Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom’s Wi-Fi Stack (Part 1)

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero It’s a well understood fact that platform security is an integral part of the security of complex systems. For mobile devices, this statement rings even truer; modern mobile platforms include multiple processing units, all elaborately communicating with one...

Reading privileged memory with a side-channel

Posted by Jann Horn, Project Zero We have discovered that CPU data cache timing can be abused to efficiently leak information out of mis-speculated execution, leading to at worst arbitrary virtual memory read vulnerabilities across local security boundaries in various contexts. Variants of this...

The Windows Registry Adventure #2: A brief history of the feature

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero Before diving into the low-level security aspects of the registry, it is important to understand its role in the operating system and a bit of history behind it. In essence, the registry is a hierarchical database made of named "keys" and "values",...

The Windows Registry Adventure #3: Learning resources

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero When tackling a new vulnerability research target, especially a closed-source one, I prioritize gathering as much information about it as possible. This gets especially interesting when it's a subsystem as old and fundamental as the Windows registry...

Implant Teardown

Posted by Ian Beer, Project Zero In the earlier posts we examined how the attackers gained unsandboxed code execution as root on iPhones. At the end of each chain we saw the attackers calling posixspawn, passing the path to their implant binary which they dropped in /tmp. This starts the implant...

Exploiting .NET Managed DCOM

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero One of the more interesting classes of security vulnerabilities are those affecting interoperability technology. This is because these vulnerabilities typically affect any application using the technology, regardless of what the application actually does. Als...

RC4 Is Still Considered Harmful

By James Forshaw, Project Zero I've been spending a lot of time researching Windows authentication implementations, specifically Kerberos. In June 2022 I found an interesting issue number 2310 with the handling of RC4 encryption that allowed you to authenticate as another user if you could either...

The Windows Registry Adventure #4: Hives and the registry layout

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero To a normal user or even a Win32 application developer, the registry layout may seem simple: there are five root keys that we know from Regedit abbreviated as HKCR, HKLM, HKCU, HKU and HKCC, and each of them contains a nested tree structure that serv...

Pandavirtualization: Exploiting the Xen hypervisor

Posted by Jann Horn, Project Zero On 2017-03-14, I reported a bug to Xen's security team that permits an attacker with control over the kernel of a paravirtualized x86-64 Xen guest to break out of the hypervisor and gain full control over the machine's physical memory. The Xen Project publicly...

What does a pointer look like, anyway?

Posted by Chris Evans, Renderer of Modern Art In Adobe’s August 2014 Flash Player security update, we see: These updates resolve memory leakage vulnerabilities that could be used to bypass memory address randomization CVE-2014-0540, CVE-2014-0542, CVE-2014-0543, CVE-2014-0544, CVE-2014-0545. I...

On the Effectiveness of Mutational Grammar Fuzzing

Posted by Ivan Fratric Mutational grammar fuzzing is a fuzzing technique in which the fuzzer uses a predefined grammar that describes the structure of the samples. When a sample gets mutated, the mutations happen in such a way that any resulting samples still adhere to the grammar rules, thus the...

Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary Object Directory Creation for Local Elevation of Privilege

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero And we’re back again for another blog in my series on Windows Exploitation tricks. This time I’ll detail how I was able to exploit Issue 1550 which results in an arbitrary object directory being created by using a useful behavior of the CSRSS privileged...

Mitigations are attack surface, too

Posted by Jann Horn, Project Zero Introduction This blog post discusses a bug leading to memory corruption in Samsung's Android kernel specifically the kernel of the Galaxy A50, A505FN - I haven't looked at Samsung's kernels for other devices. I will describe the bug and how I wrote a very...

Between a Rock and a Hard Link

Posted by James Forshaw, File System Enthusiast In a previous blog post I described some of the changes that Microsoft has made to the handling of symbolic links from a sandboxed process. This has an impact on the exploitation of privileged file overwrites for sandbox escapes. Windows does suppor...

Enter the Vault: Authentication Issues in HashiCorp Vault

Posted by Felix Wilhelm, Project Zero Introduction In this blog post I'll discuss two vulnerabilities in HashiCorp Vault and its integration with Amazon Web Services AWS and Google Cloud Platform GCP. These issues can lead to an authentication bypass in configurations that use the aws and gcp aut...

Deja-XNU

Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero This blog post revisits an old bug found by Pangu Team and combines it with a new, albeit very similar issue I recently found to try to build a "perfect" exploit for iOS 7.1.2. State of the art An idea I've wanted to play with for a while is to revisit old...

Racing against the clock -- hitting a tiny kernel race window

TL;DR: How to make a tiny kernel race window really large even on kernels without CONFIGPREEMPT: use a cache miss to widen the race window a little bit make a timerfd expire in that window which will run in an interrupt handler - in other words, in hardirq context make sure that the wakeup...

