MMS Exploit Part 3: Constructing the Memory Corruption Primitives

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Project Zero This post is the third of a multi-part series capturing my journey from discovering a vulnerable little-known Samsung image codec, to completing a remote zero-click MMS attack that worked on the latest Samsung flagship devices. New posts will be published a...

Racing against the clock -- hitting a tiny kernel race window

TL;DR: How to make a tiny kernel race window really large even on kernels without CONFIGPREEMPT: use a cache miss to widen the race window a little bit make a timerfd expire in that window which will run in an interrupt handler - in other words, in hardirq context make sure that the wakeup...

Taming the wild copy: Parallel Thread Corruption

Posted by Chris Evans, Winner of the occasional race Back in 2002, a very interesting vulnerability was found and fixed in the Apache web server. Relating to a bug in chunked encoding handing, the vulnerability caused a memcpy call with a negative length with the destination on the stack. Of...

Internet Explorer EPM Sandbox Escape CVE-2014-6350

Posted by James Forshaw This month Microsoft fixed 3 different Internet Explorer Enhanced Protected Mode EPM sandbox escapes which I disclosed in August. Sandboxes are one of the main areas of interest for Project Zero and me in particular as they are choke points for an attacker successfully...

The Windows Registry Adventure #4: Hives and the registry layout

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero To a normal user or even a Win32 application developer, the registry layout may seem simple: there are five root keys that we know from Regedit abbreviated as HKCR, HKLM, HKCU, HKU and HKCC, and each of them contains a nested tree structure that serv...

Enter the Vault: Authentication Issues in HashiCorp Vault

Posted by Felix Wilhelm, Project Zero Introduction In this blog post I'll discuss two vulnerabilities in HashiCorp Vault and its integration with Amazon Web Services AWS and Google Cloud Platform GCP. These issues can lead to an authentication bypass in configurations that use the aws and gcp aut...

Exploiting Android Messengers with WebRTC: Part 3

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero This is a three-part series on exploiting messenger applications using vulnerabilities in WebRTC. CVE-2020-6514 discussed in the blog post was fixed on July 14 with these CLs.This series highlights what can go wrong when applications don't apply WebRTC...

Stagefrightened?

Posted by Mark Brand, Bypasser of Mitigations There’s been a lot of attention recently around a number of vulnerabilities in Android’s libstagefright. There’s been a lot of confusion about the remote exploitability of the issues, especially on modern devices. In this blog post we will demonstrate...

The curious tale of a fake Carrier.app

Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero NOTE: This issue was CVE-2021-30983 was fixed in iOS 15.2 in December 2021. Towards the end of 2021 Google's Threat Analysis Group TAG shared an iPhone app with me: App splash screen showing the Vodafone carrier logo and the text "My Vodafone" not the...

Fuzzing iOS code on macOS at native speed

Or how iOS apps on macOS work under the hood Posted by Samuel Groß, Project Zero This short post explains how code compiled for iOS can be run natively on Apple Silicon Macs. With the introduction of Apple Silicon Macs, Apple also made it possible to run iOS apps natively on these Macs. This is...

FF Sandbox Escape (CVE-2020-12388)

By James Forshaw, Project Zero In my previous blog post I discussed an issue with the Windows Kernel’s handling of Restricted Tokens which allowed me to escape the Chrome GPU sandbox. Originally I’d planned to use Firefox for the proof-of-concept as Firefox uses the same effective sandbox level a...

The Windows Registry Adventure #2: A brief history of the feature

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero Before diving into the low-level security aspects of the registry, it is important to understand its role in the operating system and a bit of history behind it. In essence, the registry is a hierarchical database made of named "keys" and "values",...

Part II: Returning to Adobe Reader symbols on macOS

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Project Zero In a blog post titled "The story of Adobe Reader symbols" published in October 2019, I presented an analysis of the debug symbols shipped with some older versions of Adobe Reader for Unix-family systems released between 1997-2013. Such symbols can prove...

The Many Possibilities of CVE-2019-8646

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero CVE-2019-8646 is a somewhat unusual vulnerability I reported in iMessage. It has a number of consequences, including information leakage and the ability to remotely read files on a device. This blog post discusses the ways that an attacker could use thi...

MMS Exploit Part 5: Defeating Android ASLR, Getting RCE

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Project Zero This post is the fifth and final of a multi-part series capturing my journey from discovering a vulnerable little-known Samsung image codec, to completing a remote zero-click MMS attack that worked on the latest Samsung flagship devices. Previous posts are...

Splitting atoms in XNU

Posted by Ian Beer, Google Project Zero TL;DR A locking bug in the XNU virtual memory subsystem allowed violation of the preconditions required for the correctness of an optimized virtual memory operation. This was abused to create shared memory where it wasn't expected, allowing the creation of ...

voucher_swap: Exploiting MIG reference counting in iOS 12

Posted by Brandon Azad, Project Zero In this post I'll describe how I discovered and exploited CVE-2019-6225, a MIG reference counting vulnerability in XNU's taskswapmachvoucher function. We'll see how to exploit this bug on iOS 12.1.2 to build a fake kernel task port, giving us the ability to re...

