A Visual Perception-Based Tunable Framework and Evaluation Benchmark for H.265/HEVC ROI Encryption

ROI selective encryption, as an efficient privacy protection technique, encrypts only the key regions in the video, thereby ensuring security while minimizing the impact on coding efficiency. However, existing ROI-based video encryption methods suffer from insufficient flexibility and lack of a...

CYPRESS: Transferring Secrets in the Shadow of Visible Packets

Network steganography and covert communication channels have been studied extensively in the past. However, prior works offer minimal practical use for their proposed techniques and are limited to specific use cases and network protocols. In this paper, we show that covert channels in networking...

RAG-Targeted Adversarial Attack on LLM-Based Threat Detection and Mitigation Framework

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things IoT is reshaping communication and operational practices across industries, but it also broadens the attack surface and increases susceptibility to security breaches. Artificial Intelligence has become a valuable solution in securing IoT networks, wit...

Trustworthiness Calibration Framework for Phishing Email Detection Using Large Language Models

Phishing emails continue to pose a persistent challenge to online communication, exploiting human trust and evading automated filters through realistic language and adaptive tactics. While large language models LLMs such as GPT-4 and LLaMA-3-8B achieve strong accuracy in text classification, thei...

Hybrid Fuzzing with LLM-Guided Input Mutation and Semantic Feedback

Software fuzzing has become a cornerstone in automated vulnerability discovery, yet existing mutation strategies often lack semantic awareness, leading to redundant test cases and slow exploration of deep program states. In this work, I present a hybrid fuzzing framework that integrates static an...

Temporal Analysis Framework for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Novel Taxonomy for Time-Aware Cybersecurity

Most intrusion detection systems still identify attacks only after significant damage has occurred, detecting late-stage tactics rather than early indicators of compromise. This paper introduces a temporal analysis framework and taxonomy for time-aware network intrusion detection. Through a...

Designing Proportionate Cybersecurity Frameworks for European Micro-Enterprises: Lessons from the Squad 2025 Case

Micro and small enterprises SMEs account for most European businesses yet remain highly vulnerable to cyber threats. This paper analyses the design logic of a recent European policy initiative -- the Squad 2025 Playbook on Cybersecurity Awareness for Micro-SMEs -- to extract general principles fo...

Trustworthy Quantum Machine Learning: A Roadmap for Reliability, Robustness, and Security in the NISQ Era

Quantum machine learning QML is a promising paradigm for tackling computational problems that challenge classical AI. Yet, the inherent probabilistic behavior of quantum mechanics, device noise in NISQ hardware, and hybrid quantum-classical execution pipelines introduce new risks that prevent...

A Large Scale Study of AI-Based Binary Function Similarity Detection Techniques for Security Researchers and Practitioners

Binary Function Similarity Detection BFSD is a foundational technique in software security, underpinning a wide range of applications including vulnerability detection, malware analysis. Recent advances in AI-based BFSD tools have led to significant performance improvements. However, existing...

Mind the Gap: Missing Cyber Threat Coverage in NIDS Datasets for the Energy Sector

Network Intrusion Detection Systems NIDS developed using publicly available datasets predominantly focus on enterprise environments, raising concerns about their effectiveness for converged Information Technology IT and Operational Technology OT in energy infrastructures. This study evaluates the...

Security Audit of Intel ICE Driver for E810 Network Interface Card

The security of enterprise-grade networking hardware and software is critical to ensuring the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of data in modern cloud and data center environments. Network interface controllers NICs play a pivotal role in high-performance computing and virtualization,...

LLM-Based Multi-Class Attack Analysis and Mitigation Framework in IoT/IIoT Networks

The Internet of Things has expanded rapidly, transforming communication and operations across industries but also increasing the attack surface and security breaches. Artificial Intelligence plays a key role in securing IoT, enabling attack detection, attack behavior analysis, and mitigation...

CyberNER: A Harmonized STIX Corpus for Cybersecurity Named Entity Recognition

Extracting structured intelligence via Named Entity Recognition NER is critical for cybersecurity, but the proliferation of datasets with incompatible annotation schemas hinders the development of comprehensive models. While combining these resources is desirable, we empirically demonstrate that...

Windows Persistent Startup Folder

This Metasploit module establishes persistence by creating a payload in the user or system startup folder. Works on Vista and newer systems...

tc Tor Chat Client 1.3

tc is a low-tech free solution to make yourself anonymously reachable for chat by anyone who only know your onion address and your public key. Messages are PGP encrypted end-to-end and forwarded by Tor's relays...

Wapiti Web Application Vulnerability Scanner 3.2.8

Wapiti is a web application vulnerability scanner. It will scan the web pages of a deployed web application and will fuzz the URL parameters and forms to find common web vulnerabilities. This is the binary release...

Separating Pseudorandom Generators from Logarithmic Pseudorandom States

Pseudorandom generators PRGs are a foundational primitive in classical cryptography, underpinning a wide range of constructions. In the quantum setting, pseudorandom quantum states PRSs were proposed as a potentially weaker assumption that might serve as a substitute for PRGs in cryptographic...

