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{"fedora": [{"lastseen": "2020-12-21T08:17:54", "description": "libsndfile is a C library for reading and writing sound files such as AIFF, AU, WAV, and others through one standard interface. It can currently read/write 8, 16, 24 and 32-bit PCM files as well as 32 and 64-bit floating point WAV files and a number of compressed formats. It compiles and runs on *nix, MacOS, and Win32. 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This vulnerability might be leveraged by remote attackers to\n cause a denial of service, or possibly have unspecified other impact\n via a crafted audio file.\n\nCVE-2017-14245\nCVE-2017-14246\nCVE-2017-17456\nCVE-2017-17457\n\n The d2alaw_array() and d2ulaw_array() functions (src/ulaw.c and\n src/alaw.c) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. This\n flaw might be leveraged by remote attackers to cause denial of service\n or information disclosure via a crafted audio file.\n\nCVE-2017-14634\n\n The double64_init() function (double64.c) is affected by a\n divide-by-zero error. This vulnerability might be leveraged by remote\n attackers to cause denial of service via a crafted audio file.\n\nCVE-2018-13139\n\n The psf_memset function (common.c) is affected by a stack-based buffer\n overflow. This vulnerability might be leveraged by remote attackers to\n cause a denial of service, or possibly have unspecified other impact\n via a crafted audio file. 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This vulnerability might be leveraged by remote attackers to\n cause a denial of service, or possibly have unspecified other impact\n via a crafted audio file.\n* [CVE-2017-14245](https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-14245) /\n [CVE-2017-14246](https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-14246) /\n [CVE-2017-17456](https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-17456) /\n [CVE-2017-17457](https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-17457)\nThe d2alaw\\_array() and d2ulaw\\_array() functions (src/ulaw.c and\n src/alaw.c) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. This\n flaw might be leveraged by remote attackers to cause denial of service\n or information disclosure via a crafted audio file.\n* [CVE-2017-14634](https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-14634)\nThe double64\\_init() function (double64.c) is affected by a\n divide-by-zero error. 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in\n\t libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service\n\t (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.\n\n\nCVE-2017-8363 (Medium): The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in\n\t libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service\n\t (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted audio\n\t file.\n\n\nCVE-2017-8365 (Medium): The i2les_array function in pcm.c in libsndfile\n\t 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer\n\t over-read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.\n\nmanxorist on Github reports:\n\nCVE-2017-12562 (High): Heap-based Buffer Overflow in the\n\t psf_binheader_writef function in common.c in libsndfile through\n\t 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service\n\t (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact.\n\nXin-Jiang on Github reports:\n\nCVE-2017-14634 (Medium): In libsndfile 1.0.28, a divide-by-zero\n\t error exists in the function double64_init() in double64.c, which\n\t may lead to DoS when playing a crafted audio file.\n\n\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2017-04-12T00:00:00", "type": "freebsd", "title": "libsndfile -- multiple vulnerabilities", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 7.5, "vectorString": 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Please review the CVE identifiers referenced below for details. \n\n### Impact\n\nA remote attacker, by enticing a user to open a specially crafted file, could cause a Denial of Service condition or have other unspecified impacts. \n\n### Workaround\n\nThere is no known workaround at this time.\n\n### Resolution\n\nAll libsndfile users should upgrade to the latest version:\n \n \n # emerge --sync\n # emerge --ask --oneshot --verbose \">=media-libs/libsndfile-1.0.28-r4\"", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 3.9, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 9.