PoLO: Proof-Of-Learning and Proof-Of-Ownership at Once with Chained Watermarking

Machine learning models are increasingly shared and outsourced, raising requirements of verifying training effort Proof-of-Learning, PoL to ensure claimed performance and establishing ownership Proof-of-Ownership, PoO for transactions. When models are trained by untrusted parties, PoL and PoO mus...