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CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks

2018-01-03T00:00:00

ID VU:584653
Type cert
Reporter CERT
Modified 2018-07-03T00:00:00

Description

Overview

CPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as Meltdown and Spectre.

Description

CPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as Meltdown and Spectre. Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by Google Project Zero, the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants:

* Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](&lt;https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf&gt;)): Bounds check bypass
* Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](&lt;https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf&gt;)): Branch target injection[](&lt;https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf&gt;)
* Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](&lt;https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf&gt;)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read

Spectre

Spectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions.

With Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target.

With both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted.

While the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the Project Zero blog post describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre.

Meltdown

Meltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle.

Meltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised.

The impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary.

The Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them.

The following table compares Spectre and Meltdown.

| | Spectre| Meltdown
---|---|---
CPU mechanism for triggering| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution
Affected platforms| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions
Difficulty of successful attack| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal
Impact| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace
Software mitigations| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript
Variant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation (IBRS).
Note: The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation (KPTI)

Impact

An attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks.

To execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk.

Solution

Apply updates

Operating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems will no longer receive security updates via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary.

Consider CPU Options

Initial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities.

Vendor Information

Vendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated
---|---|---|---
Amazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018
AMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018
Android Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Apple| | -| 02 Feb 2018
Arm| | -| 03 Jan 2018
CentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Cisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Citrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Debian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Dell| | -| 08 Jan 2018
DragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018
Fedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Fortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018
FreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018
Fujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018
If you are a vendor and your product is affected, let us know.

CVSS Metrics

Group | Score | Vector
---|---|---
Base | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N
Temporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C
Environmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND

References

<https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution>
<https://meltdownattack.com/>
<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>
<https://spectreattack.com/>
<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>
<https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>
<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>
<https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>
<https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>
<https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>
<https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>
<https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>
<https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>
<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>
<https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>
<https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>
<https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>
<http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>
<https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>
<https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>
<https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>
<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true
<https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance>
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802>

Credit

These issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.

This document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.

Other Information

CVE IDs: CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754
US-CERT Alert: TA18-004A
Date Public: 03 Jan 2018
Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018
Date Last Updated: 03 Jul 2018
Document Revision: 230