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1", "userInteraction": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2018-11-30T00:00:00", "type": "gentoo", "title": "libsndfile: Multiple vulnerabilities", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "HIGH", "exploitabilityScore": 10.0, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "LOW", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 7.5, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-12562", "CVE-2017-14634", "CVE-2017-6892", "CVE-2017-8361", "CVE-2017-8362", "CVE-2017-8363", "CVE-2017-8365", "CVE-2018-13139"], "modified": "2018-11-30T00:00:00", "id": "GLSA-201811-23", "href": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201811-23", "cvss": {"score": 7.5, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}], "mageia": [{"lastseen": "2023-06-05T16:28:27", "description": "A stack-based buffer overflow via a specially crafted FLAC file due to an error in the header_read() function (CVE-2017-7586). Several stack-based buffer overflows via a specially crafted FLAC file due to an error in the flac_buffer_copy() function (CVE-2017-7585, CVE-2017-7741, CVE-2017-7742). Global buffer overflow in flac_buffer_copy() (CVE-2017-8361). Invalid memory read in flac_buffer_copy() (CVE-2017-8362). Heap-based buffer overflow in flac_buffer_copy() (CVE-2017-8363). The i2les_array function in pcm.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted audio file (CVE-2017-8365). \n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2017-06-12T07:42:23", "type": "mageia", "title": "Updated libsndfile packages fix security vulnerabilities\n", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 6.8, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-7585", "CVE-2017-7586", "CVE-2017-7741", "CVE-2017-7742", "CVE-2017-8361", "CVE-2017-8362", "CVE-2017-8363", "CVE-2017-8365"], "modified": "2017-06-12T07:42:23", "id": "MGASA-2017-0168", "href": "https://advisories.mageia.org/MGASA-2017-0168.html", "cvss": {"score": 6.8, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}], "ubuntu": [{"lastseen": "2023-06-05T15:39:00", "description": "## Releases\n\n * Ubuntu 17.04 \n * Ubuntu 16.10 \n * Ubuntu 16.04 ESM\n * Ubuntu 14.04 ESM\n\n## Packages\n\n * libsndfile \\- Library for reading/writing audio files\n\nAgostino Sarubbo and Jakub Jirasek discovered that libsndfile incorrectly \nhandled certain malformed files. 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3.6}, "published": "2017-04-30T00:00:00", "type": "ubuntucve", "title": "CVE-2017-8363", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8363"], "modified": "2017-04-30T00:00:00", "id": "UB:CVE-2017-8363", "href": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2017-8363", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-06T14:12:27", "description": "The i2les_array function in pcm.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote\nattackers to cause a denial of service (buffer over-read and application\ncrash) via a crafted audio file.\n\n#### Bugs\n\n * <https://github.com/erikd/libsndfile/issues/230>\n * <https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=862202>\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2017-04-30T00:00:00", "type": "ubuntucve", "title": "CVE-2017-8365", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8365"], "modified": "2017-04-30T00:00:00", "id": "UB:CVE-2017-8365", "href": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2017-8365", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-06T14:12:26", "description": "The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote\nattackers to cause a denial of service (buffer overflow and application\ncrash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted audio file.