permanet

Permanet 密码学可验证的网页存档。提交一个URL，获取一份渲染后的快照，其中包含基于SHA-256的Merkle哈希，该哈希通过OpenTimestamps锚定到比特币，并永久存储在Arweave上。 任何人都可以仅使用哈希和比特币区块链独立验证一份快照，无需信任Permanet。 工作原理 1. 提交一个URL 2. Playwright捕获完整渲染的页面（HTML、图片、截图） 3. 所有资源被哈希到一棵SHA-256 Merkle树中 4. 根哈希通过OpenTimestamps进行时间戳标记（锚定到比特币） 5. 快照永久写入Arweave 6. 生成一个公开验证页面 技...

BLAKE3

BLAKE3 BLAKE3 是一种密码学哈希函数，其特点如下： 速度极快 ，超过 MD5、SHA-1、SHA-2、SHA-3 和 BLAKE2。 安全可靠 ，与 MD5 和 SHA-1 不同。并且能够抵抗长度扩展攻击，与 SHA-2 不同。 高度可并行化 ，可在任意数量的线程和 SIMD 通道上运行，因为它内部采用 Merkle 树结构。 支持验证流式处理 和增量更新 ，同样得益于其 Merkle 树结构。 可作为PRF 、MAC 、KDF 、XOF 以及常规哈希使用。 单一算法，无变体 ，在 x86-64 以及更小架构上均表现快速。 下图 是 2019 年 Cascade Lake-S...

codecrypt

Codecrypt La herramienta de criptografía post-cuántica. Codecrypt actualmente no recibe mantenimiento, aunque todavía lo uso con éxito. Si estás interesado en desarrollarlo/mantenerlo, escríbeme. Acerca de Este es un programa unix similar a GnuPG para cifrado y firma que utiliza únicamente...

Network Impact of Post-Quantum Certificate Chain Sizes on Time to First Byte in TLS Deployments

Post-Quantum Cryptography PQC is a rapidly growing deployment challenge as cryptographically relevant quantum computers CRQC continue to advance, leaving traditional cryptographic algorithms used in X.509 vulnerable to attack. However, PQC introduces significant deployment challenges in real-worl...

Merkle Tree Certificate Post-Quantum PKI for Kubernetes and Cloud-Native 5G/B5G Core

Post-quantum signature schemes such as ML-DSA-65 produce signatures of 3,309 bytes and public keys of 1,952 bytes over 50 times larger than classical Ed25519. In TLS-authenticated environments like Kubernetes control planes and 5G Core networks, where every inter-component connection is mutually...

Google Develops Merkle Tree Certificates to Enable Quantum-Resistant HTTPS in Chrome

Google has announced a new program in its Chrome browser to ensure that HTTPS certificates are secure against the future risk posed by quantum computers. "To ensure the scalability and efficiency of the ecosystem, Chrome has no immediate plan to add traditional X.509 certificates containing...

ShieldMMU: Detecting and Defending against Controlled-Channel Attacks in Shielding Memory System

Intel SGX and hypervisors isolate non-privileged programs from other software, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. However, side-channel attacks continue to threaten Intel SGX's security, enabling malicious OS to manipulate PTE present bits, induce page faults, and steal memory access traces...

SUSE CVE-2025-49600

In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtlslmsverify may accept invalid signatures if hash computation fails and internal errors go unchecked, enabling LMS Leighton-Micali Signature forgery in a fault scenario. Specifically, unchecked return values in mbedtlslmsverify allow an attacker who can induce ...

DEBIAN-CVE-2025-49600

In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtlslmsverify may accept invalid signatures if hash computation fails and internal errors go unchecked, enabling LMS Leighton-Micali Signature forgery in a fault scenario. Specifically, unchecked return values in mbedtlslmsverify allow an attacker who can induce ...

Malicious code in oz-merkle-tree (PyPI)

--- -= Per source details. Do not edit below this line.=- Source: kam193 732a4768703da4c9eb31465258c2df9b93dcfcf2811b78c72b62d9dbf9b10053 The package is designed to exfiltrate basic data, like hostname and OS details, as well as collect information about the stacktrace it's imported from. ---...

MAL-2024-10100 Malicious code in oz-merkle-tree (PyPI)

--- -= Per source details. Do not edit below this line.=- Source: kam193 732a4768703da4c9eb31465258c2df9b93dcfcf2811b78c72b62d9dbf9b10053 The package is designed to exfiltrate basic data, like hostname and OS details, as well as collect information about the stacktrace it's imported from. ---...

ONLY THE LAST DISPUTE IS CONSIDERED UNRESOLVED IN THE Distributor CONTRACT

Lines of code Vulnerability details Impact The Distributor.disputeTree function is used to freeze the Merkle tree update until the dispute is resolved. This is done by setting the disputer state variable to msg.sender. disputeTree is an external function which can be called by anyone by providing...

The merkle tree might be revoked again after being used to claim rewards.

Lines of code Vulnerability details Impact The merkle tree might be revoked again after being used to claim rewards. Proof of Concept The governor can revoke the merkle tree using revokeTree. function revokeTree external onlyGovernorOrGuardian if disputer != address0 revert UnresolvedDispute;...

Poor detection of disputed trees allows claiming tokens from a disputed tree

Lines of code Vulnerability details Targets Impact Users can claim rewards from a Merkle tree that's being disputed. This can potentially lead to loss of funds since a malicious trusted EOA can claim funds from a malicious tree while it's being disputed. Proof of Concept The...

Improper Input Validation

@openzeppelin/contracts and @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation. If a contract uses multiproofs for verification and the merkle tree processing includes a node with value 0 at depth 1, then the contract may be insecure. Balanced trees with three or fewe...

OpenZeppelin Contracts using MerkleProof multiproofs may allow proving arbitrary leaves for specific trees

Impact When the verifyMultiProof, verifyMultiProofCalldata, processMultiProof, or processMultiProofCalldata functions are in use, it is possible to construct merkle trees that allow forging a valid multiproof for an arbitrary set of leaves. A contract may be vulnerable if it uses multiproofs for...

CVE-2023-34459

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for smart contract development. Starting in version 4.7.0 and prior to version 4.9.2, when the verifyMultiProof, verifyMultiProofCalldata, procesprocessMultiProof, or processMultiProofCalldat functions are in use, it is possible to construct merkle trees that...

CVE-2023-34459

OpenZeppelin Contracts (versions 4.7.0–4.9.1) are affected by a multiproof forgery issue when using verifyMultiProof/verifyMultiProofCalldata/processMultiProof/processMultiProofCalldata. If the merkle tree includes a node with value 0 at depth 1 under the root, a adversarial or certain benign tre...

CVE-2023-34459 OpenZeppelin Contracts's MerkleProof multiproofs may allow proving arbitrary leaves for specific trees

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for smart contract development. Starting in version 4.7.0 and prior to version 4.9.2, when the verifyMultiProof, verifyMultiProofCalldata, procesprocessMultiProof, or processMultiProofCalldat functions are in use, it is possible to construct merkle trees that...

Groupbuy: Construction of merkle tree allows some unintended IDs to be bought

Lines of code Vulnerability details Impact In GroupBuy.purchase, when no proof is provided, it is required that the provided token ID is equal to the stored merkleRoot: if purchaseProof.length == 0 // Hashes tokenId to verify merkle root if proof is empty if bytes32tokenId != merkleRoot revert...