JSON Vulners Source

Initial Source

{"id": "VU:584653", "bulletinFamily": "info", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 02 Feb 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n * <https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance>\n * <https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jul 2018\n * Document Revision: 230\n\n", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "modified": "2018-07-03T00:00:00", "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "reporter": "CERT", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "type": "cert", "lastseen": "2018-09-05T16:45:49", "history": [{"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 02 Feb 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n * <https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance>\n * <https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jul 2018\n * Document Revision: 230\n\n", "edition": 34, "enchantments": {"score": {"value": 7.2, "vector": "NONE"}}, "hash": "a73507953d7e20377aeef65cd04757f410fe7e64c4a8014a8fbdb3763f984e74", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "859a4d7ffb7efc6662710fee3c46d590", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "270fe33c6905066e8553c1eba5f08315", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "974c62fa7aef4f2e9bf444b8b22a3360", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-08-31T02:37:28", "modified": "2018-07-03T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 289}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 34, "lastseen": "2018-08-31T02:37:28"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>) (also KAISER and KPTI). These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). \n \n--- \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts, such as reading otherwise protected kernel memory and bypassing KASLR. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Replace CPU hardware**\n\nThe underlying vulnerability is primarily caused by CPU architecture design choices. Fully removing the vulnerability requires replacing vulnerable CPU hardware. \n \n--- \n \n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system updates mitigate the underlying hardware vulnerability. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nMany CPU architectures are affected. The list below consists of CPU vendors and operating system vendors. \n \n--- \nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 1.5 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 1.2 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 2.0 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz).\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 15\n\n", "edition": 1, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-04T06:55:30", "value": 1.5}}, "hash": "a6f3a70a76219bbf674c162a629a9859a04a1c6fbe21c1853b36594496fcad41", "hashmap": [{"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "966610370a5d0561045d02a9a96b5a17", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "ef2194db3aee2afa8a0c3bf8ea0ba432", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "81ddf555213eefd359c4218c18a6a046", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-04T06:55:30", "modified": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 0}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 1, "lastseen": "2018-01-04T06:55:30"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 08 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 179\n\n", "edition": 19, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-09T03:02:32", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "b747748b0ff1d2ae8f7206f1e03d1858500bef11fa93f25277c64db7b067aa8b", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "f5cc4adf0936f798be198d12ec6abd5d", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "d1374cc93913cbf4f930ab15888d9f5f", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "e9f471ca9a4e6b1ec666b348f6947681", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-09T03:02:32", "modified": "2018-01-08T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 168}, "differentElements": ["description", "modified"], "edition": 19, "lastseen": "2018-01-09T03:02:32"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 22 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 211\n\n", "edition": 27, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-23T02:55:13", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "46f56717faf8899ea8992ca6771fafd44727a970a76121249296663f13e751dc", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "ca14c68a2831614398d75c8d2dd5f292", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "cfb975eb37809d6999581d6563833c89", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}, {"hash": "2fcfbc0a7e980270157f77941dbe459c", "key": "description"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-23T02:55:13", "modified": "2018-01-22T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 261}, "differentElements": ["references", "description", "modified"], "edition": 27, "lastseen": "2018-01-23T02:55:13"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \nThese attacks are possible due to the interaction between operating system memory management and CPU implementation optimization choices. Different CPUs are impacted differently, for example, the speculative execution and cache implementation of many Intel CPUs allows an attacker to read kernel memory using variant 3 on un-protected operating systems. \n \nAttacks require the ability to execute code locally on a target system. Typically this requires a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems use to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. \n \n--- \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts, such as reading otherwise protected kernel memory and bypassing KASLR. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 1.5 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 1.2 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 2.0 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) (Gruss et. al.). Anders Fogh is credited with [research](<https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>) on variant 3.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 04 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 47\n\n", "edition": 5, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-04T22:54:15", "value": 5.2}}, "hash": "33769fd3ccbde7b823d38c23fef814184eb2d89a909bd55f4bcb1072cb34591d", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "1b941090f50d6d1c2e114abbd1b88aa2", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "1bd5b9af6ab3b4ea0ca701315d076298", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}, {"hash": "5d506dde1bef81fcb5b481574184f003", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "b61f3313f3f3254c2655a83d5edaac30", "key": "cvelist"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-04T22:54:15", "modified": "2018-01-04T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 68}, "differentElements": ["references", "description", "cvelist"], "edition": 5, "lastseen": "2018-01-04T22:54:15"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 09 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 185\n\n", "edition": 21, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-09T20:53:56", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "cc94773315a483f0dd389c93951529b1d77e2f4fb45751ab89af7a85003d8d66", "hashmap": [{"hash": "d5345bfb5c55e248d49e1245c6a3902b", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "e51c244040f5fb6045353e4450e61da1", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "52240ba050dca69f3b814aa862b8af30", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-09T20:53:56", "modified": "2018-01-09T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 169}, "differentElements": ["description"], "edition": 21, "lastseen": "2018-01-09T20:53:56"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 02 Feb 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n * <https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance>\n * <https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jul 2018\n * Document Revision: 230\n\n", "edition": 32, "enchantments": {"score": {"value": 7.2, "vector": "NONE"}}, "hash": "a73507953d7e20377aeef65cd04757f410fe7e64c4a8014a8fbdb3763f984e74", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "859a4d7ffb7efc6662710fee3c46d590", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "270fe33c6905066e8553c1eba5f08315", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "974c62fa7aef4f2e9bf444b8b22a3360", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-08-02T23:57:33", "modified": "2018-07-03T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5754", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 289}, "differentElements": ["cvss"], "edition": 32, "lastseen": "2018-08-02T23:57:33"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 22 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 209\n\n", "edition": 26, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-22T22:09:17", "value": null}}, "hash": "32d7873203cab2ff031146664f7be0a7e38c7e62dfdfa1ac6010166afed412ca", "hashmap": [{"hash": "ee80cf400c8360abec73eb806a57e2ea", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "ca14c68a2831614398d75c8d2dd5f292", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "cfb975eb37809d6999581d6563833c89", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-22T22:09:17", "modified": "2018-01-22T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 238}, "differentElements": ["description"], "edition": 26, "lastseen": "2018-01-22T22:09:17"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends waiting. \n \nMeltdown leverages a flaw that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| Intel x86 CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Unknown| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems use to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 04 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 82\n\n", "edition": 7, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-05T06:56:03", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "c0f21a092dd2320d1a1c2635222521bc4b2fc95d137073696ced50f2741b3b5e", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "397d2b02b266ac00d3b8f73886c8fef9", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "1b941090f50d6d1c2e114abbd1b88aa2", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "ac2d5869b7b06538b0e4082d93c0d648", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-05T06:56:03", "modified": "2018-01-04T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 71}, "differentElements": ["description", "modified"], "edition": 7, "lastseen": "2018-01-05T06:56:03"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIBM Corporation| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 05 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 145\n\n", "edition": 13, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-06T00:53:37", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "fa4dab0097f407ca784d6956ae2fd75c3114f9b2272069e67c3e509a437b6d44", "hashmap": [{"hash": "77e76d6e3062b562f92166c88fc7d5f2", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "157673a26b76a4585a91b6715dff3cbc", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "3d77a66b5cf11b1e22dffefde2fe3d9d", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-06T00:53:37", "modified": "2018-01-05T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 112}, "differentElements": ["cvss"], "edition": 13, "lastseen": "2018-01-06T00:53:37"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 09 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 203\n\n", "edition": 23, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-10T02:54:38", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "c5274678fb7f7ecd4e89cf77723a0e00d8efe8117cb665571080eb5af9b20580", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "23f9e44cda3c73fa6ee897fb25a67f38", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "e51c244040f5fb6045353e4450e61da1", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "ca14c68a2831614398d75c8d2dd5f292", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-10T02:54:38", "modified": "2018-01-09T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 179}, "differentElements": ["description", "modified"], "edition": 23, "lastseen": "2018-01-10T02:54:38"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). The Linux kernel mitigations for this vulnerability are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. \n \n--- \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts, such as reading otherwise protected kernel memory and bypassing KASLR. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Replace CPU hardware**\n\nThe underlying vulnerability is primarily caused by CPU implementation optimization choices. Fully removing the vulnerability requires replacing vulnerable CPU hardware. \n \n--- \n \n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system updates mitigate the underlying hardware vulnerability. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 1.5 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 1.2 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 2.0 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz).