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A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. This flaw allows a remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in sort_rrset() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25687)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before 2.83. A buffer overflow vulnerability was discovered in the way dnsmasq extract names from DNS packets before validating them with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network,who can create valid DNS replies,could use this flaw to cause an overflow with arbitrary data in a heap-allocated memory,possibly executing code on the machine. 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This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25683)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries.\n However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. 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The flaw is in the rfc1035.c:extract_name() function, which writes data to the memory pointed by name assuming MAXDNAME*2 bytes are available in the buffer. However, in some code execution paths, it is possible extract_name() gets passed an offset from the base buffer, thus reducing, in practice, the number of available bytes that can be written in the buffer. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and integrity as well as system availability.(CVE-2020-25682)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. A remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, could use this flaw to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25683)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries.\n However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. If chained with CVE-2020-25685 or CVE-2020-25686, the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.(CVE-2020-25684)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in forward.c:reply_query(), which is the forwarded query that matches the reply, by only using a weak hash of the query name. Due to the weak hash (CRC32 when dnsmasq is compiled without DNSSEC, SHA-1 when it is) this flaw allows an off-path attacker to find several different domains all having the same hash, substantially reducing the number of attempts they would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This is in contrast with RFC5452, which specifies that the query name is one of the attributes of a query that must be used to match a reply. This flaw could be abused to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. 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This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25683)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries.\n However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. 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When receiving a query, dnsmasq does not check for an existing pending request for the same name and forwards a new request. By default, a maximum of 150 pending queries can be sent to upstream servers, so there can be at most 150 queries for the same name. This flaw allows an off-path attacker on the network to substantially reduce the number of attempts that it would have to perform to forge a reply and have it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue is mentioned in the 'Birthday Attacks' section of RFC5452. If chained with CVE-2020-25684, the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.(CVE-2020-25686)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries.\n However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. If chained with CVE-2020-25685 or CVE-2020-25686, the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.(CVE-2020-25684)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in forward.c:reply_query(), which is the forwarded query that matches the reply, by only using a weak hash of the query name. Due to the weak hash (CRC32 when dnsmasq is compiled without DNSSEC, SHA-1 when it is) this flaw allows an off-path attacker to find several different domains all having the same hash, substantially reducing the number of attempts they would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This is in contrast with RFC5452, which specifies that the query name is one of the attributes of a query that must be used to match a reply. This flaw could be abused to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. If chained with CVE-2020-25684 the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced.\n The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.(CVE-2020-25685)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. This flaw allows a remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in sort_rrset() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25687)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. A remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, could use this flaw to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.(CVE-2020-25683)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A buffer overflow vulnerability was discovered in the way dnsmasq extract names from DNS packets before validating them with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network, who can create valid DNS replies, could use this flaw to cause an overflow with arbitrary data in a heap-allocated memory, possibly executing code on the machine. The flaw is in the rfc1035.c:extract_name() function, which writes data to the memory pointed by name assuming MAXDNAME*2 bytes are available in the buffer. 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This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability. (CVE-2020-25683)\n\n - A flaw was found in dnsmasq before version 2.83. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries. However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. 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PHSA-2021-1.0-0356", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 8.5, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687", "CVE-2021-23240"], "modified": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "id": "PHSA-2021-1.0-0356", "href": "https://github.com/vmware/photon/wiki/Security-Updates-1.0-356", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T18:37:15", "description": "Updates of ['dnsmasq'] packages of Photon OS have been released.\n", "cvss3": {"cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}}, "published": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "type": "photon", "title": "Important Photon OS Security Update - PHSA-2021-0312", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687", "CVE-2023-34060"], "modified": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "id": "PHSA-2021-0312", "href": "https://github.com/vmware/photon/wiki/Security-Update-2.0-312", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T18:58:05", "description": "Updates of ['dnsmasq', 'sudo'] packages of Photon OS have been released.