Formal Security Analysis of SPV Clients Versus Home-Based Full Nodes in Bitcoin-Derived Systems

This paper presents a mathematically rigorous formal analysis of Simplified Payment Verification SPV clients, as specified in Section 8 of the original Bitcoin white paper, versus non-mining full nodes operated by home users. It defines security as resistance to divergence from global consensus a...

CVE-2021-42764

The Proof-of-Stake PoS Ethereum consensus protocol through 2021-10-19 allows an adversary to cause a denial of service delayed consensus decisions, and also increase the profits of individual validators, via short-range reorganizations of the underlying consensus chain...

CVE-2021-42765

The Proof-of-Stake PoS Ethereum consensus protocol through 2021-10-19 allows an adversary to leverage network delay to cause a denial of service indefinite stalling of consensus decisions...

CVE-2021-39137

go-ethereum is the official Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol. In affected versions a consensus-vulnerability in go-ethereum Geth could cause a chain split, where vulnerable versions refuse to accept the canonical chain. Further details about the vulnerability will be disclosed at a late...

CVE-2020-8806

Electric Coin Company Zcashd before 2.1.1-1 allows attackers to trigger consensus failure and double spending. A valid chain could be incorrectly rejected because timestamp requirements on block headers were not properly enforced...

CVE-2020-26265

Go Ethereum, or "Geth", is the official Golang implementation of the Ethereum protocol. In Geth from version 1.9.4 and before version 1.9.20 a consensus-vulnerability could cause a chain split, where vulnerable versions refuse to accept the canonical chain. The fix was included in the Paragade...

Quantum-Resilient Blockchain for Secure Transactions in UAV-Assisted Smart Agriculture Networks

The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs into smart agriculture has enabled real-time monitoring, data collection, and automated farming operations. However, the high mobility, decentralized nature, and low-power communication of UAVs pose significant security challenges, particularly in...

Sei Giga

We introduce the Sei Giga, a multi-concurrent producer parallelized execution EVM layer one blockchain. In an internal testnet Giga has achieved 5 gigagas/sec throughput and sub 400ms finality. Giga uses Autobahn for consensus with separate DA and consensus layers requiring f+1 votes for a PoA on...

Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Systems

Blockchain is a type of decentralized distributed database. Unlike traditional relational database management systems, it does not require management or maintenance by a third party. All data management and update processes are open and transparent, solving the trust issues of centralized databas...

Blockchain Technology: Core Mechanisms, Evolution, and Future Implementation Challenges

Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most transformative digital innovations of the 21st century. This paper presents a comprehensive review of blockchain's fundamental architecture, tracing its development from Bitcoin's initial implementation to current enterprise applications. We...

CVE-2025-30147

Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles ALTBN128ADD 0x06,...

CVE-2025-30147

Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles ALTBN128ADD 0x06,...

CVE-2025-30147 ALTBN128_ADD, ALTBN128_MUL, ALTBN128_PAIRING precompile functions do not check if points are on curve

Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles ALTBN128ADD 0x06,...

CVE-2025-30147

Hyperledger Besu relies on besu-native to implement ALTBN128_ADD, ALTBN128_MUL, and ALTBN128_PAIRING precompiles. From Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2 (besu-native 0.9.0–1.2.1), a consensus bug could arise because the gnark-crypto bn254 implementation used for these precompiles did not perform proper ...

CVE-2025-30147 ALTBN128_ADD, ALTBN128_MUL, ALTBN128_PAIRING precompile functions do not check if points are on curve

Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles ALTBN128ADD 0x06,...

CVE-2025-30147 ALTBN128_ADD, ALTBN128_MUL, ALTBN128_PAIRING precompile functions do not check if points are on curve

Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles ALTBN128ADD 0x06,...

Hyperledger Besu 安全漏洞

Hyperledger Besu is a Hyperledger open source application. It is used to run, maintain, debug and monitor nodes in the Ethernet network. A security vulnerability exists in Hyperledger Besu versions 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, which stems from a precompiled implementation issue that could lead to a...

PT-2025-20289 · Hyperledger · Hyperledger Besu +1

Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions: Hyperledger Besu versions 24.7.1 through 25.2.2 besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1 Description: The issue concerns a potential consensus bug in the precompiles ALTBN128 ADD 0x06, ALTBN128 MUL 0x07, and ALTBN128 PAIRING 0x08 due to the u...

Efficient Patient-Centric EMR Sharing Block Tree

Flexible sharing of electronic medical records EMRs is an urgent need in healthcare, as fragmented storage creates EMR management complexity for both practitioners and patients. Blockchain has emerged as a promising solution to address the limitations of centralized EMR systems regarding...

Proof of Useful Intelligence (PoUI): Blockchain Consensus beyond Energy Waste

Blockchain technology enables secure, transparent data management in decentralized systems, supporting applications from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to tokenizing real-world assets like property. Its scalability and sustainability hinge on consensus mechanisms balancing security and efficiency...