\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 04 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 28\n\n", "edition": 4, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-04T18:54:16", "value": 5.2}}, "hash": "6cedf41f4833d71abed16ffd406b19d0a3eb050fa9d3a57dcdad42580095e045", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "1b941090f50d6d1c2e114abbd1b88aa2", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "966610370a5d0561045d02a9a96b5a17", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "fb25e45494e9fc78bc43b3acbf35ee5f", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}, {"hash": "fa042361d1f895e22cba8e550a6b3c05", "key": "references"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-04T18:54:16", "modified": "2018-01-04T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 61}, "differentElements": ["references", "description", "cvelist"], "edition": 4, "lastseen": "2018-01-04T18:54:16"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends waiting. \n \nMeltdown leverages a flaw that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \n \nAttacks require the ability to execute code locally on a target system. Typically this requires a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems use to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \n \nFor your convenience, here is a table that compares Spectre and Meltdown: \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| Intel x86 CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Unknown| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) (Gruss et. al.). Anders Fogh is credited with [research](<https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>) on variant 3.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 04 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 66\n\n", "edition": 6, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-05T04:54:20", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "87c740e1191106a5316a6b51454d418fe5d1b73c8f97a6fd82161877862ac8b1", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "1b941090f50d6d1c2e114abbd1b88aa2", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "15dc974699d1c3f0e34516f908d3f946", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "aaa14a61c3205dd325ee5c227f16afdf", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-05T04:54:20", "modified": "2018-01-04T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 70}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 6, "lastseen": "2018-01-05T04:54:20"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>) (also KAISER and KPTI). These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). \n \n--- \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts, such as reading otherwise protected kernel memory and bypassing KASLR. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Replace CPU hardware**\n\nThe underlying vulnerability is primarily caused by CPU architecture design choices. Fully removing the vulnerability requires replacing vulnerable CPU hardware. \n \n--- \n \n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system updates mitigate the underlying hardware vulnerability. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nMultiple CPU architectures are affected. Operating systems and \n \n--- \nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 1.5 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 1.2 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 2.0 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero and the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz).\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 20\n\n", "edition": 2, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-04T08:55:50", "value": 5.2}}, "hash": "bf6c60822c300aad7964b0e676b7514611b75797dd001485de802d44a44752bf", "hashmap": [{"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "9e37dd458da7fdab180439553ca0da75", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "966610370a5d0561045d02a9a96b5a17", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}, {"hash": "fa042361d1f895e22cba8e550a6b3c05", "key": "references"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-04T08:55:50", "modified": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2018/01/03/Meltdown-and-Spectre-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 37}, "differentElements": ["description", "modified"], "edition": 2, "lastseen": "2018-01-04T08:55:50"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems use to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIBM Corporation| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 05 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 122\n\n", "edition": 12, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-05T22:55:36", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "6b58bab9f508c64a32378e87c892f0a521fc87f3333dcce6ce409f5b383c198d", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "157673a26b76a4585a91b6715dff3cbc", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "9d98765d73fa6a690204e00e06298ea0", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "afe2476bebc5085ddf1bb60885806076", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-05T22:55:36", "modified": "2018-01-05T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 109}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 12, "lastseen": "2018-01-05T22:55:36"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 0.0, "vector": "NONE"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Unknown| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems use to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nLinux Kernel| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nMicrosoft| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nMozilla| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>).\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 05 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 92\n\n", "edition": 9, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-05T17:09:08", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "ee9803a3ac37051b266e636478114d68e0dda42580fcfa017c22cddbbf98950b", "hashmap": [{"hash": "aa0ce1e76b7a29999d2ba8d3c757da14", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "397d2b02b266ac00d3b8f73886c8fef9", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "157673a26b76a4585a91b6715dff3cbc", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "8cd4821cb504d25572038ed182587d85", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-05T17:09:08", "modified": "2018-01-05T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 95}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 9, "lastseen": "2018-01-05T17:09:08"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 08 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 171\n\n", "edition": 18, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-09T00:55:29", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "5b03afa9e41d9bccbab9a18143dc2d9d21c8ae9cab119b1592cebed9f713bdaa", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "f5cc4adf0936f798be198d12ec6abd5d", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "0f284d9296d2272a6ce2f454df8473d3", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "5ae272e59efa829b24ed691bce4b1c67", 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"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 160}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 18, "lastseen": "2018-01-09T00:55:29"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the CPU executes instructions at a location determined by a mispredicted branch target. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Variant 1: Compiler changes. Web browser updates to help prevent exploitation from JavaScript \nVariant 2: Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)). \n**Note: **The software mitigation for Spectre variant 2 requires CPU microcode updates| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. Note that in many cases, the software fixes for these vulnerabilities will have a negative affect on system performance. Also note that Microsoft Windows systems [will no longer receive security updates](<https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>) via Windows Update if they are not running compliant anti-virus software. As with deploying any software updates, be sure to prioritize and test updates as necessary. \n \n**Consider CPU Options** \n \nInitial reports from the field indicate that overall system performance is impacted by many of the available patches for these vulnerabilities. Depending on the software workflow and the CPU capabilities present, the performance impact of software mitigations may be non-trivial and therefore may become an ongoing operational concern for some organizations. While we recognize that replacing existing CPUs in already deployed systems is not practical, organizations acquiring new systems should evaluate their CPU selection in light of the expected longevity of this vulnerability in available hardware as well as the performance impacts resulting from the various platform-specific software patches. Deployment contexts and performance requirements vary widely, and must be balanced by informed evaluation of the associated security risks. Contact your system vendor to determine if the CPU and operating system combination will experience a performance penalty due to software mitigations for these vulnerabilities. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 02 Feb 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDell| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nDragonFly BSD Project| | -| 08 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFujitsu| | -| 11 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n * <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/>\n * <https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec>\n * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle;=true](<https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true>)\n * <https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance>\n * <https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), Paul Kocher, and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 03 Jul 2018\n * Document Revision: 230\n\n", "edition": 31, "enchantments": {"score": {"value": 7.2, "vector": "NONE"}}, "hash": "076ef9c10c859148a05da938670bafbff994a10c3a18c3777e5f637c331d0a70", "hashmap": [{"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "ef21441fcd603a887601f3d5d9345036", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "270fe33c6905066e8553c1eba5f08315", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "4b8dc6e1fe68d0aee2137971cf3e9419", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-07-04T01:26:32", "modified": "2018-07-03T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/184wcDt9I9TUNFFbsAVLpzAtckQxYiuirADzf3cL42FQ/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/why-raspberry-pi-isnt-vulnerable-to-spectre-or-meltdown/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://vuls.cert.org/confluence/display/Wiki/Vulnerabilities+Associated+with+CPU+Speculative+Execution", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "https://doublepulsar.com/important-information-about-microsoft-meltdown-cpu-security-fixes-antivirus-vendors-and-you-a852ba0292ec", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://github.com/iadgov/Spectre-and-Meltdown-Guidance", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 286}, "differentElements": ["references", "description"], "edition": 31, "lastseen": "2018-07-04T01:26:32"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIBM Corporation| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 05 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 145\n\n", "edition": 14, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-06T12:53:18", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "29a106d6ade88a871c1221f704e9580eb9bdb0c333aad4ecedae55521f37d7cc", "hashmap": [{"hash": "77e76d6e3062b562f92166c88fc7d5f2", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "157673a26b76a4585a91b6715dff3cbc", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "3d77a66b5cf11b1e22dffefde2fe3d9d", "key": "description"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-06T12:53:18", "modified": "2018-01-05T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", "https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/", "https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf", "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf", "https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf"], "reporter": "CERT", "title": "CPU hardware vulnerable to side-channel attacks", "type": "cert", "viewCount": 142}, "differentElements": ["references", "description", "modified"], "edition": 14, "lastseen": "2018-01-06T12:53:18"}, {"bulletin": {"bulletinFamily": "info", "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715", "CVE-2017-5715"], "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}, "description": "### Overview\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. These vulnerabilities are referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>).\n\n### Description\n\n**Note: This Vulnerability Note is the product of ongoing analysis and represents our best knowledge as of the most recent revision. As a result, the content may change as our understanding of the issues develops.