CVE-2023-28431

CVE-2023-28431 describes a vulnerability in Frontier’s modexp precompile used by Substrate. The implementation treats even and odd moduli differently: odd moduli use Montgomery multiplication, while even moduli fall back to a slower plain power algorithm. This mismatch caused a gas-cost discrepan...

CVE-2022-39242

CVE-2022-39242 affects Frontier, an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. The root cause is that the worst-case weight was always counted as the block weight in all cases, allowing large EVM gas refunds to enable block spamming and inflate chain gas prices. The impact is limited: attack cos...

CVE-2021-39193

CVE-2021-39193 concerns Frontier’s Ethereum compatibility layer (Frontier) and specifically a bug in the Substrate pallet-ethereum. Before commit 0b962f218f0cdd796dadfe26c3f09e68f7861b26, input data size validation was faulty, which could allow invalid transactions to be included in the Ethereum ...