RC4 Is Still Considered Harmful

By James Forshaw, Project Zero I've been spending a lot of time researching Windows authentication implementations, specifically Kerberos. In June 2022 I found an interesting issue number 2310 with the handling of RC4 encryption that allowed you to authenticate as another user if you could either...

Calling Local Windows RPC Servers from .NET

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero As much as I enjoy finding security vulnerabilities in Windows, in many ways I prefer the challenge of writing the tools to make it easier for me and others to do the hunting. This blog post gives an overview of using some recent tooling I’ve released as part...

Gregor Samsa: Exploiting Java's XML Signature Verification

By Felix Wilhelm, Project Zero Earlier this year, I discovered a surprising attack surface hidden deep inside Java’s standard library: A custom JIT compiler processing untrusted XSLT programs, exposed to remote attackers during XML signature verification. This post discusses CVE-2022-34169, an...

Revisiting Apple IPC: (1) Distributed Objects

Posted by Ian Beer of Google Project Zero Earlier this year I gave a talk at the inaugural Jailbreak Security Summit entitled Auditing and Exploiting Apple IPC slides | video . As part of my research for that talk I wanted to find at least one bug involving each of the available IPC mechanisms on...

The Qualcomm DSP Driver - Unexpectedly Excavating an Exploit

Posted by Seth Jenkins, Google Project Zero This blog post provides a technical analysis of exploit artifacts provided to us by Google's Threat Analysis Group TAG from Amnesty International. Amnesty’s report on these exploits is available here. Thanks to both Amnesty International and Google's...

Between a Rock and a Hard Link

Posted by James Forshaw, File System Enthusiast In a previous blog post I described some of the changes that Microsoft has made to the handling of symbolic links from a sandboxed process. This has an impact on the exploitation of privileged file overwrites for sandbox escapes. Windows does suppor...

One font vulnerability to rule them all #4: Windows 8.1 64-bit sandbox escape exploitation

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk of Google Project Zero This is the final part 4 of the “One font vulnerability to rule them all” blog post series. In the previous posts, we introduced the “blend” PostScript operator vulnerability and successfully used it to first exploit Adobe Reader, and later escape...

Exploiting NVMAP to escape the Chrome sandbox - CVE-2014-5332

Posted by Lee Campbell, Graphics Pwning Unit This guest post continues Project Zero’s practice of promoting excellence in security research on the Project Zero blog Background: Chrome for Android implements a very different sandbox model to that of Chrome for Linux. One of the platform features w...

Implant Teardown

Posted by Ian Beer, Project Zero In the earlier posts we examined how the attackers gained unsandboxed code execution as root on iPhones. At the end of each chain we saw the attackers calling posixspawn, passing the path to their implant binary which they dropped in /tmp. This starts the implant...

The Problems and Promise of WebAssembly

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero WebAssembly is a format that allows code written in assembly-like instructions to be run from JavaScript. It has recently been implemented in all four major browsers. We reviewed each browser’s WebAssembly implementation and found three vulnerabilities...

Reading privileged memory with a side-channel

Posted by Jann Horn, Project Zero We have discovered that CPU data cache timing can be abused to efficiently leak information out of mis-speculated execution, leading to at worst arbitrary virtual memory read vulnerabilities across local security boundaries in various contexts. Variants of this...

A 0-click exploit chain for the Pixel 10: When a Door Closes, a Window Opens

Posted by Seth Jenkins We recently published an exploit chain for the Google Pixel 9 that demonstrated it was possible to go from a zero-click context to root on Android in just two exploits. The Dolby 0-click vulnerability existed across all of Android, until it was patched in January 2026. Whil...

Injecting Code into Windows Protected Processes using COM - Part 2

Posted by James Forshaw, Project Zero In my previous blog I discussed a technique which combined numerous issues I’ve previously reported to Microsoft to inject arbitrary code into a PPL-WindowsTCB process. The techniques presented don’t work for exploiting the older, stronger Protected Processes...

Exception-oriented exploitation on iOS

Posted by Ian Beer, Project Zero This post covers the discovery and exploitation of CVE-2017-2370, a heap buffer overflow in the machvoucherextractattrrecipetrap mach trap. It covers the bug, the development of an exploitation technique which involves repeatedly and deliberately crashing and how ...

Finding and exploiting ntpd vulnerabilities

Posted by Stephen Röttger, Time Lord Foreword by Chris Evans: this post by Stephen represents the first Project Zero guest blog post. From time to time, we’ll be featuring guest blog posts for top-tier security research. In this instance, we’ve been impressed by the remotely exploitable nature of...

MTE As Implemented, Part 3: The Kernel

By Mark Brand, Project Zero Background In 2018, in the v8.5a version of the ARM architecture, ARM proposed a hardware implementation of tagged memory, referred to as MTE Memory Tagging Extensions. In Part 1 we discussed testing the technical and implementation limitations of MTE on the hardware...