**\n\nCPU hardware implementations are vulnerable to side-channel attacks referred to as [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/>) and [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/>). Both Spectre and Meltdown take advantage of the ability to extract information from instructions that have executed on a CPU using the CPU cache as a side-channel. These attacks are described in detail by [Google Project Zero](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>), the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) and Anders Fogh. The issues are organized into three variants: \n\n\n * Variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753, [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Bounds check bypass\n * Variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715, also [Spectre](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)): Branch target injection[](<https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>)\n * Variant 3 (CVE-2017-5754, [Meltdown](<https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>)): Rogue data cache load, memory access permission check performed after kernel memory read\n \n**Spectre** \n \nSpectre attacks take advantage of a CPU's branch prediction capabilities. Modern CPUs include a feature called branch prediction, which speculatively executes instructions at a location that the CPU believes it will branch to. Such speculative execution helps to more fully utilize the parts of the CPU, minimizing the time waiting, and therefore improving performance. When a branch is successfully predicted, instructions will retire, which means the outcomes of the instructions such as register and memory writes will be committed. If a branch is mispredicted, the speculatively-executed instructions will be discarded, and the direct side-effects of the instructions are undone. What is not undone are the indirect side-effects, such as CPU cache changes. By measuring latency of memory access operations, the cache can be used to extract values from speculatively-executed instructions. \n \nWith Spectre variant 1 (CVE-2017-5753), the instructions after a conditional branch are speculatively executed as the result of a misprediction. With Spectre variant 2 (CVE-2017-5715), the instructions at a location determined by a branch target that is mispredicted. \n \nWith both variants of the Spectre attack, the impact is that a process may leak sensitive data to other processes on a system. Spectre may also allow one part of an application to access other parts of the same process memory space that would otherwise not be permitted. \n \nWhile the Spectre attack itself does not cross a user/kernel memory privilege boundary, depending on the configuration of the target platform, the Spectre attack may indirectly allow a user-space application to access kernel memory. For example, the[ Project Zero blog post](<https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>) describes a scenario that uses eBPF to exfiltrate kernel memory contents into user-space code. This is made possible because eBPF JIT allows for userspace applications to inject code that is executed in kernel space. While this code is verified by the kernel, eBPF-compliant code will be allowed to execute with kernel permissions. The exploit described by Project Zero leverages eBPF to execute the Spectre attack in kernel space, while exfiltrating the data to user space. It is possible that other technologies that allow in-kernel code execution may also possibly be leveraged to leak kernel memory using Spectre. \n \n**Meltdown** \n \nMeltdown is related to the Spectre attack in that it also uses a cache side channel to access data that otherwise wouldn't be available. The main difference is that it leverages out-of-order execution capabilities in modern CPUs. Like speculative execution due to branch prediction, as used by Spectre, out-of-order execution on a CPU is a technique for ensuring fullest utilization of the CPU's parts. Although instructions may appear sequentially in the machine language, a CPU that supports out-of-order execution may execute instructions in a non-sequential manner, which can minimize the time that a CPU spends idle. \n \nMeltdown leverages insecure behavior that has been demonstrated in Intel CPUs and may affect CPUs from other vendors. Vulnerable CPUs allow memory reads in out-of-order instruction execution, and also contain a race condition between the raising of exceptions and the out-of-order instruction execution. The Meltdown attack reads a kernel memory value, which raises an exception because code running with user-space privileges are not permitted to directly read kernel memory. However, due to the race condition, out-of-order instructions following the faulting instruction may also execute. Even though instructions appear after the faulting instruction, out-of-order execution allows them to execute, using data retrieved from the instruction that raises the exception. By the time the exception is raised, some number of out-of-order instructions have executed. Although the raised exception causes the CPU to roll back the out-of-order instructions, the cache state is not reverted. This allows data from out-of-order instructions to persist beyond the point when the exception has been raised. \n \nThe impact of Meltdown is that a process running in user space is able to view the contents of kernel memory. Meltdown may also allow Spectre-like memory content leaking that does not cross the user/kernel privilege boundary. \n \nThe Linux kernel mitigations for Meltdown are referred to as KAISER, and subsequently KPTI, which aim to improve separation of kernel and user memory pages. Because the Spectre attacks do not cross user/kernel boundaries, the protections introduced with KAISER/KPTI do not add any protection against them. \n \nThe following table compares Spectre and Meltdown. \n \n| ![](/icons/ecblank.gif)| **Spectre**| **Meltdown** \n---|---|--- \n**CPU mechanism for triggering**| Speculative execution from branch prediction| Out-of-order execution \n**Affected platforms**| CPUs that perform speculative execution from branch prediction| CPUs that allow memory reads in out-of-order instructions \n**Difficulty of successful attack**| High - Requires tailoring to the software environment of the victim process| Low - Kernel memory access exploit code is mostly universal \n**Impact**| Cross- and intra-process (including kernel) memory disclosure| Kernel memory disclosure to userspace \n**Software mitigations**| Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation ([IBRS](<https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>)) \n**Note: **This software mitigation also requires CPU microcode updates and it only mitigates Spectre variant 2| Kernel page-table isolation ([KPTI](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>)) \n \n### Impact\n\nAn attacker able to execute code with user privileges can achieve various impacts. The Meltdown attack allows reading of kernel memory from userspace. This can result in privilege escalation, disclosure of sensitive information, or it can weaken kernel-level protections, such as KASLR. The Spectre attack can allow inter-process or intra-process data leaks. \n \nTo execute code locally, an attacker would require a valid account or independent compromise of the target. Attacks using JavaScript in web browsers are possible. Multi-user and multi-tenant systems (including virtualized and cloud environments) likely face the greatest risk. Systems used to browse arbitrary web sites are also at risk. Single-user systems that do not readily provide a way for attackers to execute code locally face significantly lower risk. \n \n--- \n \n### Solution\n\n**Apply updates** \n \nOperating system, CPU microcode updates, and some application updates mitigate these attacks. \n \n--- \n \n### Vendor Information \n\nVendor| Status| Date Notified| Date Updated \n---|---|---|--- \nAmazon| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nAMD| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nAndroid Open Source Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nApple| | -| 04 Jan 2018 \nArm| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nCentOS| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCisco| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nCitrix| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nDebian GNU/Linux| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFedora Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFortinet, Inc.| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nFreeBSD Project| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nGoogle| | -| 03 Jan 2018 \nIBM Corporation| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIntel| | -| 05 Jan 2018 \nIf you are a vendor and your product is affected, [let us know](<mailto:cert@cert.org?Subject=VU%23584653 Vendor Status Inquiry>). \n \n\n\n### CVSS Metrics \n\nGroup | Score | Vector \n---|---|--- \nBase | 4.4 | AV:L/AC:M/Au:S/C:C/I:N/A:N \nTemporal | 3.4 | E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C \nEnvironmental | 5.1 | CDP:ND/TD:H/CR:H/IR:ND/AR:ND \n \n### References\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/>\n * <https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf>\n * <https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html>\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n * <https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/>\n * <https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf>\n * <https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf>\n * <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2>\n * <https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/741878/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/>\n * <https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/>\n * <http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table>\n * <https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/>\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation>\n * <https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/>\n\n### Credit\n\nThese issues were researched and reported by researchers at Google Project Zero (Jann Horn) the Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) at Graz University of Technology (Gruss et. al.), and Anders Fogh.\n\nThis document was written by Art Manion and Will Dormann.\n\n### Other Information\n\n * CVE IDs: [CVE-2017-5753](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753>) [CVE-2017-5715](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715>) [CVE-2017-5754](<http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5754>)\n * US-CERT Alert: [TA18-004A](<http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html>)\n * Date Public: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date First Published: 03 Jan 2018\n * Date Last Updated: 06 Jan 2018\n * Document Revision: 155\n\n", "edition": 15, "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-01-07T02:55:54", "value": 6.6}}, "hash": "b15f6522f9ac4b29a113908d7760fc9942cf86f49c06bef4f4dcfcca34ed75c4", "hashmap": [{"hash": "f3e78aa00531760ae94ae257cb3ae657", "key": "references"}, {"hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13", "key": "type"}, {"hash": "caf9b6b99962bf5c2264824231d7a40c", "key": "bulletinFamily"}, {"hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7", "key": "href"}, {"hash": "64c1b0f18013d9fc9cd8b3fcc3b81629", "key": "cvelist"}, {"hash": "23742046928b6ac0049be6bc1a8e24de", "key": "cvss"}, {"hash": "f5b75daf56220350783b7a34313e09fa", "key": "modified"}, {"hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794", "key": "title"}, {"hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c", "key": "published"}, {"hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5", "key": "reporter"}, {"hash": "f15b8f8bd98a08b11d1b9e1166f44a7a", "key": "description"}], "history": [], "href": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/584653", "id": "VU:584653", "lastseen": "2018-01-07T02:55:54", "modified": "2018-01-06T00:00:00", "objectVersion": "1.3", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "references": ["https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf", "https://lwn.net/Articles/742702/", "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/03/fckwit-aka-kaiser-aka-kpti-intel-cpu-flaw-needs-low-level-os-patches/", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/27/2", "https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/todays-cpu-vulnerability-what-you-need.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html", "http://pythonsweetness.tumblr.com/post/169166980422/the-mysterious-case-of-the-linux-page-table", "https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf", "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA18-004A.html", "https://chrisam.net/2018/01/04/speculative-execution-side-channel-vulnerabilities-vendor-published-info/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://meltdownattack.com/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_page-table_isolation", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5753", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://spectreattack.com/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/737940/", "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-5715", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/4/615", "https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER", 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"fc6a1cf008d863526461c79c1f97cc14"}, {"key": "href", "hash": "4851009339f11e5fb046c77cf4c521a7"}, {"key": "modified", "hash": "270fe33c6905066e8553c1eba5f08315"}, {"key": "published", "hash": "0e67896450ab825b0a81e59a1465804c"}, {"key": "references", "hash": "4b8dc6e1fe68d0aee2137971cf3e9419"}, {"key": "reporter", "hash": "5d2cfab83ed6e86a4812690790dc7ad5"}, {"key": "title", "hash": "1d0954aaef62c3a5c7a1a3e8e3a5d794"}, {"key": "type", "hash": "b6ba9fa6ea18201bf39ea635ecca9f13"}], "hash": "fc4aabdc91d233fe5b1b0da2f3411a65c205f446212b017de6bffff4a04f92c7", "viewCount": 805, "enchantments": {"score": {"value": 7.2, "vector": "NONE"}, "vulnersScore": 7.2}, "objectVersion": "1.3"}