Adventures in Video Conferencing Part 3: The Even Wilder World of WhatsApp

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero WhatsApp is another application that supports video conferencing that does not use WebRTC as its core implementation. Instead, it uses PJSIP, which contains some WebRTC code, but also contains a substantial amount of other code, and predates the WebRTC...

A Tale of Two Exploits

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Collision Investigator and Object Field Examiner CVE-2015-0336 is a type confusion vulnerability in the AS2 NetConnection class. I reported this issue in January and soon wrote a proof-of-concept exploit for the bug. The issue was patched by Adobe in March and less...

OATmeal on the Universal Cereal Bus: Exploiting Android phones over USB

Posted by Jann Horn, Google Project Zero Recently, there has been some attention around the topic of physical attacks on smartphones, where an attacker with the ability to connect USB devices to a locked phone attempts to gain access to the data stored on the device. This blogpost describes how...

MMS Exploit Part 3: Constructing the Memory Corruption Primitives

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Project Zero This post is the third of a multi-part series capturing my journey from discovering a vulnerable little-known Samsung image codec, to completing a remote zero-click MMS attack that worked on the latest Samsung flagship devices. New posts will be published a...

Part II: Returning to Adobe Reader symbols on macOS

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Project Zero In a blog post titled "The story of Adobe Reader symbols" published in October 2019, I presented an analysis of the debug symbols shipped with some older versions of Adobe Reader for Unix-family systems released between 1997-2013. Such symbols can prove...

Injecting Code into Windows Protected Processes using COM - Part 2

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero In my previous blog I discussed a technique which combined numerous issues I’ve previously reported to Microsoft to inject arbitrary code into a PPL-WindowsTCB process. The techniques presented don’t work for exploiting the older, stronger Protected Processes...

Trust Issues: Exploiting TrustZone TEEs

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero Mobile devices are becoming an increasingly privacy-sensitive platform. Nowadays, devices process a wide range of personal and private information of a sensitive nature, such as biometric identifiers, payment data and cryptographic keys. Additionally, modern...

Taming the wild copy: Parallel Thread Corruption

Posted by Chris Evans, Winner of the occasional race Back in 2002, a very interesting vulnerability was found and fixed in the Apache web server. Relating to a bug in chunked encoding handing, the vulnerability caused a memcpy call with a negative length with the destination on the stack. Of...

Internet Explorer EPM Sandbox Escape CVE-2014-6350

Posted by James Forshaw This month Microsoft fixed 3 different Internet Explorer Enhanced Protected Mode EPM sandbox escapes which I disclosed in August. Sandboxes are one of the main areas of interest for Project Zero and me in particular as they are choke points for an attacker successfully...

The curious tale of a fake Carrier.app

Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero NOTE: This issue was CVE-2021-30983 was fixed in iOS 15.2 in December 2021. Towards the end of 2021 Google's Threat Analysis Group TAG shared an iPhone app with me: App splash screen showing the Vodafone carrier logo and the text "My Vodafone" not the...

The Qualcomm DSP Driver - Unexpectedly Excavating an Exploit

Posted by Seth Jenkins, Google Project Zero This blog post provides a technical analysis of exploit artifacts provided to us by Google's Threat Analysis Group TAG from Amnesty International. Amnesty’s report on these exploits is available here. Thanks to both Amnesty International and Google's...

voucher_swap: Exploiting MIG reference counting in iOS 12

Posted by Brandon Azad, Project Zero In this post I'll describe how I discovered and exploited CVE-2019-6225, a MIG reference counting vulnerability in XNU's taskswapmachvoucher function. We'll see how to exploit this bug on iOS 12.1.2 to build a fake kernel task port, giving us the ability to re...

BitUnmap: Attacking Android Ashmem

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero The law of leaky abstractions states that “all non-trivial abstractions, to some degree, are leaky”. In this blog post we’ll explore the ashmem shared memory interface provided by Android and see how false assumptions about its internal operation can result i...

MTE As Implemented, Part 3: The Kernel

By Mark Brand, Project Zero Background In 2018, in the v8.5a version of the ARM architecture, ARM proposed a hardware implementation of tagged memory, referred to as MTE Memory Tagging Extensions. In Part 1 we discussed testing the technical and implementation limitations of MTE on the hardware...

Revisiting Apple IPC: (1) Distributed Objects

Posted by Ian Beer of Google Project Zero Earlier this year I gave a talk at the inaugural Jailbreak Security Summit entitled Auditing and Exploiting Apple IPC slides | video . As part of my research for that talk I wanted to find at least one bug involving each of the available IPC mechanisms on...

Stagefrightened?

Posted by Mark Brand, Bypasser of Mitigations There’s been a lot of attention recently around a number of vulnerabilities in Android’s libstagefright. There’s been a lot of confusion about the remote exploitability of the issues, especially on modern devices. In this blog post we will demonstrate...

Splitting atoms in XNU

Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero TL;DR A locking bug in the XNU virtual memory subsystem allowed violation of the preconditions required for the correctness of an optimized virtual memory operation. This was abused to create shared memory where it wasn't expected, allowing the creation of ...