The Attribution Story of WhisperGate: An Academic Perspective

This paper explores the challenges of cyberattack attribution, specifically APTs, applying the case study approach for the WhisperGate cyber operation of January 2022 executed by the Russian military intelligence service GRU and targeting Ukrainian government entities. The study provides a detail...

The Trust Paradox in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems: When Collaboration Becomes a Security Vulnerability

Multi-agent systems powered by large language models are advancing rapidly, yet the tension between mutual trust and security remains underexplored. We introduce and empirically validate the Trust-Vulnerability Paradox TVP: increasing inter-agent trust to enhance coordination simultaneously expan...

Toward Understanding Security Issues in the Model Context Protocol Ecosystem

The Model Context Protocol MCP is an emerging open standard that enables AI-powered applications to interact with external tools through structured metadata. A rapidly growing ecosystem has formed around MCP, including a wide range of MCP hosts i.e., Cursor, Windsurf, Claude Desktop, and Cline, M...

$Ρ$Hammer: Reviving RowHammer Attacks on New Architectures Via Prefetching

Rowhammer is a critical vulnerability in dynamic random access memory DRAM that continues to pose a significant threat to various systems. However, we find that conventional load-based attacks are becoming highly ineffective on the most recent architectures such as Intel Alder and Raptor Lake. In...

Beyond a Single Perspective: Towards a Realistic Evaluation of Website Fingerprinting Attacks

Website Fingerprinting WF attacks exploit patterns in encrypted traffic to infer the websites visited by users, posing a serious threat to anonymous communication systems. Although recent WF techniques achieve over 90% accuracy in controlled experimental settings, most studies remain confined to...

Infrastructure Patterns in Toll Scam Domains: A Comprehensive Analysis of Cybercriminal Registration and Hosting Strategies

Toll scams involve criminals registering fake domains that pretend to be legitimate transportation agencies to trick users into making fraudulent payments. Although these scams are rapidly increasing and causing significant harm, they have not been extensively studied. We present the first...

Wapiti Web Application Vulnerability Scanner 3.2.7 Source Code

Wapiti is a web application vulnerability scanner. It will scan the web pages of a deployed web application and will fuzz the URL parameters and forms to find common web vulnerabilities. This is the source code release...

Hash Chaining Degrades Security at Facebook

Modern web and digital application password storage relies on password hashing for storage and security. Ad-hoc upgrade of password storage to keep up with hash algorithm norms may be used to save costs but can introduce unforeseen vulnerabilities. This is the case in the password storage scheme...

RMPocalypse: How a Catch-22 Breaks AMD SEV-SNP

This paper presents RMPocalypse, a novel attack that shows a critical gap in the security of RMP initialization, wherein the x86 cores maliciously control parts of the initial RMP state. The analysis shows that the vulnerability arises due to the complex, but insufficient, interplay of multiple...

Lightweight CNN-Based Wi-Fi Intrusion Detection Using 2D Traffic Representations

Wi-Fi networks are ubiquitous in both home and enterprise environments, serving as a primary medium for Internet access and forming the backbone of modern IoT ecosystems. However, their inherent vulnerabilities, combined with widespread adoption, create opportunities for malicious actors to gain...

System Password Security: Attack and Defense Mechanisms

System passwords serve as critical credentials for user authentication and access control when logging into operating systems or applications. Upon entering a valid password, users pass verification to access system resources and execute corresponding operations. In recent years, frequent passwor...

New Machine Learning Approaches for Intrusion Detection in ADS-B

With the growing reliance on the vulnerable Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast ADS-B protocol in air traffic management ATM, ensuring security is critical. This study investigates emerging machine learning models and training strategies to improve AI-based intrusion detection systems IDS...

AI-Driven Post-Quantum Cryptography for Cyber-Resilient V2X Communication in Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems

Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems TCPS integrate physical elements, such as transportation infrastructure and vehicles, with cyber elements via advanced communication technologies, allowing them to interact seamlessly. This integration enhances the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of...

EMPalm: Exfiltrating Palm Biometric Data Via Electromagnetic Side-Channels

Palm recognition has emerged as a dominant biometric authentication technology in critical infrastructure. These systems operate in either single-modal form, using palmprint or palmvein individually, or dual-modal form, fusing the two modalities. Despite this diversity, they share similar hardwar...

Wapiti Web Application Vulnerability Scanner 3.2.6

Wapiti is a web application vulnerability scanner. It will scan the web pages of a deployed web application and will fuzz the URL parameters and forms to find common web vulnerabilities. This is the binary release...

A Multi-Layered Embedded Intrusion Detection Framework for Programmable Logic Controllers

Industrial control system ICS operations use trusted endpoints like human machine interfaces HMIs and workstations to relay commands to programmable logic controllers PLCs. Because most PLCs lack layered defenses, compromise of a trusted endpoint can drive unsafe actuator commands and risk...