{"f5": [{"lastseen": "2018-11-13T00:40:03", "references": [], "description": "\nF5 Product Development has assigned IDs 698651, 701445, 701447, 704490, and 704483 (BIG-IP); 702233, 702236, and 702237 (BIG-IQ); 702353, 702354, and 702355 (Enterprise Manager); 702355, 702377, and 702378 (iWorkflow); CPF-24782, CPF-24783, and CPF-24784 (Traffix); LRS-65859, LRS-65860, and LRS-65861 (LineRate) to this vulnerability. Additionally, [BIG-IP iHealth](<https://www.f5.com/support/support-tools/big-ip-ihealth>) may list Heuristic H91229003 on the **Diagnostics** > **Identified** > **Medium** page.\n\nTo determine if your product and version have been evaluated for this vulnerability, refer to the **Applies to (see versions)** box. To determine if your release is known to be vulnerable, the components or features that are affected by the vulnerability, and for information about releases or hotfixes that address the vulnerability, refer to the following table.\n\nProduct | Branch | Versions known to be vulnerable | Fixes introduced in | Severity | CVSSv3 score1 | Vulnerable component or feature \n---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nBIG-IP (LTM, AAM, AFM, Analytics, APM, ASM, DNS, Edge Gateway, GTM, Link Controller, PEM, WebAccelerator, WebSafe) | 14.x | None | 14.0.02 | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \n13.x | 13.0.0 - 13.1.0 | 13.1.0.42 \n13.0.12 \n12.x | 12.1.0 - 12.1.3 | 12.1.3.32 \n11.x | 11.6.1 - 11.6.3 \n11.5.1 - 11.5.5 \n11.2.1 | 11.6.3.12 \n11.5.62 \nEnterprise Manager | 3.x | 3.1.1 | None | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \nBIG-IQ (Cloud, Device, Security, ADC) | 4.x | 4.5.0 | None | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \nBIG-IQ Centralized Management | 6.x | 6.0.0 | 6.0.12 | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \n5.x | 5.0.0 - 5.4.0 | None \n4.x | 4.6.0 | None \nBIG-IQ Cloud and Orchestration | 1.x | 1.0.0 | None | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \nF5 iWorkflow | 2.x | 2.3.0 \n2.2.0 \n2.1.0 \n2.0.1 - 2.0.2 | None | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5753) \nMedium (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5715 \n[5.3](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5753 \n[6.4](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:F/RL:U/RC:C>) CVE-2017-5754 | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \nLineRate | 2.x | 2.6.0 | None | Medium | ** | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \nTraffix SDC | 5.x | 5.0.0 - 5.1.0 | Security bulletin build 93 (5.1.0) \nSecurity bulletin build 32 (5.0.0) | Medium (CVE-2017-5715) \nHigh (CVE-2017-5753) \nHigh (CVE-2017-5754) | [6.7](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N>) (CVE-2017-5715) \n[8.2](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N>) (CVE-2017-5753) \n[7.9](<https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N>) (CVE-2017-5754) | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \n4.x | 4.0.0 - 4.4.0 | Security bulletin build 14 (4.4.0) \n \n1 The CVSSv3 score link takes you to a resource outside of AskF5, and it is possible that the document may be removed without our knowledge.\n\n2 Notes about fixes for CVE-2017-5753 (Spectre Variant 1) and CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown):\n\n**Important**: F5 does not plan to release an official fix for CVE-2017-5715 (Spectre Variant 2) that is based on Intel's microcode updates. The rationale for this decision is based on significant performance degradation when enabling Intel's microcode fixes in our platforms. During testing of the microcode fix, F5 has observed from 10 percent to more than 50 percent performance degradation for many workloads. However, F5 is reviewing the use of \"retpolines\" to mitigate the CVE-2017-5715 (Spectre Variant 2) vulnerability in a future BIG-IP release. The use of \"retpoline\" fixes requires a new compiler toolchain, which makes them unsuitable candidates for backport.\n\n**Important**: Only CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown) is fixed in BIG-IQ.\n\n * Performance impact: \n * CVE-2017-5753 (Spectre Variant 1)\n\nF5 does not anticipate a performance impact as a result of the fix for CVE-2017-5753 Spectre Variant 1.\n\n * CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown)\n\nIn most scenarios, the fix for Meltdown has a negligible performance impact. F5 recommends testing the performance impact before deploying the fix in a production environment, or testing the fix during a maintenance window with consideration to the possible impact on your specific environment. If you encounter unacceptable performance issues in testing and choose to disable the Meltdown fix, you can do so by typing the following command:\n\ntmsh modify sys db kernel.pti value disable\n\n**Note:** This database variable change is applied without requirement for a reboot.\n\n**Important:** If you choose to disable the Meltdown fix, the system will be vulnerable to the Meltdown vulnerability. However, in order to take advantage of this vulnerability, the attacker must already possess the ability to run arbitrary code on the system. For non-vCMP systems, good access controls and keeping your system up-to-date with security fixes will mitigate this risk. For vCMP systems with multiple tenants, F5 recommends that you leave the Meltdown fix enabled.\n\n * Virtual F5 products/vCMP guests:\n\nThe Meltdown and Spectre Variant 1 fixes block the ability for those exploits to be executed on the patched OS. If the exploit allows cross-VM boundary information leaks, then a fixed VM is still vulnerable to attacks from a non-fixed VM or the host. Therefore, it is important to apply fixes to both guest VMs and the host that runs them.\n\n * Known issues:\n\nDue to a known issue with the Meltdown fix on BIG-IP platforms equipped with an AMD processor, the system may spontaneously reboot. Refer to the table in the **Impact** section for information about which BIG-IP platforms have an AMD processor. F5 Product Development has assigned ID 719711 to this issue. To work around the issue, you can disable the Meltdown fix (BIG-IP platforms with an AMD processor are not vulnerable to Meltdown per the table in the** Impact** section). To do so, perform the following procedure: \n**Note**: Performing the procedure to disable kernel page-table isolation does not disable the Spectre Variant 1 fix.\n\n 1. Log in to the BIG-IP command line.\n 2. Disable the kernel page-table isolation (PTI) database key by typing the following command: \n\ntmsh modify sys db kernel.pti value disable\n\n 3. Reboot the BIG-IP system by typing the following command: \n\nreboot\n\n**Note**: A reboot is required for this workaround.\n\n**Important**: This command will interrupt traffic while the BIG-IP system either fails over to a peer system or completes the reboot process. \n\nIf you are running a version listed in the **Versions known to be vulnerable** column, you can eliminate this vulnerability by upgrading to a version listed in the **Fixes introduced in** column. If the table lists only an older version than what you are currently running, or does not list a non-vulnerable version, then no upgrade candidate currently exists.\n\nMitigation\n\nBIG-IP\n\nThe only roles on a BIG-IP system that can exploit these vulnerabilities are the Administrator, Resource Administrator, Manager, and iRules Manager roles. To mitigate against all three vulnerabilities, ensure that you limit access to these roles to only trusted employees.\n\nTo mitigate the Spectre Variant 2 vulnerability in multi-tenancy vCMP configurations, ensure that all guests are set to at least two **Cores Per Guest**.\n\nTraffix SDC\n\nFixes for CVE-2017-5715, CVE-2017-5753, and CVE-2017-5754 are available from F5 via the following security bulletins for Traffix SDC 5.1.0, 5.0.0, and 4.4.0:\n\n * **5.1.0** \\- security bulletin build 93\n * **5.0.0** \\- security bulletin build 32\n * **4.4.0** \\- security bulletin build 14\n\nFor more information, contact your Traffix SDC Technical Support representative.\n\n * <https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.ca/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html>\n\n**Note**: This link takes you to a resource outside of AskF5. The third party could remove the document without our knowledge.\n\n * <https://meltdownattack.com/>\n\n**Note**: This link takes you to a resource outside of AskF5. The third party could remove the document without our knowledge.\n\n * [K51812227: Understanding Security Advisory versioning](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K51812227>)\n * [K9970: Subscribing to email notifications regarding F5 products](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9970>)\n * [K9957: Creating a custom RSS feed to view new and updated documents](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9957>)\n * [K4602: Overview of the F5 security vulnerability response policy](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K4602>)\n * [K4918: Overview of the F5 critical issue hotfix policy](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K4918>)\n * [K9502: BIG-IP hotfix and point release matrix](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9502>)\n", "edition": 1, "reporter": "f5", "published": "2018-01-04T04:46:00", "title": "Side-channel processor vulnerabilities CVE-2017-5715, CVE-2017-5753, and CVE-2017-5754", "type": "f5", "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-11-13T00:40:03", "vector": "NONE", "value": 7.5}}, "bulletinFamily": "software", "affectedSoftware": [{"name": "BIG-IP\u00a06400", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i7x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B43x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a012xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0110x0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B4200", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i10x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a06900\u00a0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B2250", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a05xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 1600", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a089x0\u00a0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B4100", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i2x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 3600", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a04xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i4x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B21x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a02xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i5x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a010xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a07xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 3900", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B44x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 800", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}], "cvelist": ["CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715"], "modified": "2018-11-13T00:05:00", "id": "F5:K91229003", "href": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K91229003", "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}}, {"lastseen": "2018-09-13T21:51:42", "references": [], "description": "\nF5 Product Development has assigned IDs 741163 and 741167 (BIG-IP) and CPF-24967 and CPF-24968 (Traffix SDC) to this vulnerability. Additionally, [BIG-IP iHealth](<https://www.f5.com/services/support/support-offerings/big-ip-ihealth-diagnostic-tool>) may list Heuristic H54252492 on the **Diagnostics** > **Identified** > **Medium** page.\n\nTo determine if your product and version have been evaluated for this vulnerability, refer to the **Applies to (see versions)** box. To determine if your release is known to be vulnerable, the components or features that are affected by the vulnerability, and for information about releases or hotfixes that address the vulnerability, refer to the following table. For more information about security advisory versioning, refer to [K51812227: Understanding Security Advisory versioning](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K51812227>).\n\nProduct | Branch | Versions known to be vulnerable | Fixes introduced in | Severity | CVSSv3 score1 | Vulnerable component or feature \n---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nBIG-IP (LTM, AAM, AFM, Analytics, APM, ASM, DNS, Edge Gateway, FPS, GTM, Link Controller, PEM, WebAccelerator) | 14.x | 14.0.0 | None | Medium | [5.9](<https://first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N>) | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \n13.x | 13.0.0 - 13.1.1 | None \n12.x | 12.1.0 - 12.1.3 | None \n11.x | 11.6.1 - 11.6.3 \n11.5.1 - 11.5.7 \n11.2.1 | None \nARX | 6.x | None | Not applicable | Not vulnerable | None | None \nEnterprise Manager | 3.x | None | Not applicable | Not vulnerable | None | None \nBIG-IQ Centralized Management | 6.x | None | Not applicable | Not vulnerable | None | None \n5.x | None | Not applicable \n4.x | None | Not applicable \nBIG-IQ Cloud and Orchestration | 1.x | None | Not applicable | Not vulnerable | None | None \nF5 iWorkflow | 2.x | None | Not applicable | Not vulnerable | None | None \nTraffix SDC | 5.x | 5.0.0 - 5.1.0 | None | Medium | [5.9](<https://first.org/cvss/calculator/3.0#CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N>) | CPU, BIOS, and kernel \n4.x | 4.0.0 - 4.4.0 | None \n \n1 The CVSSv3 score link takes you to a resource outside of AskF5, and it is possible that the document may be removed without our knowledge.\n\nIf you are running a version listed in the **Versions known to be vulnerable** column, you can eliminate this vulnerability by upgrading to a version listed in the **Fixes introduced in** column. If the table lists only an older version than what you are currently running, or does not list a non-vulnerable version, then no upgrade candidate currently exists.\n\nMitigation\n\nBIG-IP\n\nThe only roles on a BIG-IP system that can exploit this vulnerability are the Administrator, Resource Administrator, Manager, and iRules Manager roles. To mitigate against this vulnerability, ensure that you limit access to these roles to only trusted employees.\n\n * [Speculative Buffer Overflows: Attacks and Defenses](<https://people.csail.mit.edu/vlk/spectre11.pdf>)\n * [Analyzing potential bounds check bypass vulnerabilities](<https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/api-app/sites/default/files/337879-analyzing-potential-bounds-Check-bypass-vulnerabilities.pdf>)\n\n**Note**: The previous links take you to a resource outside of AskF5. The third parties could remove the documents without our knowledge.\n\n * [K91229003: Side-channel processor vulnerabilities CVE-2017-5715, CVE-2017-5753, and CVE-2017-5754](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K91229003>)\n * [K51812227: Understanding Security Advisory versioning](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K51812227>)\n * [K9970: Subscribing to email notifications regarding F5 products](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9970>)\n * [K9957: Creating a custom RSS feed to view new and updated documents](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9957>)\n * [K4602: Overview of the F5 security vulnerability response policy](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K4602>)\n * [K4918: Overview of the F5 critical issue hotfix policy](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K4918>)\n * [K9502: BIG-IP hotfix and point release matrix](<https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K9502>)\n", "edition": 1, "reporter": "f5", "published": "2018-08-22T19:41:00", "title": "Side-channel processor vulnerability CVE-2018-3693", "type": "f5", "enchantments": {"score": {"modified": "2018-09-13T21:51:42", "vector": "NONE", "value": 5.0}}, "bulletinFamily": "software", "affectedSoftware": [{"name": "BIG-IP\u00a06400", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i7x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B43x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a012xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0110x0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B4200", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i10x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a06900\u00a0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B2250", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a05xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 1600", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a089x0\u00a0", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B4100", "version": "AMD", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i2x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 3600", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a04xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i4x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B21x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a02xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a0i5x00", "version": "Intel, ARM", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a010xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP\u00a07xx0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 3900", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "VIPRION B44x0", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}, {"name": "BIG-IP 800", "version": "Intel", "operator": "le"}], "cvelist": ["CVE-2018-3693", "CVE-2017-5753", "CVE-2017-5754", "CVE-2017-5715"], "modified": "2018-09-11T03:03:00", "id": "F5:K54252492", "href": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K54252492", "cvss": {"score": 4.7, "vector": "AV:LOCAL/AC:MEDIUM/Au:NONE/C:COMPLETE/I:NONE/A:NONE/"}}], "symantec": [{"lastseen": "2018-03-11T18:48:52", "references": ["https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-responds-to-security-research-findings/", "https://lwn.net/Articles/738975/", "https://access.redhat.com/security/vulnerabilities/speculativeexecution", "https://spectreattack.com/", "http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/homepage.html", "https://www.arm.com/", "http://www.amd.com/en-gb"], "description": "### Description\n\nMultiple CPU Hardware are prone to an information-disclosure vulnerability. Attackers can exploit this issue to obtain sensitive information that may aid in further attacks.\n\n### Technologies Affected\n\n * AMD FX(tm)-8320 Eight-Core Processor \n * AMD PRO A8-9600 R7, 10 COMPUTE CORES 4C+6G \n * ARM Cortex A57 \n * Apple Mac Os X 10.11.6 \n * Apple Safari 1.0.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.0.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 1.1.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.1 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.2 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.3 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.4 \n * Apple Safari 1.2.5 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.0 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.1 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.2 312.5 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.2 312.6 \n * Apple Safari 1.3.2 \n * Apple Safari 10 \n * Apple Safari 10.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 10.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 10.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 10.1 \n * Apple Safari 10.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 10.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 11 \n * Apple Safari 2 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.3 417.8 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.3 417.9 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.3 417.9.2 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.3 417.9.3 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.4 419.3 \n * Apple Safari 2.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 3 \n * Apple Safari 3 \n * Apple Safari 3.0.0 \n * Apple Safari 3.1 \n * Apple Safari 3.1.0B \n * Apple Safari 3.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 3.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 3.2 \n * Apple Safari 3.2.1 \n * Apple Safari 3.2.2 \n * Apple Safari 3.2.3 \n * Apple Safari 3.52 \n * Apple Safari 4 \n * Apple Safari 4.0 \n * Apple Safari 4.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 4.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 4.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 4.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 4.0.5 \n * Apple Safari 4.1 \n * Apple Safari 4.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 4.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 4.1.3 \n * Apple Safari 4.28 \n * Apple Safari 4.30 \n * Apple Safari 4.31 \n * Apple Safari 5.0 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.5 \n * Apple Safari 5.0.6 \n * Apple Safari 5.1 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.10 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.3 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.4 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.5 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.6 \n * Apple Safari 5.1.7 \n * Apple Safari 5.31 \n * Apple Safari 5.33 \n * Apple Safari 5.34 \n * Apple Safari 6.0 \n * Apple Safari 6.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 6.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 6.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 6.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 6.0.5 \n * Apple Safari 6.1 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.3 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.4 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.5 \n * Apple Safari 6.1.6 \n * Apple Safari 6.2 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.1 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.2 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.3 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.4 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.5 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.6 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.7 \n * Apple Safari 6.2.8 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.5 \n * Apple Safari 7.0.6 \n * Apple Safari 7.1 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.0 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.3 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.4 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.5 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.6 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.7 \n * Apple Safari 7.1.8 \n * Apple Safari 8.0 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.4 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.5 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.6 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.7 \n * Apple Safari 8.0.8 \n * Apple Safari 9 \n * Apple Safari 9.0.1 \n * Apple Safari 9.0.2 \n * Apple Safari 9.0.3 \n * Apple Safari 9.1 \n * Apple Safari 9.1.1 \n * Apple Safari 9.1.2 \n * Apple Safari 9.1.3 \n * Apple Safari \n * Apple iOS 10 \n * Apple iOS 10.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 10.1 \n * Apple iOS 10.2 \n * Apple iOS 10.2.1 \n * Apple iOS 10.3 \n * Apple iOS 10.3.1 \n * Apple iOS 10.3.2 \n * Apple iOS 10.3.3 \n * Apple iOS 11 \n * Apple iOS 11.1 \n * Apple iOS 11.2 \n * Apple iOS 11.2.1 \n * Apple iOS 2.0 \n * Apple iOS 2.1 \n * Apple iOS 3 \n * Apple iOS 3.0 \n * Apple iOS 3.1 \n * Apple iOS 3.2 \n * Apple iOS 3.2.1 \n * Apple iOS 3.2.2 \n * Apple iOS 4 \n * Apple iOS 4 \n * Apple iOS 4.