Exposing Hidden Backdoors in NFT Smart Contracts: a Static Security Analysis of Rug Pull Patterns

The explosive growth of Non-Fungible Tokens NFTs has revolutionized digital ownership by enabling the creation, exchange, and monetization of unique assets on blockchain networks. However, this surge in popularity has also given rise to a disturbing trend: the emergence of rug pulls - fraudulent...

Insecurity through Obscurity: Veiled Vulnerabilities in Closed-Source Contracts

Most blockchains cannot hide the binary code of programs i.e., smart contracts running on them. To conceal proprietary business logic and to potentially deter attacks, many smart contracts are closed-source and employ layers of obfuscation. However, we demonstrate that such obfuscation can obscur...

Ai-Driven Vulnerability Analysis in Smart Contracts: Trends, Challenges and Future Directions

Smart contracts, integral to blockchain ecosystems, enable decentralized applications to execute predefined operations without intermediaries. Their ability to enforce trustless interactions has made them a core component of platforms such as Ethereum. Vulnerabilities such as numerical overflows,...

Hybrid Stabilization Protocol for Cross-Chain Digital Assets Using Adaptor Signatures and AI-Driven Arbitrage

Stablecoins face an unresolved trilemma of balancing decentralization, stability, and regulatory compliance. We present a hybrid stabilization protocol that combines crypto-collateralized reserves, algorithmic futures contracts, and cross-chain liquidity pools to achieve robust price adherence...

Decentralized COVID-19 Health System Leveraging Blockchain

With the development of the Internet, the amount of data generated by the medical industry each year has grown exponentially. The Electronic Health Record EHR manages the electronic data generated during the user's treatment process. Typically, an EHR data manager belongs to a medical institution...

Shill Bidding Prevention in Decentralized Auctions Using Smart Contracts

In online auctions, fraudulent behaviors such as shill bidding pose significant risks. This paper presents a conceptual framework that applies dynamic, behavior-based penalties to deter auction fraud using blockchain smart contracts. Unlike traditional post-auction detection methods, this approac...

Smart Contracts for SMEs and Large Companies

Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being writing smart contracts. In our previous research we described methodology and a tool to generate, in automated fashion, smart contracts from BPMN models. The generated smart contracts provide support for multi-step transactions th...

SAP S4CORE Information Disclosure Vulnerability

SAP S4CORE is an application for managing procurement contracts from SAP. SAP S4CORE suffers from an information disclosure vulnerability that stems from a lack of authorization checks, which can be exploited by an attacker to cause information disclosure...

CVE-2024-45304

Cairo-Contracts are OpenZeppelin Contracts written in Cairo for Starknet, a decentralized ZK Rollup. This vulnerability can lead to unauthorized ownership transfer, contrary to the original owner's intention of leaving the contract without an owner. It introduces a security risk where an unintend...

CVE-2024-27094

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. The Base64.encode function encodes a bytes input by iterating over it in chunks of 3 bytes. When this input is not a multiple of 3, the last iteration may read parts of the memory that are beyond the input buffer. The...

CVE-2024-26149

Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the ethereum virtual machine. If an excessively large value is specified as the starting index for an array in abidecode, it can cause the read position to overflow. This results in the decoding of values outside the intended array bounds, potential...

CVE-2023-30542

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. The proposal creation entrypoint propose in GovernorCompatibilityBravo allows the creation of proposals with a signatures array shorter than the calldatas array. This causes the additional elements of the latter to be...

CVE-2023-26488

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. The ERC721Consecutive contract designed for minting NFTs in batches does not update balances when a batch has size 1 and consists of a single token. Subsequent transfers from the receiver of that token may overflow the...

CVE-2023-30541

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. A function in the implementation contract may be inaccessible if its selector clashes with one of the proxy's own selectors. Specifically, if the clashing function has a different signature with incompatible ABI encoding,...

CVE-2022-36061

Elrond go is the go implementation for the Elrond Network protocol. In versions prior to 1.3.35, read only calls between contracts can generate smart contracts results. For example, if contract A calls in read only mode contract B and the called function will make changes upon the contract's B...

CVE-2022-39384

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. Before version 4.4.1 but after 3.2.0, initializer functions that are invoked separate from contract creation the most prominent example being minimal proxies may be reentered if they make an untrusted non-view external cal...

CVE-2021-2255

Vulnerability in the Oracle Service Contracts product of Oracle E-Business Suite component: Authoring. Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.1-12.1.3. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Service Contracts...

CVE-2021-25836

Cosmos Network Ethermint = v0.4.0 is affected by cache lifecycle inconsistency in the EVM module. The bytecode set in a FAILED transaction wrongfully remains in memorystateObject.code and is further written to persistent store at the Endblock stage, which may be utilized to build honeypot contrac...

CVE-2019-25157

A vulnerability was found in Ethex Contracts. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file EthexJackpot.sol of the component Monthly Jackpot Handler. The manipulation leads to improper access controls. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. This product do...

CVE-2019-2622

Vulnerability in the Oracle Service Contracts component of Oracle E-Business Suite subcomponent: Renewals. Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 12.1.3, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5, 12.2.6, 12.2.7 and 12.2.8. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with...