\n", "cvss3": {"cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}}, "published": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "type": "photon", "title": "Important Photon OS Security Update - PHSA-2021-0356", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687", "CVE-2021-23240", "CVE-2023-34060"], "modified": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "id": "PHSA-2021-0356", "href": "https://github.com/vmware/photon/wiki/Security-Update-1.0-356", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-03T06:17:00", "description": "Updates of ['sudo', 'nodejs', 'dnsmasq', 'atftp'] packages of Photon OS have been released.\n", "cvss3": {"cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}}, "published": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "type": "photon", "title": "Important Photon OS Security Update - PHSA-2021-3.0-0186", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687", "CVE-2020-6097", "CVE-2020-8265", "CVE-2021-23240", "CVE-2023-34060"], "modified": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "id": "PHSA-2021-3.0-0186", "href": "https://github.com/vmware/photon/wiki/Security-Update-3.0-186", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2022-05-12T18:44:51", "description": "Updates of ['sudo', 'nodejs', 'atftp', 'dnsmasq'] packages of Photon OS have been released.\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "type": "photon", "title": "Important Photon OS Security Update - PHSA-2021-0186", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687", "CVE-2020-6097", "CVE-2020-8265", "CVE-2021-23240"], "modified": "2021-01-22T00:00:00", "id": "PHSA-2021-0186", "href": "https://github.com/vmware/photon/wiki/Security-Update-3.0-186", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}], "almalinux": [{"lastseen": "2021-08-11T15:48:34", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25681)\n\n* dnsmasq: buffer overflow in extract_name() due to missing length check when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25682)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in get_rdata() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25683)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25687)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.1, "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "userInteraction": "NONE", "version": "3.1"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:37:10", "type": "almalinux", "title": "Important: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "acInsufInfo": false, "impactScore": 8.5, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2021-08-11T13:42:14", "id": "ALSA-2021:0150", "href": "https://errata.almalinux.org/8/ALSA-2021-0150.html", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}], "ics": [{"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:36:41", "description": "## 1\\. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\n\n * **CVSS v3 8.1**\n * **ATTENTION: **Exploitable remotely/low skill level to exploit\n * **Vendor: **dnsmasq by Simon Kelley\n * **Equipment: **dnsmasq\n * **Vulnerabilities:** Heap-based Buffer Overflow, Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity, Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm\n\nCISA is aware of a public report, known as \u201cDNSpooq\u201d that details vulnerabilities found in dnsmasq, a prevalent lightweight DNS and DHCP server developed and maintained by Simon Kelley. CISA is issuing this advisory to provide early notice of the reported vulnerabilities and identify baseline mitigations for reducing risks to these and other cybersecurity attacks.\n\n## 2\\. UPDATE INFORMATION\n\nThis updated advisory is a follow-up to the original advisory titled ICSA-21-019-01 dnsmasq by Simon Kelley that was published January 19th, 2021, on the ICS webpage on us-cert.cisa.gov.\n\n## 3\\. RISK EVALUATION\n\nSuccessful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could result in cache poisoning, remote code execution, and a denial-of-service condition.\n\n## 4\\. TECHNICAL DETAILS\n\n### 4.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS\n\nThe following versions of dnsmasq DNS and DHCP server are affected:\n\n * Version 2.8.2 and prior\n\n### 4.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW\n\n#### 4.2.1 [HEAP-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-122](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html>)\n\nA heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq in the way it sorts RRSets before validating them with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network could forge DNS replies to be accepted as valid to cause an overflow with arbitrary data in a heap-allocated memory, resulting in code execution.\n\n[CVE-2020-25681](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25681>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H>)).\n\n#### 4.2.2 [HEAP-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-122](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html>)\n\nA buffer overflow vulnerability was discovered in the way dnsmasq extracts names from DNS packets before validating them with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network could create valid DNS replies to cause an overflow with arbitrary data in a heap-allocated memory, resulting in code execution.\n\n[CVE-2020-25682](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25682>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H>)).\n\n#### 4.2.3 [HEAP-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-122](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html>)\n\nA heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. A remote attacker could create valid DNS replies to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial-of-service condition. \n\n[CVE-2020-25683](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25683>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 5.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H>)).\n\n#### 4.2.4 [INSUFFICIENT VERIFICATION OF DATA AUTHENTICITY CWE-345](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/345.html>)\n\nA vulnerability exists when getting a reply from a forwarded query, where dnsmasq checks in forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries. This could allow an attacker to perform a DNS cache poisoning attack. \n\n[CVE-2020-25684](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25684>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 4.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N>)).\n\n#### 4.2.5 [USE OF A BROKEN OR RISKY CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM CWE-327](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/327.html>)\n\nDue to a weak hash, an off-path attacker can find several different domains with the same hash, substantially reducing the number of attempts to forge a reply for acceptance by dnsmasq. This could allow an attacker to perform a DNS cache poisoning attack. \n\n[CVE-2020-25685](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25685>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 4.