\n\n#### Bugs\n\n * <https://github.com/erikd/libsndfile/issues/232>\n * <https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=862205>\n", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", 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"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2017-8361", "cvss": {"score": 6.8, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}], "cve": [{"lastseen": "2023-06-05T15:29:48", "description": "The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2017-04-30T19:59:00", "type": "cve", "title": "CVE-2017-8362", "cwe": ["CWE-125"], "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, 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"impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2017-04-30T19:59:00", "type": "cve", "title": "CVE-2017-8361", "cwe": ["CWE-119"], "bulletinFamily": "NVD", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 6.8, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8361"], "modified": "2019-03-05T17:43:00", "cpe": ["cpe:/a:libsndfile_project:libsndfile:1.0.28", "cpe:/o:debian:debian_linux:8.0"], "id": "CVE-2017-8361", "href": "https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-8361", "cvss": {"score": 6.8, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}, "cpe23": ["cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "cpe:2.3:a:libsndfile_project:libsndfile:1.0.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"]}], "alpinelinux": [{"lastseen": "2023-06-07T07:04:45", "description": "The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "type": "alpinelinux", "title": "CVE-2017-8362", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8362"], "modified": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "id": "ALPINE:CVE-2017-8362", "href": "https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2017-8362", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-07T07:04:45", "description": "The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", 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"ALPINE:CVE-2017-8363", "href": "https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2017-8363", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-07T07:04:45", "description": "The i2les_array function in pcm.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted audio file.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 6.5, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 3.6}, "published": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "type": "alpinelinux", "title": "CVE-2017-8365", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 4.3, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 2.9, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8365"], "modified": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "id": "ALPINE:CVE-2017-8365", "href": "https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2017-8365", "cvss": {"score": 4.3, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P"}}, {"lastseen": "2023-06-07T07:04:45", "description": "The flac_buffer_copy function in flac.c in libsndfile 1.0.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer overflow and application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted audio file.", "cvss3": {"exploitabilityScore": 2.8, "cvssV3": {"baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.8, "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.0", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED"}, "impactScore": 5.9}, "published": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "type": "alpinelinux", "title": "CVE-2017-8361", "bulletinFamily": "unix", "cvss2": {"severity": "MEDIUM", "exploitabilityScore": 8.6, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "userInteractionRequired": true, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "cvssV2": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 6.8, "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0", "accessVector": "NETWORK", "authentication": "NONE"}, "impactScore": 6.4, "acInsufInfo": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-8361"], "modified": "2023-06-07T07:03:42", "id": "ALPINE:CVE-2017-8361", "href": "https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2017-8361", "cvss": {"score": 6.8, "vector": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P"}}], "rapid7blog": [{"lastseen": "2021-01-29T14:48:39", "description": "\n\nWelcome to the NICER Protocol Deep Dive blog series! When we started researching what all was out on the internet way back in January, we had no idea we'd end up with a hefty, 137-page tome of a research report. The sheer length of such a thing might put off folks who might otherwise learn a thing or two about the nature of internet exposure, so we figured, why not break up all the protocol studies into their own reports?