MCP Server SSE DNS Rebinding

ModelContextProtocol MCP servers using SSE Server-Sent Events transport mode are prone to DNS rebinding attacks when they do not enforce strict verification of both the 'Origin' and 'Host' headers. This vulnerability allows an attacker to bypass same-origin policies, potentially leading to...

Beyond the Protocol: Unveiling Attack Vectors in the Model Context Protocol Ecosystem

The Model Context Protocol MCP is an emerging standard designed to enable seamless interaction between Large Language Model LLM applications and external tools or resources. Within a short period, thousands of MCP services have already been developed and deployed. However, the client-server...

MCP Authorization in practice with Spring AI and OAuth2

Last month, we explored how to secure Spring AI MCP Servers1 with the OAuth2 authorization framework. In the conclusion of that article, we mentioned we'd explore using standalone Authorization Servers for MCP Security and deviate from the then-current specification. Since we published the articl...

Securing Spring AI MCP servers with OAuth2

Spring AI offers support for Model Context Protocol, or MCP for short, which allows AI models to interact with and access external tools and resources in a structured way. With Spring AI, developers can create their own MCP Servers and expose capabilities to AI models in just a few lines of code...