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N>)).\n\n#### 4.2.6 [INSUFFICIENT VERIFICATION OF DATA AUTHENTICITY CWE-345](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/345.html>)\n\nA flaw was found when receiving a query, where dnsmasq does not check for an existing pending request for the same name and forwards a new request. This could allow an off-path attacker on the network to substantially reduce the number of attempts to forge a reply and have it accepted by dnsmasq. \n\n[CVE-2020-25686](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25686>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 4.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N>)).\n\n#### 4.2.7 [HEAP-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-122](<https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html>)\n\nA heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. A remote attacker could create valid DNS replies and cause an overflow in heap-allocated memory, resulting in a denial-of-service condition. \n\n[CVE-2020-25687](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2020-25687>) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 5.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ([AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H>)).\n\n### 4.3 BACKGROUND\n\n * **CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: **Multiple\n * **COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: **Worldwide\n * **COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION:** United Kingdom\n\n### 4.4 RESEARCHER\n\nMoshe Kol and Shlomi Oberman of JSOF reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.\n\n## 5\\. MITIGATIONS\n\nThe maintainers of dnsmasq recommend users update to the [latest version (2.83 or later)](<http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/>) \nThe researcher has recommended the following mitigations and workarounds:\n\n * Implement Layer 2 security features such as DHCP snooping and IP source guard. \n * Configure dnsmasq not to listen to WAN interfaces if unnecessary. \n * Reduce the maximum queries allowed to be forwarded with the option --dns-forward-max=&lt;queries&gt;. The default is 150, but it could be lowered.\n * Temporarily disable DNSSEC validation option until you patch.\n * Use DNS-over-HTTPS or DNS-over-TLS to connect to upstream server.\n\n**\\--------- Begin Update A Part 1 of 1 ---------**\n\nAdditional vendors affected by the reported vulnerabilities have also released security advisories related to their affected products. Those advisories are as follows:\n\n * [Siemens](<https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-646763.pdf>)\n\n**\\--------- End Update A Part 1 of 1 ---------**\n\nCISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability. Specifically, users should:\n\n * Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure that they are [not accessible from the Internet](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-10-301-01>).\n * Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls, and isolate them from the business network.\n * When remote access is required, use secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing that VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize that VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.\n\nCISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.\n\nCISA also provides a section for [control systems security recommended practices](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/recommended-practices>) on the ICS webpage on [us-cert.cisa.gov](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics>). Several recommended practices are available for reading and download, including [Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf>).\n\nAdditional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the [ICS webpage on us-cert.cisa.gov](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics>) in the Technical Information Paper, [ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/tips/ICS-TIP-12-146-01B>).\n\nOrganizations observing any suspected malicious activity should follow their established internal procedures and report their findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.\n\nCISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks: \n\n * Do not click web links or open unsolicited attachments in email messages. \n * Refer to [Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/emailscams_0905.pdf>) for more information on avoiding email scams. \n * Refer to [Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks](<https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST04-014>) for more information on social engineering attacks.\n\nNo known public exploits specifically target these vulnerabilities. \n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-03-09T12:00:00", "type": "ics", "title": "dnsmasq by Simon Kelley (Update A)", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2021-03-09T12:00:00", "id": "ICSA-21-019-01", "href": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-21-019-01", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}], "redhatcve": [{"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:42", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in the way RRSets are sorted before validating with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network, who can forge DNS replies such as that they are accepted as valid, could use this flaw to cause a buffer overflow with arbitrary data in a heap memory segment, possibly executing code on the machine. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and integrity as well as system availability.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe only known way to mitigate this flaw is to disable DNSSEC altogether, by removing the `--dnssec` command line option or the `dnssec` option from dnsmasq configuration file. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:18", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25681", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2023-04-06T07:32:33", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25681", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25681", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:40", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in the forward.c:reply_query() if the reply destination address/port is used by the pending forwarded queries. However, it does not use the address/port to retrieve the exact forwarded query, substantially reducing the number of attempts an attacker on the network would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue contrasts with RFC5452, which specifies a query's attributes that all must be used to match a reply. This flaw allows an attacker to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. If chained with CVE-2020-25685 or CVE-2020-25686, the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe impact of this flaw can be reduced by disabling the dnsmasq cache by adding `--cache-size=0` when calling dnsmasq or by adding a line with `cache-size=0` to the dnsmasq configuration file (/etc/dnsmasq.conf by default). \n\n\nWhen using Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.3 with libvirt through a virt:rhel module, use `virsh net-edit &lt;network-name&gt;` and reference <https://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsNamespaces> to add the suggested option `cache-size=0`. \n\n\nThere is no way to customize the dnsmasq configuration generated by libvirt, when using versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux prior to version 8.3. If dnsmasq is being run through NetworkManager, create a new file in /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/ and add `cache-size=0` to it. \n\n\nIn all cases, by disabling the cache, you may experience a performance loss in your environment due to all DNS queries being forwarded to the upstream servers. Please evaluate if the mitigation is appropriate for the system\u2019s environment before applying. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-19T14:57:23", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25684", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2023-08-31T16:00:34", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25684", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25684", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:40", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. When receiving a query, dnsmasq does not check for an existing pending request for the same name and forwards a new request. By default, a maximum of 150 pending queries can be sent to upstream servers, so there can be at most 150 queries for the same name. This flaw allows an off-path attacker on the network to substantially reduce the number of attempts that it would have to perform to forge a reply and have it accepted by dnsmasq. This issue is mentioned in the \"Birthday Attacks\" section of RFC5452. If chained with CVE-2020-25684, the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe impact of this flaw can be reduced by disabling the dnsmasq cache by adding `--cache-size=0` when calling dnsmasq or by adding a line with `cache-size=0` to the dnsmasq configuration file (/etc/dnsmasq.conf by default). \n\n\nWhen using Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.3 with libvirt through a virt:rhel module, use `virsh net-edit &lt;network-name&gt;` and reference <https://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsNamespaces> to add the suggested option `cache-size=0`. \n\n\nThere is no way to customize the dnsmasq configuration generated by libvirt, when using versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux prior to version 8.3. If dnsmasq is being run through NetworkManager, create a new file in /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/ and add `cache-size=0` to it. \n\n\nIn all cases, by disabling the cache, you may experience a performance loss in your environment due to all DNS queries being forwarded to the upstream servers. Please evaluate if the mitigation is appropriate for the system\u2019s environment before applying. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:42", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25686", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2023-08-31T16:00:58", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25686", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25686", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:39", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. When getting a reply from a forwarded query, dnsmasq checks in forward.c:reply_query(), which is the forwarded query that matches the reply, by only using a weak hash of the query name. Due to the weak hash (CRC32 when dnsmasq is compiled without DNSSEC, SHA-1 when it is) this flaw allows an off-path attacker to find several different domains all having the same hash, substantially reducing the number of attempts they would have to perform to forge a reply and get it accepted by dnsmasq. This is in contrast with RFC5452, which specifies that the query name is one of the attributes of a query that must be used to match a reply. This flaw could be abused to perform a DNS Cache Poisoning attack. If chained with CVE-2020-25684 the attack complexity of a successful attack is reduced. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data integrity.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe impact of this flaw can be reduced by disabling the dnsmasq cache by adding `--cache-size=0` when calling dnsmasq or by adding a line with `cache-size=0` to the dnsmasq configuration file (/etc/dnsmasq.conf by default). \n\n\nWhen using Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.3 with libvirt through a virt:rhel module, use `virsh net-edit &lt;network-name&gt;` and reference <https://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsNamespaces> to add the suggested option `cache-size=0`. \n\n\nThere is no way to customize the dnsmasq configuration generated by libvirt, when using versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux prior to version 8.3. If dnsmasq is being run through NetworkManager, create a new file in /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/ and add `cache-size=0` to it. \n\n\nIn all cases, by disabling the cache, you may experience a performance loss in your environment due to all DNS queries being forwarded to the upstream servers. Please evaluate if the mitigation is appropriate for the system\u2019s environment before applying. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:11", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25685", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685"], "modified": "2023-08-31T16:00:44", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25685", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25685", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:40", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A buffer overflow vulnerability was discovered in the way dnsmasq extract names from DNS packets before validating them with DNSSEC data. An attacker on the network, who can create valid DNS replies, could use this flaw to cause an overflow with arbitrary data in a heap-allocated memory, possibly executing code on the machine. The flaw is in the rfc1035.c:extract_name() function, which writes data to the memory pointed by name assuming MAXDNAME*2 bytes are available in the buffer. However, in some code execution paths, it is possible extract_name() gets passed an offset from the base buffer, thus reducing, in practice, the number of available bytes that can be written in the buffer. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and integrity as well as system availability.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe only known way to mitigate this flaw is to disable DNSSEC altogether, by removing the `--dnssec` command line option or the `dnssec` option from dnsmasq configuration file. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:27", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25682", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25682"], "modified": "2023-11-04T05:12:25", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25682", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25682", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:40", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. This flaw allows a remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in sort_rrset() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe only known way to mitigate this flaw is to disable DNSSEC altogether, by removing the `--dnssec` command line option or the `dnssec` option from dnsmasq configuration file. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 5.9, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:18", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25687", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 7.1, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2023-04-06T07:33:48", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25687", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25687", "cvss": {"score": 7.1, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T17:38:40", "description": "A flaw was found in dnsmasq. A heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in dnsmasq when DNSSEC is enabled and before it validates the received DNS entries. A remote attacker, who can create valid DNS replies, could use this flaw to cause an overflow in a heap-allocated memory. This flaw is caused by the lack of length checks in rfc1035.c:extract_name(), which could be abused to make the code execute memcpy() with a negative size in get_rdata() and cause a crash in dnsmasq, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.\n#### Mitigation\n\nThe only known way to mitigate this flaw is to disable DNSSEC altogether, by removing the `--dnssec` command line option or the `dnssec` option from dnsmasq configuration file. \n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 5.9, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:18:11", "type": "redhatcve", "title": "CVE-2020-25683", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 7.1, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25683"], "modified": "2023-04-06T07:32:48", "id": "RH:CVE-2020-25683", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2020-25683", "cvss": {"score": 7.1, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C"}}], "redhat": [{"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25681)\n\n* dnsmasq: buffer overflow in extract_name() due to missing length check when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25682)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in get_rdata() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25683)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25687)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:37:10", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0150) Important: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2021-01-19T12:56:01", "id": "RHSA-2021:0150", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0150", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25681)\n\n* dnsmasq: buffer overflow in extract_name() due to missing length check when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25682)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in get_rdata() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25683)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25687)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:36:51", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0152) Important: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2021-01-19T12:56:03", "id": "RHSA-2021:0152", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0152", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25681)\n\n* dnsmasq: buffer overflow in extract_name() due to missing length check when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25682)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in get_rdata() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25683)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\n* dnsmasq: heap-based buffer overflow with large memcpy in sort_rrset() when DNSSEC is enabled (CVE-2020-25687)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.1, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:36:50", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0151) Important: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 8.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 8.5, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25681", "CVE-2020-25682", "CVE-2020-25683", "CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686", "CVE-2020-25687"], "modified": "2021-01-19T13:05:07", "id": "RHSA-2021:0151", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0151", "cvss": {"score": 8.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:C"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:37:34", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0153) Moderate: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2021-01-19T13:10:03", "id": "RHSA-2021:0153", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0153", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-19T12:37:17", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0155) Moderate: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2021-01-19T13:10:04", "id": "RHSA-2021:0155", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0155", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-25T14:03:53", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0240) Moderate: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2021-01-25T14:12:38", "id": "RHSA-2021:0240", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0240", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description": "The dnsmasq packages contain Dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS (Domain Name Server) forwarder and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* dnsmasq: loose address/port check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25684)\n\n* dnsmasq: loose query name check in reply_query() makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25685)\n\n* dnsmasq: multiple queries forwarded for the same name makes forging replies easier for an off-path attacker (CVE-2020-25686)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.2, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "HIGH", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 3.7, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 1.4}, "published": "2021-01-25T14:51:18", "type": "redhat", "title": "(RHSA-2021:0245) Moderate: dnsmasq security update", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2020-25684", "CVE-2020-25685", "CVE-2020-25686"], "modified": "2021-01-25T14:59:02", "id": "RHSA-2021:0245", "href": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2021:0245", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-12-02T22:41:23", "description":