\n\nSo, here we are! What follows is taken directly from our National / Industry / Cloud Exposure Report (NICER), so if you don't want to wait around for the next installment, you can cheat and read ahead!\n\n#### [Research] Read the full NICER report today\n\n[Get Started](<https://www.rapid7.com/info/nicer-2020/>)\n\n \n\n\n## HTTP (TCP/80) &amp; HTTPS (TCP/443)\n\n_One protocol to bring them all, and in the darkness, bind them._\n\n### TLDR\n\n * **WHAT IT IS: HTTP: **Pristine, plaintext Hypertext Transfer Protocol communications. **HTTPS: **Encrypted HTTP.\n * **HOW MANY: **51,519,309 discovered HTTP nodes. 36,141,137 discovered HTTPS nodes. We\u2019re going to be talking a bit differently about fingerprinting in this blog post, so raw, generic counts will have no context.\n * **VULNERABILITIES:** Hoo boy! Many! But, do you mean vulnerabilities in core web servers themselves? The add-ons folks build into them? The web applications they serve? As many users of Facebook might say, \u201cit\u2019s complicated.\u201d\n * **ADVICE: **Go back to Gopher! Seriously, though, please continue to build awesome things using HTTPS. Just build them in such a way that folks who install and operate web servers can easily configure them securely, see patch status, and upgrade quickly and confidently.\n * **ALTERNATIVES: **[QUIC](<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tsvwg-quic-protocol-02>), or \u201cQuick UDP Internet Connection,\u201d which is a \u201cnew multiplexed and secure transport atop UDP, designed from the ground up and optimized for HTTP/2 semantics.\u201d While HTTP[S] will be with us for a Very Long Time, QUIC is its successor and will usher in whole new ways to deliver content securely and efficiently (and undoubtedly, exploit the same).\n\nWe\u2019re going to talk about both HTTP and HTTPS combined (for the most part) as we identify what we found, some core areas of exposure, and opportunities for attackers. It\u2019ll be a bit different than all the previous blogs, but that\u2019s just part of the quirky nature of HTTP in general.\n\n### Discovery details\n\nWay back in our Email blogs, we compared encrypted and unencrypted services. We\u2019ll do the same here, but will be presenting a \u201ctop 12\u201d for countries since that is the set combination between HTTP and HTTPS.\n\nThere are 30% more devices on the internet running plaintext HTTP versus encrypted HTTPS web services. The U.S. dwarfs all other countries in terms of discovered web service, very likely due to the presence of so many cloud services, hosting providers, and routers, switches, etc. in IPv4 space allocated to the U.S.\n\nGermany and Ireland each expose 9% more HTTPS nodes than HTTP, and both the Netherlands and U.K. are quickly closing their encryption disparity as well.\n\nWe\u2019ll skip cloud counts since, well, everyone knows cloud servers are full of web servers and we\u2019re not sure what good it will do letting you know that Amazon had ~640K Elastic Load Balancers (version 2.0!) running on the day our studies kicked off. \n\n\n\n## Exposure information\n\nTo understand exposure, we need to see what is running on these web servers. That\u2019s not as easy as you might think with just lightweight scans. For example, here are the top 20 HTTP servers by vendor/family and port:\n\nVendor | Family | HTTPS (80) | % of HTTP | | HTTPS (443) | % of HTTPS \n---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nMicrosoft | IIS | 5,273,393 | 10.24% | | 2,096,655 | 5.80% \nApache | Apache | 4,873,517 | 9.46% | | 2,595,714 | 7.18% \nnginx | nginx | 3,938,031 | 7.64% | | 2,495,667 | 6.91% \nAmazon | Elastic Load Balancing | 644,862 | 1.25% | | 386,751 | 1.07% \nSquid Cache | Squid | 381,224 | 0.74% | | 8,649 | 0.02% \nACME Laboratories | mini_httpd | 125,708 | 0.24% | | 82,427 | 0.23% \nOracle | GoAhead Webserver | 48,505 | 0.09% | | 40,501 | 0.11% \nApache | Tomcat | 40,702 | 0.08% | | 32,271 | 0.09% \nTaobao | Tengine | 37,626 | 0.07% | | 14,130 | 0.04% \nEclipse | Jetty | 29,750 | 0.06% | | 50,763 | 0.14% \nMbedthis Software | Appweb | 23,463 | 0.05% | | 19,470 | 0.05% \nVirata | EmWeb | 22,354 | 0.04% | | 7,179 | 0.02% \nEmbedthis | Appweb | 17,235 | 0.03% | | 32,629 | 0.09% \nMicrosoft | Windows CE Web Server | 14,012 | 0.03% | | 1,027 | 0.00% \nTornadoWeb | Tornado | 13,637 | 0.03% | | 10,151 | 0.03% \nTridium | Niagara | 9,772 | 0.02% | | 564 | 0.00% \nTwistedMatrix | Twisted Web | 7,481 | 0.01% | | 4,984 | 0.01% \nCaucho | Resin | 5,168 | 0.01% | | 1,812 | 0.01% \nMort Bay | Jetty | 5,079 | 0.01% | | 2,033 | 0.01% \nSolarWinds | Serv-U | 3,232 | 0.01% | | 6,421 | 0.02% \n \nRemember, we\u2019re just counting what comes back on a `GET` request to those two ports on each active IP address, and the counts come from Recog signatures (which are great, but far from comprehensive). For some servers, we can get down to the discrete version level, which lets us build a [Common Platform Enumeration](<https://nvd.nist.gov/products/cpe>) identifier. That identifier lets us see how many CVEs a given instance type has associated with it. We used this capability to compare each version of each service family against the number of CVEs it has. While we do not have complete coverage across the above list, we do have some of the heavy(ier) hitters:\n\n\n\nWe limited the view to a service family having at least having 10 or more systems exposed and used color to encode the CVSS v2 scores. \n\nThe most prevalent CVE-enumerated vulnerabilities are listed in the table below. While it's technically possible that these CVEs have been mitigated through some other software control, patching them out entirely is really the best and easiest way to avoid uncomfortable conversations with your vulnerability manager.\n\nAnd, the top 30 most prevalent are:\n\nCVE | Number \n---|--- \nCVE-2017-8361 | 336 \nCVE-2013-2275 | 202 \nCVE-2012-1452 | 186 \nCVE-2016-1000107 | 184 \nCVE-2016-6440 | 184 \nCVE-2012-0038 | 168 \nCVE-2012-1835 | 165 \nCVE-2016-8827 | 165 \nCVE-2011-3868 | 164 \nCVE-2011-0607 | 160 \nCVE-2007-6740 | 154 \nCVE-2013-4564 | 150 \nCVE-2016-0948 | 149 \nCVE-2016-0956 | 149 \nCVE-2009-2047 | 146 \nCVE-2015-5670 | 145 \nCVE-2017-8577 | 143 \nCVE-2014-0134 | 135 \nCVE-2015-5355 | 135 \nCVE-2012-5932 | 127 \nCVE-2014-8089 | 120 \nCVE-2015-5685 | 118 \nCVE-2016-1000109 | 118 \nCVE-2015-5672 | 114 \nCVE-2016-5596 | 112 \nCVE-2016-5600 | 112 \nCVE-2016-4261 | 111 \nCVE-2016-4263 | 111 \nCVE-2016-4264 | 111 \nCVE-2016-4268 | 111 \n \nWhile we expect to see traditional web servers, there are other devices connected to the internet that expose web services or administrative interfaces (which we\u2019ve partially enumerated below):\n\nVendor | Device | HTTP (80) | HTTPS (443) \n---|---|---|--- \nCisco | Firewall | 123 | 986,766 \nAVM | WAP | 1,942 | 604,890 \nAsus | WAP | 1 | 177,936 \nSynology | NAS | 61,796 | 50,531 \nCheck Point | Firewall | 16,059 | 30,773 \nSonicWALL | VPN | 7,413 | 16,061 \nUbiquiti | WAP | 0 | 11,813 \nHP | Printer | 16,247 | 9,178 \nMikroTik | Router | 289,026 | 8,056 \nTivo | DVR | 6,400 | 6,779 \nPhilips | Light Bulb | 4,785 | 3,349 \nPolycom | VoIP | 369 | 3,079 \nUbiquiti | Web cam | 955 | 922 \nHP | Lights Out Management | 601 | 708 \nARRIS | Cable Modem | 350 | 217 \nFortinet | Firewall | 1,221 | 159 \nXerox | Printer | 1,575 | 29 \nCanon | Multifunction Device | 124 | 14 \nNetwave | Web cam | 6,420 | 7 \nHeiTel | DVR | 2,734 | 2 \nSamsung | DVR | 53,053 | 2 \nMerit LILIN | DVR | 2,565 | 1 \nFidelix | Industrial Control | 545 | 0 \nFUHO | DVR | 1,249 | 0 \nShenzhen Reecam Tech. Ltd. | Web cam | 1,902 | 0 \nUbiquiti | DVR | 675 | 0 \nYamaha | Router | 9,675 | 0 \n \nFor instance, we found nearly a million Cisco ASA firewalls. That fact is not necessarily \u201cbad,\u201d since they can be configured to provide remote access services (like VPN). Having 123 instances on port 80 is, however, not the best idea.\n\nUnlike Cisco, most MikroTik routers seem to be exposed sans encryption, and over 75% of them are exposing the device\u2019s admin interface. What could possibly go wrong?\n\nUpward of 50,000 Synology network-attached storage devices show up as well, and the File Sharing blog posts talked at length about the sorry state of exposure in these types of devices. They\u2019re on the internet to enable owners to play local media remotely and access other files remotely.\n\nThere are printers, and light bulbs; DVRs and home router admin interfaces; oh, and a [few thousand entire building control systems](<https://www.fidelix.com/building-automation/>).In short, you can find pretty much anything with a web interface hanging out on the internet.