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 4.0.2 \n * Apple iOS 4.1 \n * Apple iOS 4.2 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.1 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.10 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.5 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.6 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.7 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.8 \n * Apple iOS 4.2.9 \n * Apple iOS 4.3 \n * Apple iOS 4.3.1 \n * Apple iOS 4.3.2 \n * Apple iOS 4.3.3 \n * Apple iOS 4.3.4 \n * Apple iOS 4.3.5 \n * Apple iOS 5 \n * Apple iOS 5 \n * Apple iOS 5.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 5.1 \n * Apple iOS 5.1.1 \n * Apple iOS 6 \n * Apple iOS 6.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 6.0.2 \n * Apple iOS 6.1 \n * Apple iOS 6.1.3 \n * Apple iOS 6.1.4 \n * Apple iOS 6.1.6 \n * Apple iOS 6.3.1 \n * Apple iOS 7 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.2 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.3 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.4 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.5 \n * Apple iOS 7.0.6 \n * Apple iOS 7.1 \n * Apple iOS 7.1.1 \n * Apple iOS 7.1.2 \n * Apple iOS 7.2.0 \n * Apple iOS 8 \n * Apple iOS 8.1 \n * Apple iOS 8.1.1 \n * Apple iOS 8.1.2 \n * Apple iOS 8.1.3 \n * Apple iOS 8.2 \n * Apple iOS 8.3 \n * Apple iOS 8.4 \n * Apple iOS 8.4.1 \n * Apple iOS 9 \n * Apple iOS 9.0.1 \n * Apple iOS 9.0.2 \n * Apple iOS 9.1 \n * Apple iOS 9.2 \n * Apple iOS 9.2.1 \n * Apple iOS 9.3 \n * Apple iOS 9.3.1 \n * Apple iOS 9.3.2 \n * Apple iOS 9.3.3 \n * Apple iOS 9.3.4 \n * Apple iOS 9.3.5 \n * Apple iPad Air \n * Apple iPhone \n * Apple iPod Touch \n * Apple macOS 10.12.6 \n * Apple macOS \n * Apple tvOS \n * Apple watchOS \n * BD Accuri C6 Plus \n * BD Alaris Systems Manager \n * BD Assurity Linc \n * BD BACTEC 9050 \n * BD BACTEC 9120/9240 \n * BD BACTEC FX \n * BD BACTEC FX40 \n * BD Data Innovations \n * BD FACSAria Fusion \n * BD FACSAria I/II/III \n * BD FACSCalibur \n * BD FACSCanto 10-color \n * BD FACSCanto 10-color clinical \n * BD FACSCanto II \n * BD FACSCanto II clinical \n * BD FACSCelesta \n * BD FACSCount \n * BD FACSDuet Sample Prep (ASaP) \n * BD FACSJazz \n * BD FACSLink Interface \n * BD FACSLyric \n * BD FACSMelody \n * BD FACSPresto \n * BD FACSSample Prep Assistant (SPA) III \n * BD FACSVerse \n * BD FACSVia \n * BD Focal Point - Linux \n * BD Focal Point - Solaris \n * BD GenCell CliC \n * BD Influx \n * BD Innova \n * BD Kiestra InoqulA Standalone \n * BD Kiestra TLA/WCA \n * BD LSR II \n * BD LSRFortessa \n * BD LSRFortessa X-20 \n * BD Lyse Wash Assistant \n * BD Panel Designer \n * BD Phoenix \n * BD PrepStain \n * BD Pyxis Anesthesia ES \n * BD Pyxis Anesthesia System 3500 \n * BD Pyxis CIISafe -Workstation \n * BD Pyxis CUBIE Replenishment Station \n * BD Pyxis CathRack v8 \n * BD Pyxis DuoStation \n * BD Pyxis EcoStation System \n * BD Pyxis Infant Care Verification \n * BD Pyxis MedStation 3500 \n * BD Pyxis MedStation 4000 Console \n * BD Pyxis MedStation ES \n * BD Pyxis Medication Administration \n * BD Pyxis Nursing Data Collection \n * BD Pyxis ParAssist System \n * BD Pyxis Parx \n * BD Pyxis Parx handheld \n * BD Pyxis ProcedureStation \n * BD Pyxis ScrubStation System \n * BD Pyxis Specimen Collection Verification \n * BD Pyxis StockStation System \n * BD Pyxis Supply Roller \n * BD Pyxis SupplyStation \n * BD Pyxis Transfusion Verification \n * BD Rowa Dose \n * BD Rowa Smart \n * BD Rowa Vmax System \n * BD Totalys Multiprocessor \n * BD Totalys SlidePrep \n * BD Veritor Plus System \n * BD Viper LT \n * BD Viper XTR \n * Bluecoat Content Analysis 2.1 \n * Bluecoat Content Analysis 2.2 \n * Bluecoat Malware Analysis Appliance 4.2 \n * Bluecoat Security Analytics 7.1 \n * Bluecoat Security Analytics 7.2 \n * Bluecoat Security Analytics 7.3 \n * Bluecoat X-Series XOS 10.0 \n * Bluecoat X-Series XOS 11.0 \n * Bluecoat X-Series XOS 9.7 \n * Cisco Carrier Routing System 6.6.0.BASE \n * Cisco Unified Computing System 2.2 \n * Cisco Unified Computing System 3.1 \n * Cisco Unified Computing System 3.2 \n * Google Android \n * Google Chrome 0.1.38.1 \n * Google Chrome 0.1.38.2 \n * Google Chrome 0.1.38.4 \n * Google Chrome 0.1.40.1 \n * Google Chrome 0.1.42.2 \n * Google Chrome 0.1.42.3 \n * Google Chrome 0.2.149.27 \n * Google Chrome 0.2.149.29 \n * Google Chrome 0.2.149.30 \n * Google Chrome 0.2.152.1 \n * Google Chrome 0.2.153.1 \n * Google Chrome 0.3.154 9 \n * Google Chrome 0.3.154.0 \n * Google Chrome 0.3.154.3 \n * Google Chrome 0.4.154.18 \n * Google Chrome 0.4.154.22 \n * Google Chrome 0.4.154.31 \n * Google Chrome 0.4.154.33 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.36 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.39 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.42 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.43 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.46 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.48 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.52 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.53 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.55 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.59 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.61 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.64 \n * Google Chrome 1.0.154.65 \n * Google Chrome 10 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.601.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.602.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.603.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.603.2 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.603.3 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.604.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.605.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.606.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.607.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.608.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.609.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.610.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.611.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.611.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.612.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.612.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.612.2 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.612.3 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.613.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.614.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.615.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.616.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.617.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.618.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.619.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.620.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.621.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.622.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.622.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.623.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.624.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.625.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.626.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.627.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.628.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.629.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.630.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.631.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.632.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.633.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.634.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.634.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.635.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.636.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.638.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.638.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.639.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.640.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.642.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.642.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.642.2 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.643.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.644.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.645.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.646.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.647.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.1 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.10 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.101 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.103 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.105 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.107 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.11 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.114 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.116 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.118 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.119 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.12 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.120 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.121 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.122 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.123 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.124 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.125 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.126 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.127 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.128 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.129 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.13 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.130 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.131 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.132 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.133 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.134 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.135 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.151 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.18 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.2 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.201 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.203 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.204 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.205 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.23 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.26 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.28 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.3 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.32 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.35 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.38 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.4 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.42 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.45 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.49 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.5 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.54 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.56 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.59 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.6 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.62 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.66 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.68 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.7 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.70 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.72 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.76 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.79 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.8 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.82 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.84 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.87 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.9 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.648.90 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.649.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.650.0 \n * Google Chrome 10.0.651.0 \n * Google Chrome 11 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.652.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.653.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.654.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.655.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.656.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.657.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.658.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.658.1 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.659.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.660.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.661.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.662.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.663.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.664.1 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.665.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.666.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.667.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.667.2 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.667.3 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.667.4 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.668.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.669.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.670.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.671.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.672.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.672.1 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.672.2 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.673.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.674.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.675.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.676.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.677.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.678.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.679.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.680.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.681.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.682.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.683.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.684.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.685.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.686.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.686.1 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.686.2 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.686.3 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.687.0 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.687.1 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.688.0 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11.0.696.30 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.31 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.32 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.33 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.34 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.35 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.36 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.37 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.38 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.39 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.4 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.40 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.41 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.42 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.43 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.44 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.45 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.46 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.47 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.48 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.49 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.5 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.50 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.51 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.52 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.53 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.54 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.55 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.56 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.57 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.58 \n * Google Chrome 11.0.696.59 \n * Google Chrome 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3.0.193.2 Beta \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.2 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.21 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.24 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.25 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.27 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.32 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.33 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.36 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.37 \n * Google Chrome 3.0.195.38 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.0 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.10 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.100 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.101 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.12 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.14 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.16 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.18 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.2 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.21 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.23 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.25 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.27 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.29 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.31 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.33 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.35 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.37 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.39 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.40 \n * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.42 \n * Google 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31.0.1650.15 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.16 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.17 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.18 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.19 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.2 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.20 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.22 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.23 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.25 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.26 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.27 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.28 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.29 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.3 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.30 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.31 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.32 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.33 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.34 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.35 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.36 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.37 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.38 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.39 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.4 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.41 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.42 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.43 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.44 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.45 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.46 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.47 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.48 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.49 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.5 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.50 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.52 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.54 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.57 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.58 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.6 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.60 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.61 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.62 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.63 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.7 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.8 \n * Google Chrome 31.0.1650.9 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1651.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1652.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1653.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1654.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1654.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1655.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1656.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1657.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1658.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1658.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1659.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1659.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1660.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1661.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1662.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1662.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1663.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1663.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1664.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1664.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1666.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1667.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1668.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1668.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1668.4 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1668.6 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1669.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1669.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1670.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1670.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1670.5 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1671.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1671.4 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1671.8 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1672.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1673.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1673.4 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1674.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1675.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1675.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1676.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1676.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1677.