Selecting Cybersecurity Requirements: Effects of LLM Use and Professional Software Development Experience

This study investigates how access to Large Language Models LLMs and varying levels of professional software development experience affect the prioritization of cybersecurity requirements for web applications. Twenty-three postgraduate students participated in a research study to prioritize...

OptiFLIDS: Optimized Federated Learning for Energy-Efficient Intrusion Detection in IoT

In critical IoT environments, such as smart homes and industrial systems, effective Intrusion Detection Systems IDS are essential for ensuring security. However, developing robust IDS solutions remains a significant challenge. Traditional machine learning-based IDS models typically require large...

Cyber Warfare during Operation Sindoor: Malware Campaign Analysis and Detection Framework

Rapid digitization of critical infrastructure has made cyberwarfare one of the important dimensions of modern conflicts. Attacking the critical infrastructure is an attractive pre-emptive proposition for adversaries as it can be done remotely without crossing borders. Such attacks disturb the...

Agentic Misalignment: How LLMs Could Be Insider Threats

We stress-tested 16 leading models from multiple developers in hypothetical corporate environments to identify potentially risky agentic behaviors before they cause real harm. In the scenarios, we allowed models to autonomously send emails and access sensitive information. They were assigned only...

PentestMCP: A Toolkit for Agentic Penetration Testing

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call RPC paradigm to agentic applications, allowing for the flexible constructi...

Characterizing Event-Themed Malicious Web Campaigns: A Case Study on War-Themed Websites

Cybercrimes such as online scams and fraud have become prevalent. Cybercriminals often abuse various global or regional events as themes of their fraudulent activities to breach user trust and attain a higher attack success rate. These attacks attempt to manipulate and deceive innocent people int...

Bridging Technical Capability and User Accessibility: Off-Grid Civilian Emergency Communication

During large-scale crises disrupting cellular and Internet infrastructure, civilians lack reliable methods for communication, aid coordination, and access to trustworthy information. This paper presents a unified emergency communication system integrating a low-power, long-range network with a...

A Global Analysis of Cyber Threats to the Energy Sector: "Currents of Conflict" from a Geopolitical Perspective

The escalating frequency and sophistication of cyber threats increased the need for their comprehensive understanding. This paper explores the intersection of geopolitical dynamics, cyber threat intelligence analysis, and advanced detection technologies, with a focus on the energy domain. We...

Vision Transformers: the Threat of Realistic Adversarial Patches

The increasing reliance on machine learning systems has made their security a critical concern. Evasion attacks enable adversaries to manipulate the decision-making processes of AI systems, potentially causing security breaches or misclassification of targets. Vision Transformers ViTs have gained...

AEAS: Actionable Exploit Assessment System

Security practitioners face growing challenges in exploit assessment, as public vulnerability repositories are increasingly populated with inconsistent and low-quality exploit artifacts. Existing scoring systems, such as CVSS and EPSS, offer limited support for this task. They either rely on...

FakeSound2: a Benchmark for Explainable and Generalizable Deepfake Sound Detection

The rapid development of generative audio raises ethical and security concerns stemming from forged data, making deepfake sound detection an important safeguard against the malicious use of such technologies. Although prior studies have explored this task, existing methods largely focus on binary...

LenslessMic: Audio Encryption and Authentication Via Lensless Computational Imaging

With society's increasing reliance on digital data sharing, the protection of sensitive information has become critical. Encryption serves as one of the privacy-preserving methods; however, its realization in the audio domain predominantly relies on signal processing or software methods embedded...

Automated Cyber Defense with Generalizable Graph-Based Reinforcement Learning Agents

Deep reinforcement learning RL is emerging as a viable strategy for automated cyber defense ACD. The traditional RL approach represents networks as a list of computers in various states of safety or threat. Unfortunately, these models are forced to overfit to specific network topologies, renderin...

Beyond Surface Alignment: Rebuilding LLMs Safety Mechanism Via Probabilistically Ablating Refusal Direction

Jailbreak attacks pose persistent threats to large language models LLMs. Current safety alignment methods have attempted to address these issues, but they experience two significant limitations: insufficient safety alignment depth and unrobust internal defense mechanisms. These limitations make...

Hybrid Deep Learning-Federated Learning Powered Intrusion Detection System for IoT/5G Advanced Edge Computing Network

The exponential expansion of IoT and 5G-Advanced applications has enlarged the attack surface for DDoS, malware, and zero-day intrusions. We propose an intrusion detection system that fuses a convolutional neural network CNN, a bidirectional LSTM BiLSTM, and an autoencoder AE bottleneck within a...

Cybersecurity AI: Humanoid Robots As Attack Vectors

We present a systematic security assessment of the Unitree G1 humanoid showing it operates simultaneously as a covert surveillance node and can be purposed as an active cyber operations platform. Partial reverse engineering of Unitree's proprietary FMX encryption reveal a static Blowfish-ECB laye...

Bridging Threat Models and Detections: Formal Verification Via CADP

Threat detection systems rely on rule-based logic to identify adversarial behaviors, yet the conformance of these rules to high-level threat models is rarely verified formally. We present a formal verification framework that models both detection logic and attack trees as labeled transition syste...