The Definitive Guide on Win32 to NT Path Conversion

Posted by James Forshaw, path’ological reverse engineer. How the Win32 APIs process file paths on Windows NT is a tale filled with backwards compatibility hacks, weird behaviour, and beauty†. Incorrect handling of Win32 paths can lead to security vulnerabilities. This blog post is to try and give...

A Tale of Two Exploits

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Collision Investigator and Object Field Examiner CVE-2015-0336 is a type confusion vulnerability in the AS2 NetConnection class. I reported this issue in January and soon wrote a proof-of-concept exploit for the bug. The issue was patched by Adobe in March and less...

Mitigations are attack surface, too

Posted by Jann Horn, Project Zero Introduction This blog post discusses a bug leading to memory corruption in Samsung's Android kernel specifically the kernel of the Galaxy A50, A505FN - I haven't looked at Samsung's kernels for other devices. I will describe the bug and how I wrote a very...

The Windows Registry Adventure #5: The regf file format

Posted by Mateusz Jurczyk, Google Project Zero As previously mentioned in the second installment of the blog post series "A brief history of the feature", the binary format used to encode registry hives from Windows NT 3.1 up to the modern Windows 11 is called regf. In a way, it is quite special,...

The core of Apple is PPL: Breaking the XNU kernel's kernel

Posted by Brandon Azad, Project Zero While doing research for the one-byte exploit technique, I considered several ways it might be possible to bypass Apple's Page Protection Layer PPL using just a physical address mapping primitive, that is, before obtaining kernel read/write or defeating PAC...

One Byte to rule them all

Posted by Brandon Azad, Project Zero One Byte to rule them all, One Byte to type them, One Byte to map them all, and in userspace bind them -- Comment above vmmapcopyt For the last several years, nearly all iOS kernel exploits have followed the same high-level flow: memory corruption and fake Mac...

Adventures in Video Conferencing Part 1: The Wild World of WebRTC

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero Over the past five years, video conferencing support in websites and applications has exploded. Facebook, WhatsApp, FaceTime and Signal are just a few of the many ways that users can make audio and video calls across networks. While a lot of research ha...

Trust Issues: Exploiting TrustZone TEEs

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero Mobile devices are becoming an increasingly privacy-sensitive platform. Nowadays, devices process a wide range of personal and private information of a sensitive nature, such as biometric identifiers, payment data and cryptographic keys. Additionally, modern...

Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom’s Wi-Fi Stack (Part 2)

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero In this blog post we'll continue our journey into gaining remote kernel code execution, by means of Wi-Fi communication alone. Having previously developed a remote code execution exploit giving us control over Broadcom’s Wi-Fi SoC, we are now left with the ta...

A Token’s Tale

Posted by James Forshaw currently impersonating NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM. Much as I enjoy the process of vulnerability research sometimes there’s a significant disparity between the difficulty of finding a vulnerability and exploiting it. The Project Zero blog contains numerous examples of complex...

On the Effectiveness of Mutational Grammar Fuzzing

Posted by Ivan Fratric Mutational grammar fuzzing is a fuzzing technique in which the fuzzer uses a predefined grammar that describes the structure of the samples. When a sample gets mutated, the mutations happen in such a way that any resulting samples still adhere to the grammar rules, thus the...

First handset with MTE on the market

By Mark Brand, Google Project Zero Introduction It's finally time for me to fulfill a long-standing promise. Since I first heard about ARM's Memory Tagging Extensions, I've said to far too many people at this point to be able to back out… that I'd immediately switch to the first available device...

Over The Air - Vol. 2, Pt. 1: Exploiting The Wi-Fi Stack on Apple Devices

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero Earlier this year we performed research into Broadcom’s Wi-Fi stack. Due to the ubiquity of Broadcom’s stack, we chose to conduct our prior research through the lens of one affected family of products -- the Android ecosystem. To paint a more complete picture...

Down the Rabbit-Hole...

Posted by Tavis Ormandy, Security Research Over-Engineer. “Sometimes, hacking is just someone spending more time on something than anyone else might reasonably expect.”1 I often find it valuable to write simple test cases confirming things work the way I think they do. Sometimes I can’t explain t...

What is a "good" memory corruption vulnerability?

Posted by Chris Evans, register whisperer. Part 1 of 4. There are a lot of memory corruption vulnerabilities in software, but not all are created equal. To a certain degree, the “usefulness” of a given memory corruption vulnerability is determined by how reliably it might be exploited. In some...

Lifting the (Hyper) Visor: Bypassing Samsung’s Real-Time Kernel Protection

Posted by Gal Beniamini, Project Zero Traditionally, the operating system’s kernel is the last security boundary standing between an attacker and full control over a target system. As such, additional care must be taken in order to ensure the integrity of the kernel. First, when a system boots, t...

Adventures in vulnerability reporting

Posted by Natalie Silvanovich, Project Zero At Project Zero, we spend a lot of time reporting security bugs to vendors. Most of the time, this is a fairly straightforward process, but we occasionally encounter challenges getting information about vulnerabilities into the hands of vendors. Since i...