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1678.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1679.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1680.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1681.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1681.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1682.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1682.5 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1683.1 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1684.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1684.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1685.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1685.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1686.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1687.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1688.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1689.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1689.2 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1690.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.0 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.100 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.102 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.103 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.107 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.11 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.13 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.15 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.17 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.19 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.21 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.23 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.26 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.28 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.3 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.31 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.33 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.35 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.39 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.41 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.50 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.52 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.54 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.56 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.58 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.6 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.63 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.65 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.67 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.69 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.70 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.74 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.76 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.77 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.9 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.95 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.97 \n * Google Chrome 32.0.1700.98 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.0 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.10 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.106 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.108 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.11 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.111 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.113 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.116 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.117 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.124 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.125 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.13 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.132 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.135 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.14 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.144 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.146 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.149 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.151 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.152 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.154 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.16 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.166 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.168 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.19 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.20 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.22 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.24 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.26 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.28 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.3 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.31 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.35 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.37 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.39 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.40 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.42 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.44 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.46 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.48 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.5 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.51 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.53 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.55 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.57 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.59 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.60 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.62 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.64 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.66 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.68 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.7 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.71 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.74 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.76 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.79 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.80 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.82 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.85 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.89 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.90 \n * Google Chrome 33.0.1750.92 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.0 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.10 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.101 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.103 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.109 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.112 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.114 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.116 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.118 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.120 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.130 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.131 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.132 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.134 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.136 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.137 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.15 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.23 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.25 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.36 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.38 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.4 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.42 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.44 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.46 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.48 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.5 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.51 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.53 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.55 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.57 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.59 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.60 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.62 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.64 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.66 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.68 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.7 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.72 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.74 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.76 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.78 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.8 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.81 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.83 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.86 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.9 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.92 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.97 \n * Google Chrome 34.0.1847.99 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.0 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.10 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.103 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.105 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.107 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.109 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.110 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.112 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.114 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.13 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.15 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.153 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.18 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.2 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.21 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.23 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.3 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.32 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.34 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.36 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.38 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.4 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.41 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.43 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.45 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.47 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.49 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.51 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.54 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.57 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.6 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.68 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.7 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.72 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.77 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.80 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.84 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.86 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.9 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.92 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.95 \n * Google Chrome 35.0.1916.98 \n * Google Chrome 36.0.1985.122 \n * Google Chrome 36.0.1985.143 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.0 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.10 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.12 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.120 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.124 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.14 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.16 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.18 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.2 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.21 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.23 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.25 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.27 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.29 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.30 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.32 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.34 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.36 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.39 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.43 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.45 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.47 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.49 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.50 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.52 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.54 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.56 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.58 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.6 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.61 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.63 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.65 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.67 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.69 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.70 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.72 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.74 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.76 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.78 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.80 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.89 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.90 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.92 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.94 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.95 \n * Google Chrome 37.0.2062.97 \n * Google Chrome 38.0.2125.101 \n * Google Chrome 38.0.2125.101 ~~~Android~~ \n * Google Chrome 38.0.2125.122 \n * Google Chrome 39.0.2171.63 \n * Google Chrome 39.0.2171.65 \n * Google Chrome 4 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.211.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.212.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.212.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.221.8 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.222.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.222.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.222.12 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.222.5 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.2 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.4 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.5 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.7 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.223.8 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.224.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.229.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.235.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.236.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.237.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.237.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.239.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.240.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.241.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.242.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.243.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.244.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.245.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.246.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.247.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.248.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.10 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.11 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.12 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.14 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.16 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.17 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.18 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.19 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.2 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.20 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.21 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.22 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.23 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.24 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.25 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.26 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.27 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.28 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.29 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.3 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.30 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.31 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.32 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.33 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.34 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.35 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.36 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.37 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.38 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.39 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.4 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.40 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.41 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.42 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.43 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.44 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.45 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.46 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.47 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.48 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.49 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.5 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.50 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.51 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.52 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.53 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.54 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.55 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.56 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.57 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.58 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.59 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.6 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.60 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.61 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.62 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.63 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.64 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.65 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.66 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.67 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.68 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.69 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.7 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.70 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.71 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.72 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.73 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.74 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.75 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.76 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.77 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.78 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.78 Beta \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.79 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.8 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.80 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.81 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.82 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.89 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.249.9 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.250.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.250.2 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.251.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.252.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.254.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.255.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.256.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.257.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.258.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.259.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.260.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.261.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.262.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.263.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.264.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.265.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.266.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.267.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.268.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.269.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.271.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.272.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.275.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.275.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.276.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.277.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.278.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.286.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.287.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.288.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.288.1 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.289.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.290.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.292.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.294.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.295.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.296.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.299.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.300.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.301.