CVE-2025-20241

A vulnerability in the Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System IS-IS feature of Cisco NX-OS Software for Cisco Nexus 3000 Series Switches and Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause the IS-IS process to unexpectedly...

CVE-2025-20241 Cisco Nexus 3000 and 9000 Series Switches IS-IS Protocol <TBD> Denial of Service Vulnerability

A vulnerability in the Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System IS-IS feature of Cisco NX-OS Software for Cisco Nexus 3000 Series Switches and Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause the IS-IS process to unexpectedly...

Cisco Nexus 3000 and 9000 Series Switches Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System Denial of Service Vulnerability

A vulnerability in the Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System IS-IS feature of Cisco NX-OS Software for Cisco Nexus 3000 Series Switches and Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause the IS-IS process to unexpectedly...

Linux Distros Unpatched Vulnerability : CVE-2022-4129

The Linux/Unix host has one or more packages installed that are impacted by a vulnerability without a vendor supplied patch available. - A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP. A missing lock when clearing skuserdata can lead to a race condition and NULL pointer...

Linux Distros Unpatched Vulnerability : CVE-2024-53211

"The Linux/Unix host has one or more packages installed that are impacted by a vulnerability without a vendor supplied patch available. - In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/l2tp: fix warning in l2tpexitnet found by syzbot In l2tp's net exit handler, we check...

Linux Distros Unpatched Vulnerability : CVE-2023-52527

"The Linux/Unix host has one or more packages installed that are impacted by a vulnerability without a vendor supplied patch available. - ipv4, ipv6: Fix handling of transhdrlen in ip,6appenddata Including the transhdrlen in length is a problem when the packet is partially filled e.g. something...

Belkin F9K1122 安全漏洞

The Belkin F9K1122 is a WiFi signal extender. The Belkin F9K1122 suffers from a stack buffer overflow vulnerability that originates from the incorrect manipulation of the parameter L2TPUserName in the file /goform/formL2TPSetup, for which no detailed vulnerability details are provided at this tim...

SUSE CVE-2025-38184

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tipc: fix null-ptr-deref when acquiring remote ip of ethernet bearer The reproduction steps: 1. create a tun interface 2. enable l2 bearer 3. TIPCNLUDPGETREMOTEIP with media name set to tun tipc: Started in network mode tipc: Nod...

Optimistic MEV in Ethereum Layer 2s: Why Blockspace Is Always in Demand

Layer 2 rollups are rapidly absorbing DeFi activity, securing over $40 billion and accounting for nearly half of Ethereum's DEX volume by Q1 2025, yet their MEV dynamics remain understudied. We address this gap by defining and quantifying optimistic MEV, a form of speculative, on-chain cyclic...

CVE-2025-48886 hydra-node dangerously assumes L1 event finality and does not consider failed transactions

Hydra is a layer-two scalability solution for Cardano. Prior to version 0.22.0, the process assumes L1 event finality and does not consider failed transactions. Currently, Cardano L1 is monitored for certain events which are necessary for state progression. At the moment, Hydra considers those...

CVE-2025-48886 hydra-node dangerously assumes L1 event finality and does not consider failed transactions

Hydra is a layer-two scalability solution for Cardano. Prior to version 0.22.0, the process assumes L1 event finality and does not consider failed transactions. Currently, Cardano L1 is monitored for certain events which are necessary for state progression. At the moment, Hydra considers those...

A Private Smart Wallet with Probabilistic Compliance

We propose a privacy-preserving smart wallet with a novel invitation-based private onboarding mechanism. The solution integrates two levels of compliance in concert with an authority party: a proof of innocence mechanism and an ancestral commitment tracking system using bloom filters for...

CVE-2024-11185

CVE-2024-11185 affects Arista EOS: ingress traffic on Layer-2 ports can be improperly forwarded to VLANs other than the intended one, breaching VLAN isolation. Affected EOS releases include 4.29.x (4.29.10M and below), 4.30.x (4.30.9M and below), 4.31.x (4.31.6M and below), 4.32.x (4.32.3M and be...

Arista EOS 安全漏洞

Arista EOS is a fully programmable, highly modular, Linux-based network operating system from Arista Corporation. A security vulnerability exists in Arista EOS that stems from the possibility of incorrectly forwarding Layer 2 port ingress traffic under certain conditions, resulting in a breach of...

A Framework for Combined Transaction Posting and Pricing for Layer 2 Blockchains

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for transaction posting and pricing in Layer 2 L2 blockchain systems, focusing on challenges stemming from fluctuating Layer 1 L1 gas fees and the congestion issues within L2 networks. Existing methods have focused on the problem of optimal posting...

CVE-2023-42806

Hydra is the layer-two scalability solution for Cardano. Prior to version 0.13.0, not signing and verifying $\mathsfcid$ allows an attacker which must be a participant of this head to use a snapshot from an old head instance with the same participants to close the head or contest the state with i...

Important: kernel

Issue Overview: A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP. A missing lock when clearing skuserdata can lead to a race condition and NULL pointer dereference. A local user could use this flaw to potentially crash the system causing a denial of service. CVE-2022-4129 In...

A Security Framework for General Blockchain Layer 2 Protocols

Layer 2 L2 solutions are the cornerstone of blockchain scalability, enabling high-throughput and low-cost interactions by shifting execution off-chain while maintaining security through interactions with the underlying ledger. Despite their common goals, the principal L2 paradigms -- payment...

SUSE CVE-2025-21969

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Bluetooth: L2CAP: Fix slab-use-after-free Read in l2capsendcmd After the hci sync command releases l2capconn, the hci receive data work queue references the released l2capconn when sending to the upper layer. Add hci dev lock to...

The vulnerability of the Layer 2 Address Learning Daemon (L2ALD) in Juniper Networks’ Junos OS Evolved operating systems allows a hacker to induce a service failure.

The vulnerability of the Layer 2 Address Learning Daemon L2ALD in Juniper Networks’ Junos OS Evolved operating systems is related to uncontrolled resource consumption. Exploiting this vulnerability can allow a malicious actor to cause service interruptions...