is generally measured from the point of view of the corporation suffering the data breach: cost in crisis management, legal fees, drop in stock...

DeepXplain: XAI-Guided Autonomous Defense against Multi-Stage APT Campaigns

Advanced Persistent Threats APTs are stealthy, multi-stage attacks that require adaptive and timely defense. While deep reinforcement learning DRL enables autonomous cyber defense, its decisions are often opaque and difficult to trust in operational environments. This paper presents DeepXplain, a...

When the Abyss Looks Back: Unveiling Evolving Dark Patterns in Cookie Consent Banners

To comply with data protection regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation GDPR and the California Consumer Privacy Act CCPA, websites widely deploy cookie consent banners to collect users' privacy preferences. In practice, however, these interfaces often embed dark patterns tha...

Security and Privacy in O-RAN for 6G: A Comprehensive Review of Threats and Mitigation Approaches

Open Radio Access Network O-RAN is a major advancement in the telecommunications field, providing standardized interfaces that promote interoperability between different vendors' technologies, thereby enhancing network flexibility and reducing operational expenses. By leveraging cutting-edge...

Cyber Deception for Mission Surveillance Via Hypergame-Theoretic Deep Reinforcement Learning

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAVs are valuable for mission-critical systems like surveillance, rescue, or delivery. Not surprisingly, such systems attract cyberattacks, including Denial-of-Service DoS attacks to overwhelm the resources of mission drones MDs. How can we defend UAV mission systems...

AEGIS: From Clues to Verdicts -- Graph-Guided Deep Vulnerability Reasoning Via Dialectics and Meta-Auditing

Large Language Models LLMs are increasingly adopted for vulnerability detection, yet their reasoning remains fundamentally unsound. We identify a root cause shared by both major mitigation paradigms agent-based debate and retrieval augmentation: reasoning in an ungrounded deliberative space that...

T-MAP: Red-Teaming LLM Agents with Trajectory-Aware Evolutionary Search

While prior red-teaming efforts have focused on eliciting harmful text outputs from large language models LLMs, such approaches fail to capture agent-specific vulnerabilities that emerge through multi-step tool execution, particularly in rapidly growing ecosystems such as the Model Context Protoc...

Trojan'S Whisper: Stealthy Manipulation of OpenClaw through Injected Bootstrapped Guidance

Trojan's Whisper: Stealthy Manipulation Of OpenClaw Through Injected Bootstrapped Guidance...

Pensar Apex AI-Powered Penetration Testing

Pensar Apex is an AI-powered penetration testing using autonomous agents - directly in your terminal. Run blackbox and whitebox pentests that explore, reason, and surface real vulnerabilities...

Memory Poisoning and Secure Multi-Agent Systems

Memory poisoning attacks for Agentic AI and multi-agent systems MAS have recently caught attention. It is partially due to the fact that Large Language Models LLMs facilitate the construction and deployment of agents. Different memory systems are being used nowadays in this context, including...

NASimJax: GPU-Accelerated Policy Learning Framework for Penetration Testing

Penetration testing, the practice of simulating cyberattacks to identify vulnerabilities, is a complex sequential decision-making task that is inherently partially observable and features large action spaces. Training reinforcement learning RL policies for this domain faces a fundamental...

Channel Prediction-Based Physical Layer Authentication under Consecutive Spoofing Attacks

Wireless networks are highly vulnerable to spoofing attacks, especially when attackers transmit consecutive spoofing packets. Conventional physical layer authentication PLA methods have mostly focused on single-packet spoofing attack. However, under consecutive spoofing attacks, they become...

An Agentic Multi-Agent Architecture for Cybersecurity Risk Management

Getting a real cybersecurity risk assessment for a small organization is expensive -- a NIST CSF-aligned engagement runs $15,000 on the low end, takes weeks, and depends on practitioners who are genuinely scarce. Most small companies skip it entirely. We built a six-agent AI system where each age...

Improving Generalization on Cybersecurity Tasks with Multi-Modal Contrastive Learning

The use of ML in cybersecurity has long been impaired by generalization issues: Models that work well in controlled scenarios fail to maintain performance in production. The root cause often lies in ML algorithms learning superficial patterns shortcuts rather than underlying cybersecurity concept...