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.302.0 \n * Google Chrome 4.0.302.1 \n * Google Chrome 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Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.42 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.43 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.44 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.45 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.46 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.47 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.48 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.49 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.5 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.50 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.51 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.52 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.54 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.55 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.56 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.57 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.6 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.7 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.8 \n * Google Chrome OS 26.0.1410.9 \n * Google Chrome OS 28.0.1500.71 \n * Google Chrome OS 28.0.1500.95 \n * Google Chrome OS 32.0.1700.95 \n * Google Chrome OS 33.0.1750.152 \n * Google Chrome OS 35.0.1916.155 \n * Google Chrome OS 37.0.2062.119 \n * Google Chrome OS 40.0.2214.114 \n * Google Chrome OS 48.0.2564.116 \n * Google Chrome OS 48.0.2564.92 \n * Google Chrome OS 52.0.2743.85 \n * Google Chrome OS 53.0.2785.103 \n * Google Chrome OS 53.0.2785.144 \n * Google Chrome OS 54.0.2840.79 \n * Google Chrome OS 57.0.2987.137 \n * Google Chrome OS 58.0.3029.89 \n * Google Chrome OS 59.0.3071.91 \n * Google Chrome OS 59.0.3071.92 \n * Google Chrome OS 60.0.3112.114 \n * Google Chrome OS 61.0.3163.113 \n * Google Chrome OS 62.0.3202.97 \n * Google Chrome OS 8.0.552.342 \n * Google Chrome OS 8.0.552.343 \n * Google Chrome OS 8.0.552.344 \n * Google Nexus 5X \n * Google Nexus 6P \n * Google Pixel 2 XL \n * Google Pixel C \n * Google Pixel XL \n * Google V8 \n * HP ProLiant DL385 Gen10 Server 1.02 \n * IBM AIX 5.3 \n * IBM AIX 6.1 \n * IBM AIX 7.1 \n * IBM Aix 7.2 \n * IBM Vios 2.2.0 \n * Intel Xeon CPU E5-1650 v3 \n * Linux kernel 4.14.11 \n * Linux kernel 4.9.74 \n * Microsoft Edge \n * Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 3 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 3 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 4 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2008 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 4 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2012 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 3 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2012 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 4 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2012 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 3 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2012 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 4 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2014 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 2 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2014 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 2 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2016 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2016 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 1 \n * Microsoft SQL Server 2017 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 version 1511 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 version 1511 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 version 1703 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 version 1703 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 10 version 1709 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 7 for 32-bit Systems SP1 \n * Microsoft Windows 7 for x64-based Systems SP1 \n * Microsoft Windows 8.1 for 32-bit Systems \n * Microsoft Windows 8.1 for x64-based Systems \n * Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-based Systems SP1 \n * Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 for x64-based Systems SP1 \n * Microsoft Windows Server 2012 \n * Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 \n * Microsoft Windows Server 2016 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.10.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.10.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.6.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.7.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.8.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.9.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.9.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.9.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 0.9.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.4.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0 12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.0.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.5.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 1.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 10.0.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 11.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 12.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 13.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 13.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 14 \n * Mozilla Firefox 14.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 14.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 14.01 \n * Mozilla Firefox 15 \n * Mozilla Firefox 15.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 15.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 16 \n * Mozilla Firefox 16.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 16.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 16.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 17.0.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 18.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 18.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 18.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 19.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 19.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 19.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 .9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0 .19 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0 20 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.13 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.14 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.15 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.16 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.17 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.18 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.19 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.21 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 20.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 20.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 21.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 22.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 22.0.0.4917 \n * Mozilla Firefox 23.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 23.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 24.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 24.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 24.1.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 25.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 25.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 26 \n * Mozilla Firefox 26.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 27 \n * Mozilla Firefox 27.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 27.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 28 \n * Mozilla Firefox 28.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 28.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 29 \n * Mozilla Firefox 29.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 29.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.13 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.14 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.15 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.16 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.17 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.18 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.19 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.0.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.13 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.14 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.15 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.16 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.17 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.18 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.19 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.5.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.10 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.11 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.12 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.13 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.14 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.15 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.16 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.17 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.18 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.19 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.20 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.21 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.22 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.23 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.24 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.25 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.26 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.27 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.28 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 3.6.9 \n * Mozilla Firefox 30 \n * Mozilla Firefox 30.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.1.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.8 \n * Mozilla Firefox 31.8.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 32 \n * Mozilla Firefox 32.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 32.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 33 \n * Mozilla Firefox 33.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 34 \n * Mozilla Firefox 34.0.5 \n * Mozilla Firefox 35 \n * Mozilla Firefox 35.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 36 \n * Mozilla Firefox 36.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 36.0.4 \n * Mozilla Firefox 37 \n * Mozilla Firefox 37.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 37.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 38 \n * Mozilla Firefox 39 \n * Mozilla Firefox 39.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 4.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 4.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 40 \n * Mozilla Firefox 40.0.3 \n * Mozilla Firefox 41 \n * Mozilla Firefox 41.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 42 \n * Mozilla Firefox 43 \n * Mozilla Firefox 43.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 43.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 44 \n * Mozilla Firefox 44.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 45 \n * Mozilla Firefox 45.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 46 \n * Mozilla Firefox 46.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 47 \n * Mozilla Firefox 48 \n * Mozilla Firefox 49 \n * Mozilla Firefox 49.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 49.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 5.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 5.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 50 \n * Mozilla Firefox 50.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 50.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 50.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 51 \n * Mozilla Firefox 52 \n * Mozilla Firefox 52.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 53 \n * Mozilla Firefox 53.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 54 \n * Mozilla Firefox 55 \n * Mozilla Firefox 56 \n * Mozilla Firefox 57 \n * Mozilla Firefox 57.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 57.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 6 \n * Mozilla Firefox 6.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 6.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 6.0.2 \n * Mozilla Firefox 7 \n * Mozilla Firefox 7.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 7.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 8.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 8.0.1 \n * Mozilla Firefox 9.0 \n * Mozilla Firefox 9.0.1 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Desktop 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Desktop 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux EUS Compute Node 6.7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux EUS Compute Node 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux EUS Compute Node 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server (for IBM Power LE) - 4 Year Extended Upd 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server (for IBM Power LE) - 4 Year Extended Update Support 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - 4 Year Extended Update Support 7.2 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - 4 Year Extended Update Support 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - 4 Year Extended Update Support 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - AUS 6.6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - AUS 7.2 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - AUS 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - AUS 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - Extended Update Support 6.7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - Extended Update Support 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - Extended Update Support 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - TUS 6.6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - TUS 7.2 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - TUS 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - TUS 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Server 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Workstation 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux Workstation 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for IBM z Systems - Extended Update Support 6.7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for IBM z Systems - Extended Update Support 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for IBM z Systems 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for IBM z Systems 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, big endian - Extended Update Support 6.7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, big endian - Extended Update Support 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, big endian - Extended Update Support 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, big endian 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, big endian 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, little endian - Extended Update Supp 7.3 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, little endian - Extended Update Supp 7.4 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Power, little endian 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Real Time 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Real Time for NFV 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Scientific Computing 6 \n * Redhat Enterprise Linux for Scientific Computing 7 \n * Redhat Enterprise Mrg 2 \n * Redhat Virtualization Host 4 \n * VMWare ESXi 5.5 \n * VMWare Esxi 6.0 \n * VMWare Esxi 6.5 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.0 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.0.1 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.0.2 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.1.0 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.1.1 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5.2 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5.4 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5.5 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5.6 \n * VMWare Fusion 8.5.8 \n * VMWare Identity Manager 2.0 \n * VMWare Identity Manager 2.7 \n * VMWare Identity Manager 2.7.1 \n * VMWare Identity Manager 3.0 \n * VMWare Workstation 12.0 \n * VMWare Workstation 12.5.3 \n * VMWare Workstation 12.5.5 \n * VMWare Workstation 12.5.7 \n * VMWare vCenter Server 6.0 \n * VMWare vCenter Server 6.5 \n * VMWare vCloud Usage Meter 3.0 \n * VMWare vCloud Usage Meter 3.3 \n * VMWare vCloud Usage Meter 3.3.3 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.0 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.1 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.2 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.2.4 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.2.4.1 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 6.2.5 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 7.0 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 7.1 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 7.2.0 \n * VMWare vRealize Automation 7.3.0 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.0 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.0.0 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.0.5 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.0.6 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.0.7 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.1 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.1.0 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.1.4 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.1.5 \n * VMWare vSphere Data Protection 6.1.6 \n * VMWare vSphere Integrated Containers 1.0 \n * VMWare vSphere Integrated Containers 1.1 \n * VMWare vSphere Integrated Containers 1.2 \n * VMWare vSphere Integrated Containers 1.3 \n * Xen Xen \n\n### Recommendations\n\n**Permit local access for trusted individuals only. Where possible, use restricted environments and restricted shells.** \nGiven the local nature of this issue, grant only trusted and accountable individuals access to affected computers. \n\nUpdates are available. Please see the references or vendor advisory for more information.\n", "edition": 2, "reporter": "Symantec Security Response", "published": "2018-01-03T00:00:00", "type": "symantec", "title": "Multiple CPU Hardware CVE-2017-5753 Information Disclosure Vulnerability", "enchantments": {"score": {"vector": "NONE", "value": 7.5}}, "affectedSoftware": [{"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.375.57 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Mozilla Firefox", "version": "3.0.2 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.480.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "13.0.782.90 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "24.0.1312.27 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "VMWare vSphere Integrated Containers", "version": "1.3 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "29.0.1547.31 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "8.0.552.304 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Mozilla Firefox", "version": "3.6.28 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "19.0.1084.38 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "27.0.1453.50 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "14.0.836.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "1.0.154.64 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "4.0.249.58 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "27.0.1453.84 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "32.0.1659.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Microsoft SQL Server", "version": "2008 R2 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 3 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "17.0.963.20 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.375.40 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "13.0.777.2 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.409.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "16.0.912.34 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "33.0.1750.154 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "35.0.1916.21 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "4.0.249.52 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "33.0.1750.135 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "4.0.249.43 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "31.0.1650.47 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "9.0.597.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Apple Safari", "version": "5.34 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Cisco Unified Computing System", "version": "3.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "4.0.223.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome OS", "version": "20.0.1132.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "22.0.1229.32 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "13.0.769.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.375.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "31.0.1650.49 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.375.16 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.472.41 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.495.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "19.0.1063.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "31.0.1650.37 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Mozilla Firefox", "version": "6.0.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "27.0.1453.74 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "35.0.1916.36 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "15.0.874.4 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.375.30 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "10.0.633.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "7.0.517.6 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome OS", "version": "21.0.1180.13 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "16.0.912.19 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "12.0.742.45 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "30.0.1599.87 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "13.0.782.32 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "46.0.2490.76 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "35.0.1916.98 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Redhat Enterprise Linux Server - Extended Update Support", "version": "7.4 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "13.0.782.210 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "21.0.1180.37 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Apple Safari", "version": "1.3.2 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "11.0.658.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.323.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "5.0.340.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "27.0.1453.79 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Mozilla Firefox", "version": "3.6.20 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "18.0.1025.49 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "25.0.1364.53 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.466.1 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "9.0.597.41 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Nexus", "version": "6P ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "32.0.1659.3 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "29.0.1547.14 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "4.0.259.0 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "28.0.1500.51 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "6.0.418.6 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", "version": "11.0.696.31 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Mozilla Firefox", "version": "2.0.0.17 ", "operator": "eq"}, {"name": "Google Chrome", 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