Fuzzing iOS code on macOS at native speed

Or how iOS apps on macOS work under the hood Posted by Samuel Groß, Project Zero This short post explains how code compiled for iOS can be run natively on Apple Silicon Macs. With the introduction of Apple Silicon Macs, Apple also made it possible to run iOS apps natively on these Macs. This is...

Calling Local Windows RPC Servers from .NET

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero As much as I enjoy finding security vulnerabilities in Windows, in many ways I prefer the challenge of writing the tools to make it easier for me and others to do the hunting. This blog post gives an overview of using some recent tooling I’ve released as part...

Did the “Man With No Name” Feel Insecure?

Posted by James Forshaw, Taker of Names Sometimes when I'm doing security research I'll come across a bug which surprises me. I discovered just such a bug in the Windows version of Chrome which exposed a little-known security detail in the OS. The bug, CVE-2014-3196 was fixed in M38, so it seemed...

Exception-oriented exploitation on iOS

Posted by Ian Beer, Project Zero This post covers the discovery and exploitation of CVE-2017-2370, a heap buffer overflow in the machvoucherextractattrrecipetrap mach trap. It covers the bug, the development of an exploitation technique which involves repeatedly and deliberately crashing and how ...

The Windows Registry Adventure #5: The regf file format

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero As previously mentioned in the second installment of the blog post series "A brief history of the feature", the binary format used to encode registry hives from Windows NT 3.1 up to the modern Windows 11 is called regf. In a way, it is quite special,...

The Many Possibilities of CVE-2019-8646

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero CVE-2019-8646 is a somewhat unusual vulnerability I reported in iMessage. It has a number of consequences, including information leakage and the ability to remotely read files on a device. This blog post discusses the ways that an attacker could use thi...

A look at an Android ITW DNG exploit

Posted by Benoît Sevens, Google Threat Intelligence Group Introduction Between July 2024 and February 2025, 6 suspicious image files were uploaded to VirusTotal. Thanks to a lead from Meta, these samples came to the attention of Google Threat Intelligence Group. Investigation of these images show...

The Problems and Promise of WebAssembly

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero WebAssembly is a format that allows code written in assembly-like instructions to be run from JavaScript. It has recently been implemented in all four major browsers. We reviewed each browser’s WebAssembly implementation and found three vulnerabilities...

The Great DOM Fuzz-off of 2017

Posted by Ivan Fratric, Project Zero Introduction Historically, DOM engines have been one of the largest sources of web browser bugs. And while in the recent years the popularity of those kinds of bugs in targeted attacks has somewhat fallen in favor of Flash which allows for cross-browser exploi...

One font vulnerability to rule them all #4: Windows 8.1 64-bit sandbox escape exploitation

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk of Google Project Zero This is the final part 4 of the “One font vulnerability to rule them all” blog post series. In the previous posts, we introduced the “blend” PostScript operator vulnerability and successfully used it to first exploit Adobe Reader, and later escape...

Exploiting NVMAP to escape the Chrome sandbox - CVE-2014-5332

Posted by Lee Campbell, Graphics Pwning Unit This guest post continues Project Zero’s practice of promoting excellence in security research on the Project Zero blog Background: Chrome for Android implements a very different sandbox model to that of Chrome for Linux. One of the platform features w...

Blasting Past Webp

An analysis of the NSO BLASTPASS iMessage exploit Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero On September 7, 2023 Apple issued an out-of-band security update for iOS: Around the same time on September 7th 2023, Citizen Lab published a blog post linking the two CVEs fixed in iOS 16.6.1 to an "NSO Gro...

Gregor Samsa: Exploiting Java's XML Signature Verification

By Felix Wilhelm, Project Zero Earlier this year, I discovered a surprising attack surface hidden deep inside Java’s standard library: A custom JIT compiler processing untrusted XSLT programs, exposed to remote attackers during XML signature verification. This post discusses CVE-2022-34169, an...

Race you to the kernel!

Posted by Ian Beer of Google Project Zero The OS X and iOS kernel code responsible for loading a setuid root binary invalidates the old task port after first swapping the new virtual memory map pointer into the old task object, leaving a short race window where you can manipulate the memory of an...

The poisoned NUL byte, 2014 edition

Posted by Chris Evans, Exploit Writer Underling to Tavis Ormandy Back in this 1998 post to the Bugtraq mailing list, Olaf Kirch outlined an attack he called “The poisoned NUL byte”. It was an off-by-one error leading to writing a NUL byte outside the bounds of the current stack frame. On i386...

The core of Apple is PPL: Breaking the XNU kernel's kernel

Posted by Brandon Azad, Project Zero While doing research for the one-byte exploit technique, I considered several ways it might be possible to bypass Apple's Page Protection Layer PPL using just a physical address mapping primitive, that is, before obtaining kernel read/write or defeating PAC...