Security of Binary-Modulated Optical Key Distribution against Quantum-Enhanced Coherent Eavesdropping

Optical key distribution OKD protects the physical layer of communication links by taking advantage of the inherent noise present in the photodetection process. It allows for efficient generation of a shared random key between two distant users which can subsequently be used for cryptographic...

Full Network Nonlocality Based Security in Quantum Key Distribution

In the last decade research of quantum nonlocality has moved beyond the regime of standard Bell nonlocality to consider network-based experimental set-ups involving multiple independent sources. Notion of full network nonlocality has emerged as some truly network phenomena that cannot be realized...

Cryptanalysis of Four Arbitrated Quantum Signature Schemes

Arbitrated quantum signature AQS schemes aim at ensuring the authenticity of a message with the help of an arbitrator. Moreover, they aim at preventing repudiation, both from a sender that denies the origin of a message, and from a receiver who disavows its reception. Such protocols use quantum...

Fluxion 6.28

Fluxion is a security auditing and social-engineering research tool. It is a remake of linset by vk496 with hopefully fewer bugs and more functionality. The script attempts to retrieve the WPA/WPA2 key from a target access point by means of a social engineering phishing attack. It's compatible wi...

On the Effectiveness of the UK NIS Regulations As a Mandatory Cybersecurity Reporting Regime

Existing cybersecurity literature lacks a source of empirical, representative data as to the true nature of cyberattacks on Critical National Infrastructure. We have obtained UK-wide data on incidents reported under the Network and Information Systems NIS Regulations in 2024 causing "a significan...

Measuring and Exploiting Confirmation Bias in LLM-Assisted Security Code Review

Security code reviews increasingly rely on systems integrating Large Language Models LLMs, ranging from interactive assistants to autonomous agents in CI/CD pipelines. We study whether confirmation bias i.e., the tendency to favor interpretations that align with prior expectations affects LLM-bas...

A Novel Solution for Zero-Day Attack Detection in IDS Using Self-Attention and Jensen-Shannon Divergence in WGAN-GP

The increasing sophistication of cyber threats, especially zero-day attacks, poses a significant challenge to cybersecurity. Zero-day attacks exploit unknown vulnerabilities, making them difficult to detect and defend against. Existing approaches patch flaws and deploy an Intrusion Detection Syst...

Security Awareness in LLM Agents: The NDAI Zone Case

NDAI zones let inventor and investor agents negotiate inside a Trusted Execution Environment TEE where any disclosed information is deleted if no deal is reached. This makes full IP disclosure the rational strategy for the inventor's agent. Leveraging this infrastructure, however, requires agents...

A Framework for Formalizing LLM Agent Security

Security in LLM agents is inherently contextual. For example, the same action taken by an agent may represent legitimate behavior or a security violation depending on whose instruction led to the action, what objective is being pursued, and whether the action serves that objective. However,...

Quantifying Memory Cells Vulnerability for DRAM Security

Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM is pervasive in computer systems. Cell vulnerabilities caused by unintended phenomena forced retention failure, latency alteration, rowhammer and rowpress lead to unintended bit flips in memory. These phenomena have been explored as attacks to violate data...

Weaver: Fuzzing JavaScript Engines at the JavaScript-WebAssembly Boundary

The security of modern JavaScript JS engines is critical since they provide the primary defense mechanism for executing untrusted code on the web. The recent integration of WebAssembly Wasm has transformed these engines into complex polyglot environments, creating a novel attack surface at the...

Cyber-Resilient Digital Twins: Discriminating Attacks for Safe Critical Infrastructure Control

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems ICPS face growing threats from cyber-attacks that exploit sensor and control vulnerabilities. Digital Twin DT technology can detect anomalies via predictive modelling, but current methods cannot distinguish attack types and often rely on costly full-system...

Cross-Ecosystem Vulnerability Analysis for Python Applications

Python applications depend on native libraries that may be vendored within package distributions or installed on the host system. When vulnerabilities are discovered in these libraries, determining which Python packages are affected requires cross-ecosystem analysis spanning Python dependency...