Enhancing Blockchain Cross Chain Interoperability: a Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain technology, introduced in 2008, has revolutionized data storage and transfer across sectors such as finance, healthcare, intelligent transportation, and the metaverse. However, the proliferation of blockchain systems has led to discrepancies in architectures, consensus mechanisms, and...

A Security Framework for General Blockchain Layer 2 Protocols

Layer 2 L2 solutions are the cornerstone of blockchain scalability, enabling high-throughput and low-cost interactions by shifting execution off-chain while maintaining security through interactions with the underlying ledger. Despite their common goals, the principal L2 paradigms -- payment...