\n\n### Attacker\u2019s view\n\nThere are so many layers in modern HTTP[S] services that attackers likely are often paralyzed by not knowing which ones to go after first. Attacking HTTP services on embedded systems is generally one of the safest paths to take, since they\u2019re generally not monitored by the owner nor the network operator and can be used with almost guaranteed anonymity.\n\nFormal web services\u2014think Apache Struts, WebLogic, and the like\u2014are also desirable targets, since they\u2019re usually associated with enterprise deployments and, thus, have more potential for financial gain or access to confidential records. HTTP interfaces to firewalls and remote access systems (as we saw back in the Remote Access blog posts) have been a major focus for many attacker groups for the past 18\u201324 months since once compromised, they can drop an adversary right into the heart of the internal network where they can (usually) quickly establish a foothold and secondary access method.\n\n\n\nYou\u2019re also more likely to see (at least for now) more initial probes on HTTP (80), as noted by both the unique source IPv4 and total interaction views (above). It\u2019s hard to say \u201cwatch 80 closely, and especially 80\u2192443 moves by clients,\u201d since most services are still offered on both ports and good sites are configured to automatically redirect clients to HTTPS. Still, if you see clients focus more on 80, you may want to flag those for potential further investigation. And, definitely be more careful with your systems that only talk HTTP (80).\n\n## Our advice\n\n**IT and IT security teams** should build awesome platforms and services and put them on the internet over HTTPS! Innovation drives change and progress\u2014plus, the internet has likely done more good than harm since the first HTTP request was made. Do keep all this patched and ensure secure configuration and coding practices are part of the development and deployment lifecycles. Do not put administrative interfaces to anything on the internet if at all possible and ensure you know what services your network devices and \u201cInternet of Things\u201d devices are exposing. Finally, disable `Server:` banners on everything and examine other HTTP headers for what else they might leak and sanitize what you can. Attackers on the lookout for, say, nginx will often move on if they see Apache in the Server header. You\u2019d be surprised just how effective this one change can be.\n\n**Cloud providers **should continue to offer secure, scalable web technologies. At the same time, if pre-built disk images with common application stacks are offered, keep them patched and ensure you have the ability to inform users when things go out-of-date.\n\n**Government cybersecurity agencies** should keep reminding us not to put digital detritus with embedded web servers on the internet and monitor for campaigns that are targeting these invisible services. When there are major issues with core technologies such as Microsoft IIS, Apache HTTP, or nginx, processes should be in place to notify the public and work with ISPs, hosting, and cloud providers to try to contain any possible widespread damage. There should be active programs in place to ensure no critical telecommunications infrastructure has dangerous ports or services exposed, especially router administrative interfaces over HTTP/HTTPS.\n\n#### [Research] Read the full NICER report today\n\n[Get Started](<https://www.rapid7.com/info/nicer-2020/>)", "cvss3": {}, "published": "2021-01-29T14:20:22", "type": "rapid7blog", "title": "NICER Protocol Deep Dive: Internet Exposure of HTTP and HTTPS", "bulletinFamily": "info", "cvss2": {}, "cvelist": ["CVE-2007-6740", "CVE-2009-2047", "CVE-2011-0607", "CVE-2011-3868", "CVE-2012-0038", "CVE-2012-1452", "CVE-2012-1835", "CVE-2012-5932", "CVE-2013-2275", "CVE-2013-4564", "CVE-2014-0134", "CVE-2014-8089", "CVE-2015-5355", "CVE-2015-5670", "CVE-2015-5672", "CVE-2015-5685", "CVE-2016-0948", "CVE-2016-0956", "CVE-2016-1000107", "CVE-2016-1000109", "CVE-2016-4261", "CVE-2016-4263", "CVE-2016-4264", "CVE-2016-4268", "CVE-2016-5596", "CVE-2016-5600", "CVE-2016-6440", "CVE-2016-8827", "CVE-2017-8361", "CVE-2017-8577"], "modified": "2021-01-29T14:20:22", "id": "RAPID7BLOG:47F2249FC4903D395D79675E2BE38D91", "href": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2021/01/29/nicer-protocol-deep-dive-internet-exposure-of-http-and-https/", "cvss": {"score": 10.0, "vector": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C"}}]}