GNSS Spoofing Detection in TDD Networks: A 3GPP Standards-Based Security Framework

Time Division Duplex TDD mobile networks require synchronization accuracy of $\pm$1.5 $μ$s 3GPP TS 38.104, with GNSS-disciplined grandmaster clocks as the predominant timing source. GNSS spoofing -- now a documented operational threat -- can corrupt timing across all downstream base stations, yet...