Systematically Optimized CNN-Transformer with Focal Loss for Imbalanced Intrusion Detection on NSL-KDD

Intrusion Detection Systems IDS struggle with imbalanced datasets like NSL-KDD, especially in detecting rare R2L and U2R attacks. This work describes a systematically optimized and explainable framework using a CNN-Transformer architecture to improve performance on highly imbalanced data. We...

Multi-Level Distributional Entropy for Explainable Network Intrusion Detection

Machine learning network intrusion detection systems IDS rely on aggregate flow statistics that discard distributional structure, while established entropy measures require raw packet sequences unavailable in pre-aggregated flow datasets. We propose Multi-Level Distributional Entropy MDE, an...

Exploring Robust Intrusion Detection: A Benchmark Study of Feature Transferability in IoT Botnet Attack Detection

Cross-domain intrusion detection remains a critical challenge due to significant variability in network traffic characteristics and feature distributions across environments. This study evaluates the transferability of three widely used flow-based feature sets Argus, Zeek and CICFlowMeter across...

PrivFly: A Privacy-Preserving Self-Supervised Framework for Rare Attack Detection in IoFT

The Internet of Flying Things IoFT plays a vital role in modern applications such as aerial surveillance and smart mobility. However, it remains highly vulnerable to cyberattacks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive data. Developing effective intrusion...